Metabolic Changes of Acanthopanax senticosus Fruits During Development / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the changes of primary metabolites and phenols in the fruits of Acanthopanax senticosus at different development stages, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of A. senticosus fruit resources. MethodThe primary metabolites and phenols in the fruits at different development stages were determined via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and then compared by multivariate statistical analysis. ResultA total of 274 chromatographic peaks were obtained by GC-MS-based non-targeted metabonomics and 24 differential metabolites were screened out by multivariate statistical analysis. The differential metabolites were mainly concentrated in pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism, ascorbic acid and aldose metabolism pathways. After color conversion, the pentose phosphate pathway and galactose metabolism were activated and increasing sugars were accumulated. The ascorbic acid and aldose metabolism pathways were active before color conversion, with high accumulation of the end product ascorbic acid. The ultra-high liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) identified 28 phenols in the fruits at different development stages. Flavonoids were accumulated mainly at the green ripening stage before color conversion, and phenolic acids were accumulated mainly after color conversion. ConclusionThe accumulation of primary metabolites and phenols in A. senticosus fruits varies significantly among different development stages

Effect of Drought Stress on Growth and Photosynthetic Physiological Parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effects of different drought conditions on the growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus，in order to provide the theoretical basis for standardized planting and rational development and utilization of A. senticosus. Method:In this study，three-year-old A. senticosus was used as experimental samples. The growth parameters，photosynthetic parameters，and photosynthetic physiological parameters were determined to study the effects of different drought conditions on the growth and photosynthesis of A. senticosus. Result:The plant height and leaf number were significantly lower than the control group under drought stress conditions，and the leaf area was higher than the control group under drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate，stomata conductance and transpiration rate were not significantly different between the control group and the moderate drought stress group. They were significantly decreased in the severe drought stress group，while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration increased with the severity of drought stress. With the treatment time，the initial fluorescence was higher in the severe drought stress group than in the control group，and the moderate drought stress group was lower than the control group，the maximum fluorescence was significantly lower in the severe drought stress group than in the control group， potential photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemical efficiency were significantly elevated in the moderate drought stress group. Conclusion:Drought stress can significantly inhibit the growth of A. senticosus. Severe drought conditions can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of A. senticosus leaves. This effect is related to the regulation of stomatal size，but not related to the activity of photoreaction center.

Effect of Plant-Soil Feedback on Secondary Metabolites of Acanthopanax senticosus Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To investigate the effects of plant-soil feedback on secondary metabolites in roots, stems and leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings. Method::One-year-old seedlings of A. senticosus were planted in the soil where no A. senticosus had been planted before (group 1), soil where A. senticosus had been planted for 3 years (group 2), and soil where A. senticosus had been planted for many years in the greenhouse pot experiment, and the secondary metabolites of its roots, stems and leaves were then analyzed. Result::L-Phenylalanine, 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, syringin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin had significant differences in leaves and roots of A. senticosus seedlings in the soil of group 3, but there was no significant difference in chlorogenic acid and eleutheroside E in stem. Eleutheroside E, isofraxidin, rutin and hyperoside were not detected in the leaves of seedlings planted in group 3.Most of the secondary metabolites in the roots of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback, while in the stems of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings, caffeine, A. senticosus glycosides, hypericin and quercetin showed negative feedback, and most of the secondary metabolites in the leaves of A. senticosus seedlings showed positive feedback. Conclusion::The plant and soil showed different feedback in different parts of the growth process of A. senticosus seedlings, and the soil where A. senticosus had not been planted was more advantageous to the secondary metabolites of A. senticosus seedlings. The results of the study provide a basis for the study of the effect of plant-soil feedback on the A. senticosus, and provide the theoretical basis and technical support for the artificial cultivation of A. senticosus.

