Application progress in classification of puncture biopsy after kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Renal allograft biopsy (biopsy) remains the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of renal dysfunction after kidney transplantation. Puncture biopsy after kidney transplantation could be divided into indicative biopsy and protocol biopsy according to renal function of the patients. Indicative biopsy is mainly applied to diagnose postoperative complications of kidney transplantation, evaluate the severity of disease and guide subsequent treatment. Protocol biopsy is primarily employed to regular monitor renal allograft function of kidney transplant recipients and exclude subclinical rejection and other complications. Due to the willingness of patients and other reasons, protocol biopsy has not been widely applied in China. Currently, indicative biopsy is the main biopsy pattern. At present, the indications of puncture of indicative biopsy, the timing and necessity of puncture of protocol biopsy remain controversial. In this article, the classification of puncture biopsy after kidney transplantation and research progress on tissue biomarkers based on biopsy were reviewed, aiming to assist clinical diagnosis and targeted treatment of complications after kidney transplantation and provide reference for further improving the survival of renal allografts and recipients.

Predictive value of kidney injury markers for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the predictive values of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urine NGAL, serum cystatin C (Cys-C) and serum creatinine (Scr) for early delayed graft function (DGF) in kidney transplant recipients. Methods Clinical data, blood and urine samples of 159 kidney transplant recipients were collected. All recipients were divided into the DGF group (n=42) and immediate graft function (IGF) group (n=117) according to the incidence of DGF. Clinical data of all recipients were analyzed. The changes of serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels were statistically compared between two groups. The predictive values of different markers for early DGF were assessed. Results Among 159 kidney transplant recipients, DGF occurred in 42 cases with an incidence rate of 26.4%. There were statistically significant differences in donor age, cold ischemia time of donor kidney and complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC) between the two groups(all P < 0.05). Within postoperative 2 weeks, the serum NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher than those in the IGF group (all P < 0.05). The Cys-C, Scr and urine NGAL levels in the DGF group were higher compared with those in the IGF group within 3 weeks after kidney transplantation(all P < 0.001). Serum NGAL, urine NGAL, Cys-C and Scr levels had certain predictive values for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients. Cys-C yielded the highest predictive value with a cut-off value of 4.73 mg/L, sensitivity of 0.833, specificity of 0.812 and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.895. Conclusions Cys-C has higher predictive value for early DGF in kidney transplant recipients compared with serum NGAL, urine NGAL and Scr.

Injuria renal aguda secundaria a crisis hipercalcémica: a propósito de un caso / Acute renal injury secondary to hypercalcemic crisis: a case report / Lesão ou injúria renal aguda secundária a crise hipercalcêmica: relatório de caso clínico

La injuria renal aguda es una entidad clínica compleja, caracterizada por la disminución abrupta de la función renal. La hipercalcemia como etiología de la misma es poco frecuente. Los mecanismos involucrados en su desarrollo son múltiples y poco estudiados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 59 años que desarrolló un cuadro severo de falla renal aguda como complicación de crisis hipercalcémica por un adenoma de paratiroides. Se observó alteración en los marcadores de daño y función renal. La bioquímica urinaria mostró una necrosis tubular aguda. Los niveles de calcio, parathormona y calciuria se asociaron a endocrinopatía. La ecografía, el centellograma y la biopsia paratiroidea mostraron la presencia de un adenoma. Se presentaron otras complicaciones sistémicas concomitantes como pancreatitis y complicaciones cardíacas. El tratamiento paliativo fue la hemodiálisis y el definitivo la paratiroidectomía. El síndrome de hueso hambriento se presentó como una complicación postquirúrgica. Tras el alta, la recuperación de la función renal nunca fue total. El daño renal agudo asociado a disfunción sistémica por hipercalcemia puede llevar a una recuperación parcial de la función renal. Se debe considerar el desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica posterior a la falla renal aguda por hipercalcemia como complicación de la misma.

