Effects of human and organizational deficiencies on workers' safety behavior at a mining site in Iran / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Throughout the world, mines are dangerous workplaces with high accident rates. According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the number of occupational accidents in Iranian mines has increased in recent years. This study investigated and analyzed the human and organizational deficiencies that influenced Iranian mining accidents. METHODS: In this study, the data associated with 305 mining accidents were analyzed using a systems analysis approach to identify critical deficiencies in organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts, and workers' unsafe acts. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to model the interactions among these deficiencies. RESULTS: Organizational deficiencies had a direct positive effect on workers' violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers' errors (path coefficient, 0.23). The effect of unsafe supervision on workers' violations and workers' errors was also significant, with path coefficients of 0.14 and 0.20, respectively. Likewise, preconditions for unsafe acts had a significant effect on both workers' violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers' errors (path coefficient, 0.21). Moreover, organizational deficiencies had an indirect positive effect on workers' unsafe acts, mediated by unsafe supervision and preconditions for unsafe acts. Among the variables examined in the current study, organizational influences had the strongest impact on workers' unsafe acts. CONCLUSIONS: Organizational deficiencies were found to be the main cause of accidents in the mining sector, as they affected all other aspects of system safety. In order to prevent occupational accidents, organizational deficiencies should be modified first.

Effects of human and organizational deficiencies on workers' safety behavior at a mining site in Iran / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: Throughout the world, mines are dangerous workplaces with high accident rates. According to the Statistical Center of Iran, the number of occupational accidents in Iranian mines has increased in recent years. This study investigated and analyzed the human and organizational deficiencies that influenced Iranian mining accidents.METHODS: In this study, the data associated with 305 mining accidents were analyzed using a systems analysis approach to identify critical deficiencies in organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts, and workers' unsafe acts. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was utilized to model the interactions among these deficiencies.RESULTS: Organizational deficiencies had a direct positive effect on workers' violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers' errors (path coefficient, 0.23). The effect of unsafe supervision on workers' violations and workers' errors was also significant, with path coefficients of 0.14 and 0.20, respectively. Likewise, preconditions for unsafe acts had a significant effect on both workers' violations (path coefficient, 0.16) and workers' errors (path coefficient, 0.21). Moreover, organizational deficiencies had an indirect positive effect on workers' unsafe acts, mediated by unsafe supervision and preconditions for unsafe acts. Among the variables examined in the current study, organizational influences had the strongest impact on workers' unsafe acts.CONCLUSIONS: Organizational deficiencies were found to be the main cause of accidents in the mining sector, as they affected all other aspects of system safety. In order to prevent occupational accidents, organizational deficiencies should be modified first.

Comparisons of Traffic Collisions between Expressways and Rural Roads in Truck Drivers

BACKGROUND: Truck driving is known as one of the occupations with the highest accident rate. This study investigates the characteristics of traffic collisions according to road types (expressway and rural road). METHODS: Classifying 267 accidents into expressway and rural road, we analyzed them based on driver characteristics (age, working experience, size of employment), time characteristics (day of accident, time, weather), and accident characteristics (accident causes, accident locations, accident types, driving conditions). RESULTS: When we compared the accidents by road conditions, no differences were found between the driver characteristics. However, from the accident characteristics, the injured person distributions were different by the road conditions. In particular, driving while drowsy is shown to be highly related with the accident characteristics. CONCLUSION: This study can be used as a guideline and a base line to develop a plan of action to prevent traffic accidents. It can also help to prepare formal regulations about a truck driver's vehicle maintenance and driving attitude for a precaution on road accidents.

Workplace Accidents and Work-related Illnesses of Household Waste Collectors

BACKGROUND: Household waste collectors (HWCs) are exposed to hazardous conditions. This study investigates the patterns of workplace injuries and work-related illnesses of HWCs. METHODS: This study uses cases of workplace injuries and work-related illnesses of HWCs that occurred between 2010 and 2011. We analyzed 325 cases of injuries and 36 cases of illnesses according to the workers' age, length of employment, size of workplace, injured part of body, day and month of injury, type of accident, agency of accident, and collection process. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the effect of workers' length of employment, injured part of body, type of accident, agency of accident, and collection process. Results show that most injuries occur in workers in their 50s and older. This study also shows that 51.4% of injuries occur at businesses with 49 employees or fewer. Injuries to waste collectors happen most often when workers are electrocuted after slipping on the ground. The second most prevalent form of injury is falling, which usually happens when workers hang from the rear of the truck during transportation or otherwise slip and fall from the truck. Work-related illnesses amongst waste collectors are mostly musculoskeletal conditions due to damaging postures. CONCLUSION: These findings will be instructive in devising policies and guidelines for preventing workplace injuries and work-related illnesses of HWCs.

Análise das interfaces entre modelos causais de acidentes: um estudo de caso em atividades de manutenção de um complexo hospitalar / Análisis de las interfaces entre modelos causales de accidentes: un estudio de caso en las actividades de mantenimiento de un complejo hospitalario / Analysis on the interfaces between causal models for accidents: a case study on maintenance activities in a hospital complex

As suposições subjacentes aos modelos causais de acidentes têm impacto na natureza das conclusões obtidas com as investigações dos mesmos. Todavia, considerando que cada modelo possui pontos fracos e fortes, torna-se relevante compreender a complementaridade e interfaces entre os mesmos. Este estudo analisou relações entre os modelos seqüencial, epidemiológico e sistêmico. A análise foi realizada a partir de um acidente ocorrido na manutenção de um hospital. Os resultados apontaram que os modelos são complementares ao invés de excludentes. Em particular, o modelo seqüencial mostrou-se útil para identificar e organizar informações, as quais foram relevantes à análise sob a perspectiva dos demais modelos. Concluiu-se ainda que a natureza das medidas preventivas diferem substancialmente entre si, ou seja, enquanto os modelos seqüencial e epidemiológico indicaram medidas relacionadas especificamente ao evento investigado, o modelo sistêmico indicou alterações de impacto mais amplo na organização.