Effect of Plant and Soil Feedback on Antioxidant System of Acanthopanax senticosus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the effect of plant-soil feedback on the antioxidant enzyme system of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings, in order to elucidate the changes of plant-soil feedback on the antioxidant enzyme system of A. senticosus seedlings, and provide theoretical basis for revealing the reasons of plant-soil feedback. Method::Through the greenhouse pot experiment, plant height, leaf color value (SPAD), antioxidant enzymes [protein, superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase(CAT), peroxidase(POD), aseorbateperoxidase(APX), malondialdehyde(MDA)] and yield and growth related indexes of soil without A. senticosus (group 1), soil with A. senticosus (group 2) for three consecutive years and soil with A. senticosus (group 3) for many years were measured respectively. Result::There were significant differences in plant height, SPAD, protein, SOD, CAT, POD, APX and MDA between seedlings of A. senticosus planted for three consecutive years (group 1), two successive years (group 2) and three successive years (group 3). The biomass, MDA, CAT, POD and SOD of A. senticosus seedlings in the soil without A. senticosus (group 1) were higher than those in the soil with A. senticosus (group 2 and 3), while the protein and APX were lower than those in the soil with A. senticosus (group 2 and 3). Conclusion::Plant and soil shows negative feedback regulation during the growth of A. senticosus seedlings, which reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, the soil without planting A. senticosus has more advantages for the growth of A. senticosus seedlings. The results provide a basis for explaining the effect of plant-soil feedback on the growth of A. senticosus, and a theoretical basis and technical support for the technical standards of A. senticosus cultivation in farmland.

Effect of Nitrogen Application on Antioxidant Enzyme System of Acanthopanax senticosus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the effect of different N application rates on the growth and development of Acanthopanax senticosus and the changes of antioxidant enzyme activity, and screen out the suitable amount of nitrogen fertilizer for its growth and development, in order to provide scientific evidence for rational fertilization of Acanthopanax senticosus in artificial cultivation. Method::By single-point, single-factor field experiment, the study samples were one-year-old seedlings of growing evenly A. senticosus.Five nitrogen application treatment groups were set up in the fields.They were N1 (30 g·m-2), N2 (60 g·m-2), N3 (90 g·m-2), N4 (120 g·m-2), N5 (150 g·m-2) and CK (0 g·m-2) in the control group.Three months later, the raw weight of plant, root, leaf and stem were measured at harvest time.After drying to constant weight, plant dry weight, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight and root dry weight were measured.Fresh leaves of plants were collected to measure malondialdehyde(MDA) content and activities of catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), acid phosphatase(ACP) and aseorbateperoxidase(APX) after harvesting seedlings. Result::The biomass of A. senticosus in group N4 (120 g·m-2) was the highest, the protein content in group N3 (90 g·m-2) was the highest, and the activity of all antioxidant enzymes in group N3 (90 g·m-2) was the lowest. Conclusion::There is a dose-effect relationship between seedlings and the nitrogen application rate.That is to say, low nitrogen application rate and high nitrogen application rate will cause stress on Acanthopanax senticosus, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes under low nitrogen application rate is higher than that under high nitrogen application rate.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Carbon Metabolism and Growth and Development of Acanthopanax senticosus Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the effect of different nitrogen application rates on the growth and carbon metabolism of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings, and screen out the rational fertilization conditions, in order to provide basis and guidance for scientific fertilization of artificially cultivated A. senticosus. Method::A single-point, single-factor field experiment was conducted to study the seedlings of growing evenly A. senticosus.Five different nitrogen application treatment groups were set up to treat the seedlings, namely N1 group (30 g·m-2), N2 group (60 g·m-2), N3 group (90 g·m-2), N4 group (120 g·m-2), N5 group (150 g·m-2) and CK group (0 g·m-2), respectively.Three months later, plant height, root circumference, stem circumference, root-shoot ratio and SPAD were measured at harvest time.The contents of protein, sucrose, starch, soluble sugar and reducing sugar in fresh leaves were measured. Result::N3 treatment was the best treatment method for the growth and development of A. senticosus seedlings, and the growth of A. senticosus seedlings was the best under this treatment.The protein content of A. senticosus seedlings in N3 treatment was the highest.Starch and sucrose were best accumulated in N5 treatment group and CK treatment group.N5 treatment had the highest soluble sugar content and reducing sugar content. Conclusion::There is a dose-effect relationship between the growth and development of A. senticosus seedlings; that is to say, low and high nitrogen application treatments will cause stress on A. senticosus seedlings.In conclusion, the suitable nitrogen application rate for A. senticosus growth is 90-120 g·m-2.