Acute renal injury is a complex clinical entity, characterized by the abrupt worsening in renal function. Hypercalcemia as its etiology is rare. The mechanisms involved in its development are multiple and rarely studied. The case of a 59-year-old male patient who developed a severe acute renal failure as a complication of an hypercalcemic crisis due to a parathyroid adenoma is presented here. Alterations in markers of damage and renal function were observed. Urinary biochemistry showed acute tubular necrosis. Calcium, parathormone and urine calcium levels were associated with endocrinopathy. The ultrasound, the scintigraphy and the parathyroid biopsy showed the presence of an adenoma. There were other concomitant systemic complications such as pancreatitis and cardiac complications. Hemodialysis was the palliative treatment, while the definitive treatment was parathyroidectomy. The hungry bone syndrome occurred as a postoperative complication. After discharge, recovery of renal function was never complete. Acute renal damage associated with systemic dysfunction due to hypercalcemia can lead to a partial recovery of renal function. The development of chronic kidney disease after acute renal failure due to hypercalcemia should be considered one of its complications.

A Lesão renal aguda é uma entidade clínica complexa, caracterizada pela diminuição abrupta da função renal. A hipercalcemia como etiologia da mesma não é muito frequente. Os mecanismos que participam no seu desenvolvimento são múltiplos e pouco estudados. Apresenta-se o caso de um paciente, homem, de 59 anos, que desenvolveu um quadro severo de insuficiência renal aguda como complicação de crise hipercalcêmica por um adenoma da paratireóide. Foi observada alteração nos marcadores de dano e função renal. A bioquímica urinária mostrou uma necrose tubular aguda. Os níveis de cálcio, paratormona e calciúria foram associados a endocrinopatia. A ultra-sonografia, a cintilografia, e a biópsia da paratireóide mostraram a presença de um adenoma. Apresentaram-se outras complicações sistêmicas concomitantes como pancreatite e cardíacas. O tratamento paliativo foi hemodiálise e o definitivo, a paratireoidectomia. A síndrome do osso faminto apresentou-se como uma complicação pós-operatória. Após a alta, a recuperação da função renal nunca foi total. O dano renal agudo associado à disfunção sistêmica por hipercalcemia pode levar para uma recuperação parcial da função renal. Deve ser considerado o desenvolvimento da doença renal crônica posterior à insuficiência renal aguda por hipercalcemia como complicação da mesma.

Etiology of graft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients

Background: Kidney transplantation is the preferred mode of renal replacement therapy for the endstage renal disease, with dramatic improvements in patient and graft survival over the last 50 years. In the modern era of immunosuppression, 1-year patient survival is close to 98%, and 1-year allograft survival rates have improved to 90% for deceased donor kidney transplants and 95 % for living donor kidney transplants with some inter-center variability. The aim of the study: To elucidate the etiology of graft dysfunction among renal transplant recipients. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 155 patients who underwent both cadavers and live donor transplant from October 2009 to March 2011 at a tertiary care center in Chennai, South India. All the transplant recipients were regularly followed with serum urea and creatinine, urine routine, calcineurin inhibitor drug levels in the serum, USG Abdomen, urine culture depending on the graft status. Graft dysfunction defined by a rise in the creatinine more than 25% or 0.3 to 0.5 mg per dl from the baseline. Those who developed graft dysfunction were presented for graft biopsy and managed based on the report accordingly. S. Thirumavalavan, Krishna Kumar, S. A. K. Noor Mohamed, R Vijaya Kumar. Etiology of graft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients. IAIM, 2019; 6(3): 313-318. Page 314 Results: Among the 155 transplant recipient patients, 66 (44%) patients developed graft dysfunction and underwent renal biopsy. The graft dysfunction was due to chronic allograft dysfunction (interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy) in 24 (15.4%) patients, acute cellular rejection in 13 (8.4%) patients, acute antibody-mediated rejection in 2 (1.3%) patients, acute tubular necrosis in 9 (5.8%) patients, calcineurin toxicity in 6 (3.9%) patients, thrombotic microangiopathy in 6 (3.9%) patients, IgA nephropathy in 3 (1.9%) patients and transplant renal artery stenosis in 1(0.6%) patient. Conclusion: Among the various causes, acute cellular, acute antibody rejection and chronic allograft nephropathy holds nearly 25% of the incidence of graft dysfunction. It indicates appropriate immunological evaluation, appropriate immunosuppression, use of induction agents in high-risk patients and protocol renal biopsy to identify early rejection in high-risk patient and appropriate early intervention is important to improve long-term term graft and patient survival.