The underlying assumptions in causal models for accidents have an impact on the nature of the conclusions from accident investigations. However, since each model has strengths and weaknesses, it is important to understand how they fit with each other. This study analyzes the relationships between sequential, epidemiological and systemic models. The analysis was based on a hospital maintenance accident. The results indicate that the models are complementary rather than excluding. In particular, the sequential model was shown to be useful for identifying and organizing information of importance for analysis from the perspective of the other models. It was also concluded that the nature of the preventive measures differed substantially between the models. While the sequential and epidemiological models indicated measures relating to the event under investigation, the systemic model indicated changes with a broader impact on the organization.

Las suposiciones subyacentes a los modelos causales de accidentes tienen impacto en la naturaleza de las conclusiones obtenidas con su investigación. Sin embargo, considerando que cada modelo posee puntos flojos y fuertes, resulta relevante comprender su complementariedad e interfaces. En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre los modelos secuencial, epidemiológico y sistémico. Los resultados mostraron que los modelos son complementarios en vez de excluidores. Particularmente el modelo secuencial se mostró útil para identificar y organizar informaciones. Se concluye que las medidas preventivas difieren substancialmente entre sí.

A persistência da noção de ato inseguro e a construção da culpa: os discursos sobre os acidentes de trabalho em uma indústria metalúrgica / The persistence of the notion of unsafe act and the construction of blame: the discourses on work accidents at a metallurgic industry

Acidentes de trabalho (ATs) são conseqüências das formas pelas quais as sociedades produzem suas condições de existência e constituem-se como objetos sociais a partir de construções teórico-práticas. Tem-se constatado a existência de concepções calcadas em fatores pessoais ou psicológicos que responsabilizam os trabalhadores pelos ATs. Investigou-se a presença dessas concepções nas práticas discursivas de trabalhadores, procurando identificar os repertórios interpretativos e seus aspectos retóricos e argumentativos via análise de discurso. Realizou-se estudo de caso de empresa metalúrgica com base em observações, conversas informais, levantamento de documentos e entrevistas confrontativas com 20 operários. Constatou-se a presença marcante, nos modos de compreensão dos ATs, da Teoria dos Dominós e a predominância das explicações pelos atos inseguros, sustentadas pela naturalização dos riscos e por práticas institucionalizadas de difusão. No entanto, a construção discursiva dos ATs acontece de maneira dilemática, existindo contradições entre os diferentes repertórios interpretativos e a presença de eventos desnaturalizadores que produzem rupturas semânticas e manifestações de resistência. Assim, a pesquisa revelou aspectos polissêmicos e retóricos das práticas discursivas que atribuem significados aos ATs.

Work accidents (WA) are outcomes of the ways societies produce the conditions for their existence and become social objects by means of theoretical-practical constructions. Conceptions based on personal or psychological factors have been presented to blame workers for WA. We have investigated these conceptions in the workers discursive practices in an attempt to identify interpretative repertoires and their rhetoric and argumentative features. We conducted a case study at a metallurgic company. It was based on observations, informal conversations, evaluations of document, and interviews involving twenty workers. A pervasive presence of the Heinrichs Dominoes Theory was observed in the patterns of understanding WA, and the predominance of explanations for unsafe acts supported by naturalization of risks and by institutionalized transmission practices. Nevertheless, the discursive construction of the WA occurs in a dilemmatic way. We found contradictions among the different interpretative repertoires, as well as the presence of denaturalizing events; both of them produce semantic ruptures and manifestations of resistance. Thus, this research revealed polyssemic and rhetoric features of the discursive practices that attribute meanings to WA.

Análise de um acidente por contaminação fúngica em uma biblioteca pública no município do Rio de Janeiro / Analysis of a fungal contamination accident at a public library in Rio de Janeiro

Partindo de um acidente de contaminação por fungos ocorrido em dezembro de 1997 em uma biblioteca pública no município do Rio de Janeiro, foi testada a aplicabilidade de uma proposta metodológica de análise sociotécnica de acidentes, que foi desenvolvida pelo Centro de Estudo de Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana (CESTEH/Fiocruz), para análise de acidentes industriais ampliados. O acidente foi conseqüência de um fato anunciado meses antes, quando os trabalhadores da biblioteca denunciaram, através de um abaixo-assinado,os problemas de descontrole da temperatura ambiente, que se traduzia em desconforto, sintomas respiratórios e afastamento do trabalho, decorrentes daquelas condições. O evento foi caracterizado como um caso de Síndrome do Edifício Doente, que é um problema decorrente da má qualidade do ar de interiores, especialmente em ambientes climatizados artificialmente. Nesse sentido, despertou a atenção dos profissionais de bibliotecas do Brasil para um problema bastante comum, embora pouco estudado, especialmente no campo da saúde pública e, dentro dela, o campo da saúde do trabalhador.

The applicability of a methodology to analyze large industrial accidents using social-technical analysis developed by the Center of Studies on Workers Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH/Fiocruz) was tested in a fungal contamination accident occurred in December 1997 at a public library in Rio de Janeiro. The accident was due to problems in controlling the ambient temperature, which resulted in discomfort, breathing symptoms, and sick leave. The library workers, through a signed petition, had already brought the problem forward. It was characterized as a case of Sick Building Syndrome, which is caused by bad indoor air quality, especially in acclimatized environments. The event made Brazilian librarians aware of an issue which, in spite of being rather ordinary,is still not very well known within the of Public Health, particularly in the area of Workers Health.