Grey Correlation Analysis on Rate of Embryo, Endogenous Hormone and Enzyme Activity of Acanthopanax senticosus Seeds / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To study the correlation between endogenous hormone content, related enzyme activity and embryogenesis during the stratification of Acanthopanax senticosus seeds, and to provide theoretical basis for application of endogenous hormones and related physiological indicators in regulating germination of A. senticosus seeds in production and scientific research. Method::Endophytic fungi as well as different concentrations of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide solution were used for soaking the seeds of A. senticosus, and then thermophilic stratification was conducted for the seeds. The content of endogenous hormones such as gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), indole butyric acid (IBA) and salicylic acid (SA) in seeds of A. senticosus were tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the activity change of enzymes in vivo such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were tested. The correlation between the embryo rate and the hormones and their enzyme activities in the seeds of A. senticosus was studied by the grey correlation method. Result::The embryo rate was significantly positively correlated with IAA, GA3, and CAT, with correlation coefficient of 1.086, 0.935 and 1.067, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between IAA, GA3, CAT, IBA, and SA, but with a significant negative correlation with ABA, MDA, and POD. The correlation degree was as follows: IAA>CAT>GA3>IBA>SA>SOD>ABA>POD>MDA. Conclusion::IAA, GA3 and CAT have significant promoting effects on embryo rate, and there is a significant correlation between hormone content and enzyme activity, which provides a basis for exploring the seed germination mechanism of A. senticosus.

Effect of Shading on Growth and Photosynthetic Physiological Parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effect of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthetic physiological parameters of Acanthopanax senticosus，and provide a theoretical basis for standardized planting and rational development and utilization of A. senticosus. Method:Three-year-old A. senticosus was used as the experimental sample.The growth parameters and photosynthetic physiological parameters of plant height，leaf number and leaf area were determined to study the effects of different shading conditions on the growth and photosynthesis of A. senticosus. Result:Plant height，leaf number，and leaf area were significantly higher in the shading treatment than in the control group，and highest under moderate shading conditions.The net photosynthetic rate，stomatal conductance，and transpiration rate were significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，and decreased in the severe shading group，while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration was significantly lower in the moderate shading group than in the other treatment groups.As the treatment time progressed，the initial fluorescence was not significantly higher in the moderate shading group than in the control group，but significantly higher in the severe shading group；the maximum fluorescence was significantly higher in the shading group than in the control group，in the moderate shading group.The potential photochemical efficiency and maximum photochemical efficiency were not significantly different between the moderate shading group and the control group and decreased in the severe shading group，which was significantly lower than other treatment groups. Conclusion:Shading treatment is beneficial to the growth of A. senticosus.The moderate shading condition can significantly improve the photosynthesis of A. senticosus.Severe shading treatment can significantly inhibit the photosynthesis of A. senticosus leaves.This effect is related to the regulation of stomatal regulation. The activity of the photoreaction center is related.

Simultaneous determination of 14 phenylpropanoids in 16 species of Acanthopanax plants by HPLC / 中草药

Objective: To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of syringin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, ethylsyringin, ethylconiferin, (+)-fraxinol, (±)-rosin, (±)-syringin, taiwanin C, savinin, helioxanthin, and (-)-sesamin in 16 species and 33 batches of Acanthopanax plants. Methods: Separation was carried out on Promosil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase was eluted with acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the column temperature was 30 ℃, the detection wavelength was 280 nm. Results: Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the linear relationship of the 14 constituents was good in the range of mass concentration, r was more than 0.999 1, with good precision, stability, repeatability and recovery. Conclusion: HPLC method established in this study is effective, accurate, and reproducible and can be used for the simultaneous determination of phenylpropanoids in Acanthopanax plants, which can provide reference for the further study of Acanthopanax plants.