Renal damage associated with heavy metals: review work / Daño renal asociado a metales pesados: trabajo de revisión

Abstract Catheter-associated infection is an entity with multiple complications, a condition that alters the quality of life of all patients Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an important health problem in the entire global population, where knowledge of the environmental factors associated with this disease is currently essential for its prevention. Several heavy metals are recognized, including Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg), which are clearly associated with renal damage and progression of CKD. Studies in animals and humans primarily demonstrate a clear association between exposure to these metals and the presence of chronic renal damage, where the pathophysiology of each of these metals is important in understanding the mechanism of renal damage. The present review aims to analyze the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of the nephrotoxicity associated with these metals, as well as the different studies in both humans and animals that have been performed.

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) representa un importante problema de salud en todo el globo. Actualmente, es esencial para su prevención el conocimiento de los factores ambientales asociados con la enfermedad. Se reconocen diversos metales pesados, entre los que destacan el cadmio (Cd), plomo (Pb), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg), que están claramente asociados con la lesión renal y la progresión de la ERC. Estudios en animales y humanos demuestran, principalmente, una clara asociación entre la exposición a estos metales y la presencia de daño renal crónico, donde la fisiopatologia de cada uno de ellos es importante para entender el mecanismo de daño renal. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo analizar, tanto la fisiopatología y manifestaciones clínicas de la nefrotoxicidad asociada a dichos metales, como los diferentes estudios que se han realizado en humanos y animales.

Diagnóstico de necrosis tubular aguda en pacientes egresados fallecidos / Diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis in deceased patients

Introducción: el diagnóstico histopatológico de necrosis tubular aguda, generalmente de causa isquémica o nefrotóxica, se encuentra muy relacionado con el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal aguda. Objetivo: analizar la presencia de diagnóstico histopatológico de necrosis tubular aguda en los egresados fallecidos autopsiados y explorar la relación con posibles factores favorecedores. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, observacional de las autopsias en el Hospital Militar Central Dr. Luis Díaz Soto, en el período 1962 al 2015. Se estableció en ellas el diagnóstico histopatológico de necrosis tubular aguda y se analizó el comportamiento de variables demográficas, clínicas y anatomopatológicas. Resultados: se registraron 843 341 egresados, de ellos 25 213 fallecidos (índice de mortalidad 3,0), se realizaron 18 630 autopsias (índice autopsia 75,3 por ciento), en estas se estableció diagnóstico de necrosis tubular aguda en 6.264 (33,6 por ciento). Predominaron los pacientes masculinos y los mayores de 45 años de edad. El shock (22,3 por ciento), la bronconeumonía (16,3 por ciento), la aterosclerosis coronaria(18,5 por ciento) y el edema pulmonar (11,3 por ciento) constituyeron las principales causas directas de muerte. La aterosclerosis coronaria (18,5 por ciento) fue la principal causa básica de muerte. Conclusiones: se registró un incremento sostenido de egresos, de fallecidos y de autopsias practicadas, así como del diagnóstico histopatológico de necrosis tubular aguda. Predominaron los pacientes del sexo masculino y aquellos mayores de 45 años de edad. Las principales causas directas de muerte en estos fueron el shock, la bronconeumonía y el edema pulmonar. La aterosclerosis fue la principal causa básica de muerte(AU)

Introduction: The histopathological diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis, usually of ischemic or nephrotoxic cause, is closely related to the development of acute renal failure. Objective: To analyze the presence of histopathological diganosis of acute tubular necrosis in deceased autopsied and to explore the relationship with possible favoring factors. Method: Retrospective, observational study, with descriptive statistical study of the autopsies at the Central Military Hospital Dr. Luis Díaz Soto in the period from 1962 to 2015. The histopathological diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis was done and demographic, clinical and anatomopathological variables were analyzed. Results: 843 341 discharged from hospital were recorded, of which 25 213 died (mortality rate 3.0), 18 630 autopsies were performed (autopsy rate 75.3 percent). In these cases a diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis was done in 6 264 (33.6 percent). Male patients and those over 45 years of age predominated. Shock (22.3 percent), bronchopneumonia (16.3 percent), coronary atherosclerosis (18.5 percent) and pulmonary edema (11.3 percent) were the main direct causes of death. Coronary atherosclerosis (18.5 percent) was the main underlying cause of death. Conclusions: There was a sustained increase in discharged patients, deaths and autopsies, as well as the histopathological diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis. Male patients predominated and those older than 45 years of age. The main direct causes of death in these were shock, bronchopneumonia and pulmonary edema. Atherosclerosis was the leading cause of death(AU)