Anti-inflammatory effect of impressic acid from Acanthopanax gracilistylus based on NF-κB signaling pathway / 中草药

Objective: To explore the anti-inflammatory effect of impressic acid (IA) from Acanthopanax gracilistylus on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by LPS to establish an inflammatory model. The cytotoxicity of IA on RAW 264.7 cells was detected by EZ4U cell proliferation and cytotoxicity analysis kit. The level of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA were detected by RT-PCR. The expression of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was detected by western blotting. The levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cytoplasm and nucleus were measured by ELISA. Results: IA significantly suppressed the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, the expression of HMGB1 protein, and the translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells (P < 0.05, 0.01). Conclusion IA from A. gracilistylus has an anti-inflammatory effect on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

Modulation effect of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides through inflammatory cytokines in protecting immunological liver-injured mice / 中国中药杂志

The aim of this paper was to discuss the protective effect and mechanism of Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides( ASPs) on immunological liver injury caused by conanavalin A( Con A). BALB/c mice were randomly divided into seven groups: control group,model group( Con A),low-,medium-,and high-dose( 36. 25,72. 5,145 mg·kg~(-1)) ASPs groups,bifendate( 200 mg·kg~(-1),positive drug) group and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate( PDTC,NF-κB inhibitor,200 mg·kg~(-1)) group. ASPs groups and bifendate group were given with corresponding drugs by ig administration once daily for 7 d. Control group,model group and PDTC group were given with normal saline by ig administration once daily for 7 d. After the last ig administration,PDTC was given in DTC group by iv administration( 200 mg·kg~(-1)); 0. 5 h after that,Con A( 20 mg·kg~(-1)) was injected via the tail vein to induce immunological liver injury in all the mice except normal control group. The mice were killed 8 h later and their liver tissues were collected for histopathological examination. The contents of nitric oxide( NO),superoxide dismutase( SOD),malondialdehyde( MDA),reduced glutathione( GSHPX),interleukin( IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor( TNF-α) in liver tissues were detected by kit assay. Western blot method was used to detect TNF-α,intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1( ICAM-1),inducible nitric oxide synthase( i NOS) and nuclear factor( NF-κB) protein expression in liver tissues. As compared with model group,ASPs not only could reduce the activity of MDA,NO,IL-1β and TNF-α,but also increase the content of GSH-PX and SOD; at the same time,the protein expression levels of TNF-α,ICAM-1,i NOS and NF-κB were reduced in liver tissues; in addition,inflammatory cell infiltration was alleviated,hepatocyte cytoplasm was loose and swollen,and nuclear condensation and staining were improved. ASPs has a protective effect on immunological liver injury,and the mechanism may be associated with regulating secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the expression of adhesion factor through NF-κB signaling pathway.

Reproductive characteristics and habitat factors of Acanthopanax giraldii / 中国中药杂志

The growth parameters,clonal propagation parameters and sexual reproduction parameters of Acanthopanax giraldii population were systematically investigated and analyzed by means of population ecology in this study. The correlation among the above mentioned parameters and the correlation among canopy density,topography and soil fertility factors were analyzed. It is clear that there was a significant correlation among the clonal ramets,the fruit production capacity of the cluster and the new shoot production capacity of the A. giraldii. Sexual reproduction and clonal reproduction played an important role in the continuation of the population. Illumination was the key ecological factor that determined growth type. The increase in canopy density changed the population from " group clonal growth" to " guerrilla clonal growth",and the higher stand closure degree and low-strength herb layer competition was a necessary condition for seed germination and colonization. Under the background of natural forest protection and sustainable development of resources,the reproductive characteristics of wild A. giraldii resulted in the decrease of its recoverable quantity.

Quality Grading Criteria and Optimize Methods of Acanthopanax senticosus Seedlings / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To study the quality of Acanthopanax senticosus seedlings,develop grading standards and optimize the best analytical method. Method: Observing and measuring the plant height,diameter,leaf area,root length,chlorophyll content and other main agronomic traits of A. senticosus seedlings from different habitats(Baoqing,Qitaihe,Dongfanghong,Yilan,Acheng,Raohe Linkou and Yabuli) in each year. K-cluster grading method,principal component evaluation factor K-cluster analysis method,standard deviation method for grading,three classification methods were evaluated with different levels of seedling survival rate as indicators. Result: The direct K-cluster analysis method was used to determine the quality of A. senticosus seedlings as the best method. The seedlings of A. senticosus were divided into 3 grades,among in the first level the seedling height is ≥ 13 cm,the stem diameter is ≥ 0.37 cm,the root length is ≥ 8 cm,the leaf area is ≥ 28 cm2,the chlorophyll content is ≤ 31,the main origin is Baoqing,Qitaihe area. In the second level the seedling height is 8-13 cm,the stem diameter is 0.30-0.37 cm,the root length is 6-8 cm,the leaf area is 13-28 cm2,the chlorophyll content is 31-32,and the main origin is Acheng,Dongfanghong,Raohe area. In the third level the seedling height is 5-8 cm,the stem diameter is 0.26-0.30 cm,the root length is 5-6 cm,the leaf area is 5-13 cm2,the chlorophyll content is 32-38,and the main origin is Yabuli,Yilan and Linkou. Conclusion: In this experiment,the quality grading standards of A. senticosus seedlings were preliminarily established,Baoqing and Qitaihe can be used as a high-quality production area for breeding seeds in the Heilongjiang province.which provided the basis for quality evaluation of A. senticosus seedling planting and artificial cultivation.

Effect of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Plant Hormones and Enzyme Content of Acanthopanax senticosus Seeds / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To investigate the effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on breaking the dormancy of Acanthopanax senticosus seeds and the changes in endogenous hormones and enzymes,and provide a basis for breaking the dormancy as well as artificial cultivation of A. senticosus seeds.Method: Different concentrations (1,5,10,20 mmol·L-1) of sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) were used to treat the A. senticosus seeds, and then thermophilic stratification was conducted. The content changes of endogenous hormones such as gibberellin (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA),indolo acetic acid (IAA),indolo butyric acid (IBA) and salicylic acid (SA) at different stratification time (0, 30, 50, 80, 100,130 d) were tested by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The activity change of its in vivo enzymes[catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)] were tested by enzyme-labeled instrument.Result: In the seed germination process of A. senticosus,the contents of GA3,IAA,IBA,and SA were increased gradually,while the content of ABA was reduced gradually. The enzyme activities of POD and MDA were significantly reduced,and the enzyme activities of CAT and SOD were increased obviously. Exogenous NO could increase the seed germination rate and shorten the seed germination time. The effect of 20 mmol·L-1 sodium nitroprusside showed the most obvious effect and 10 mmol·L-1 SNP showed the weakest effect in promoting seed germination,showing an obvious "V" shape for changes.Conclusion: Sodium nitroprusside could promote the seed germination effect of A. senticosus, probably by increasing the content of hormones and enzyme in the stage of seed germination and improving the contents of endogenous NO during germination.

Rule of endophytic fungi on changes in content of plant hormones and enzyme during seed germination / 中草药

Objective: To study the Methods: of endophytic fungi to break the dormancy of Acanthopanax senticosus seeds and the changes of endogenous hormones and enzymes. Methods: The seeds of A. senticosus were stimulated with endophytic fungi, then treated under thermophilic stratification. The content of endogenous hormones such as GA3, ABA, IAA, IBA, and SA, in the seeds of A. senticosus were tested by HPLC. And the changes of its in vivo enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, and MDA) activity were tested. Results: Five strains of endophytic fungi from A. senticosus apparently promoted the germination of seeds. In the process of fluctuating temperature stratification, the content of GA3, IAA, IBA, and SA were increased, at the same time, the content of ABA was reduced. The activity of POD and MDA enzymes was significantly reduced, and the enzyme activities of CAT and SOD increased obviously. Conclusion: It is suggested that endophytes have significant effect on the content of seed hormones and enzymes, in addition endophytes could promote the initiation of seed germination.

Optimization of purification technology of naringin from leaves of Acanthopanax evodiaefolius by response surface methodology / 中草药

Objective: Response surface methodology was used to optimize the purification process of naringin from Acanthopanax evodiaefolius leaves by polyamide resin. Methods: The optimum technological conditions for the purification of naringin in the leaves of Acanthopanax evodiaefolius were screened by single factor investigation and response surface design with five factors, including the concentration of sample, sample loading, the elution system, the amount of eluent, and the flow rate. Results: The optimum purification conditions of naringin in the leaves of A. evodiaefolius were as follow: the concentration of the sample was 4.0 mg/mL, the sample volume was 3.5 BV, the elution system was 30% methanol, the eluant volume was 3.0 BV, and the elution flow rate was 8.0 BV/h. Under this condition, the purity of naringin was improved from 5.08% to 56.12%, and the yield was 41.69%. And mass fraction reached more than 90% after recrystallization, which met the requirements of pharmaceutical raw materials. Conclusion: Purification of naringin from the leaves of A. evodiaefolius by polyamide resin chromatography has the advantages of good purification effect, simple operation, high efficiency, and good stability, which can be used for industrial production.

Chemical constituents from stems of Acanthopanax henryi / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents from stems of Acanthopanax henryi based on LPS-induced macrophages RAW264.7 and microglia BV2 as the bioactivity guided model. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, as well as Prep-TLC and recrystallization methods. Their structures were identified on the basis of their physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data. Results Eighteen compounds were obtained from A. henryi and their chemical structures were identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (1), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (2), (E)-caffeic acid methyl ester (3), caffeic acid (4), trans-coniferyl aldehyde (5), syringaldehyde (6), vanillin (7), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (8), trans-sinapaldehyde (9), undecane-1,11-dioic acid monomethyl ester (10), (-)-sesamin (11), 3-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (12), 5-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (13), 1,3-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (14), 1,4-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (15), 1,5-di-O-caffeoyl-quinic acid (16), stigmasterol (17), and β-sitosterol (18), respectively. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, compound 10 was isolated from Araliaceae for the first time. Except compounds 12, 14, 17, and 18, all of other compounds were obtained from this species for the first time.

Reaserch on extraction technology of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus waste residue by response surface methodology / 中草药

Objective To study and optimize the extraction technology of polysaccharides from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) waste residue by response surface methodology (RSM). Methods Phenol-sulfuric acid method was used to quantitatively analyze polysaccharides from AS waste residue. Based on single factor, the extraction process factors of polysaccharides from AS waste residue were optimized by RSM. Results The best conditions for the response surface optimization were as follows: extraction temperature was 80 ℃, extracting time was 1.5 h, and liquid-material ratio was 21. The extraction rate of polysaccharide was 10.14% under the optimal conditions. Conclusion The extraction conditions of the polysaccharide from AS are optimized by response surface method. This data can provide a theoretical basis for the further exploitation and utilization of the subsequent waste residue of AS.

Comprehensive evaluation of suitable harvesting period of Acanthopanax Senticosus leaves by multiple indicators / 中草药

Objective: The dynamic changes of eight active constituents and dry weight of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves in different periods were investigated, and the suitable harvesting period of A. senticosus leaves was discussed. Methods: The leaves of A. senticosus were collected at different times, and the dry weight of one hundred leaves was determined by electronic balance. The contents of L-phenylalanine, protocatechuic acid, syringin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin in the leaves of A. senticosus in different periods were determined by HPLC, and the total amount of accumulation of the eight active ingredients was calculated and combined with the analysis results of the principal component analysis method for comprehensive evaluation. Results: The results showed that the vegetative dry weight of A. senticosus increased during the period from S1 to S5, and increased most rapidly in S1-S2. The content of eight active constituents in the leaves of A. senticosus showed dynamic changes in different periods. The content of acid reached the maximum in S1 (June 3); The other seven components reached the maximum in S2 (July 3), and the results of principal component analysis also showed A. senticosus leaves collected in S2. The comprehensive scores of the eight active ingredients in leaves were the highest; The total accumulation of the eight active ingredients in different periods increased first and then decreased. During the period from S1 to S2, the total amount showed an upward trend, and reached the maximum at S2. Conclusion: According to the changes of dry weight and eight active ingredients in A. senticosus leaves in different periods, the best harvest time is around S2 stage (from late June to early July) which provides basic information for determining the suitable harvest time of A. senticosus leaves.

Osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells induced by acanthopanax senticosus glycoside / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of acanthopanax on inducing osteogenesis of rat bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Methods BMSCs were extracted from SD rats, and the surface antigens CD45, CD29 and CD90 were identified by flow cytometry at the third generation. Different concentrations of acanthopanax were added to the classical osteogenic medium to make it being 9 groups: A(1×10–4mol/L), B(1×10–5mol/L), C(1×10–6mol/L), D(1×10–7mol/L), E(1×10–8mol/L), F(1×10–9mol/L), G(1×10–10mol/L), H(classical osteogenic group), and I(negative control group). The cell counting kit CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, RT-qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and then the optimal concentration of acanthopanax was selected and used to the later experiments. On the 12th day of culturing with optimal concentration, RT-qPCR was performed to detect osteogenic differentiation-related gene expression: RUNX, OSX, BSP and OCN. Western blotting was used to detect the levels of transmembrane receptor protein 1 (Notch1) and hairy enhancer of split 1 (Hes1). On the 21th day of culturing, the mineralized calcium nodules were stained with alizarin red. Results The surface antigens of the third generation BMSCs were consistent with the stem cell identification criteria. CCK-8 results indicated that the proliferation of BMSCs was inhibited in group A and group B 120h after cultivation, so the two groups were discarded in the later culture. RT-qPCR results showed that among groups C-G with acanthopanax, the expression of BMP in group E (1×10–8mol/L) was the highest (4.91±0.46), so 1×10–8mol/L was selected as the optimal concentration of acanthopanax to finish the later experiments. The results of RT-qPCR showed that the expression of OSX was significantly higher in group E (30.72±1.96) than in group I (1.02±0.27) and group H (9.99±0.59, P<0.05); the expression of BSP (8.15±0.47) was higher than in group I (1.09±0.31) and group H (6.03±0.8, P<0.05); and the expression of OCN (5.91±0.68) was higher than in group I (1.18±2.91) and group H (3.05±0.53, P<0.05). However, the expression of RUNX was higher in group E (1.99±0.09) than in group I (1.02±0.19, P<0.05), but was lower than in group H (2.51±0.06, P<0.05). Western blotting suggested that the Notch1 in group E (4608±103) was higher than in group I (2638±308), but lower than in group H (5218±182, P<0.05); Hes1 expression in group E (8885±17) was higher than in group I ( 6241±461), but lower than in H group (12289±629, P<0.05). The alizarin red staining indicated that the number of mineralized calcium nodules was higher in group E than in group H, suggesting that the osteogenic effect in group E (with acanthopanax concentration of 10–8mol/L) is better than in group H. Conclusion Acanthopanax may cooperate with dexamethasone to promote the osteogenesis of BMSCs, which may be related to the Notch signaling pathway.