Diagnostic value of serum cystatin C for acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To determine the diagnostic value of serum cystatin C (Cys C) for acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with liver cirrhosis.@*Methods@#Serum Cys C levels in 150 liver cirrhosis patients (88 AKI and 62 non-AKI patients) were measured by the Particle-Enhanced Nephelometric Immuno-Assay. The accuracy of serum Cys C for the diagnosis of AKI in liver cirrhosis was evaluated by the ROC curve.@*Results@#Liver cirrhosis patients with AKI had significantly higher serum Cys C levels [2.37 (1.75-2.83) mg/L] than those without AKI [0.97 (0.85-1.09) g/L] (P <0.001). Serum Cys C level was highest in the acute tubular necrosis group [5.41 (2.77-6.19) mg/L], followed by the hepatorenal syndrome group [2.55 (2.28-3.59) mg/L] and prerenal azotemia group [2.07 (1.70-2.41) mg/L], and the serum Cys C level was significantly different between the three groups (P <0.001). In addition, patients with AKI were further divided into infection group and non-infection group. Serum Cys C level was significantly higher in the infection group than in the non-infection group (P <0.05). The area under the ROC curve of serum Cys C for the diagnosis of AKI in liver cirrhosis was 0.99 (0.98-1.00) at a cut-off value of 1.36 mg/L, and the sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 95%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#Serum Cys C is a good marker for detecting AKI in liver cirrhosis, and the different levels of increase in Cys C may be useful in differentiating the different types of AKI.

Renal Klotho expression in patients with acute kidney injury is associated with the severity of the injury

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The potential physiologic roles of Klotho in acute kidney injury (AKI) have recently been demonstrated in animal models. However, to date, there have been no human studies investigating the expression of renal Klotho in AKI. METHODS: We retrospectively collected biopsy specimens and clinical data of AKI patients between January 2001 and December 2012. Klotho expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and the clinical-pathological correlation was examined. RESULTS: Among the 34 patients diagnosed with acute tubular necrosis or acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, 21 patients without chronic histological lesions were included. The mean age was 37.3 +/- 18.5 years and the mean peak creatinine level was 8.2 +/- 5.5 mg/dL. In total, 10 patients (47.6%) received temporary renal replacement therapy (RRT); however, 17 patients (81%) showed functional recovery with creatinine levels of < 1.3 mg/dL after 1 month. The intensity of Klotho expression was scored as a percentage of Klotho-positive area. The renal Klotho score showed a significant negative correlation with the initial or peak creatinine level. When the patients were divided into three groups according to the Klotho score (low, middle, high), the low group had a significantly higher peak creatinine level and a more frequent requirement for RRT. However, the Klotho score was not a significant predictor of renal recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that renal Klotho expression in humans decreased significantly according to the severity of AKI, regardless of the etiology, and that low expression was associated with a poor short-term outcome.

Marcadores de necrose tubular aguda e lesão inflamatória glomerular no sedimento urinária de pacientes com síndrome / Acute tubular necrosis markers and inflammatory glomerular injury urinary sediment syndrome patients

Necrose tubular aguda (NTA) é a causa mais frequente de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em pacientes hospitalizados. Em pacientes com síndrome nefrótica (SNO), a NTA mimetiza, por vezes, quadro de glomerulonefrite rapidamente progressiva e requer instituição precoce de imunossupressores. A análise do sedimento urinário é uma ferramenta não invasiva, de baixo custo e ampla disponibilidade. O achado de células epiteliais no sedimento urinário de pacientes com LRA foi associado ao diagnóstico de NTA. Entretanto, estudos em pacientes com SNO associada são escassos. Técnicas de diagnóstico utilizando sedimento urinário corado normalmente não são utilizadas nesses casos. Além do mais, o sedimento urinário é uma importante fonte de proteínas; estudos proteômicos do sedimento urinário revelaram importantes frações de proteínas não encontradas em sobrenadante, que pode ser usado como potencial biomarcador de LRA. Nosso objetivo é identificar alterações citológicas e protéicas no sedimento urinário que permitam o diagnóstico diferencial entre NTA ou lesão inflamatória-proliferativa glomerular (INF) em pacientes com SNO. Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, onde foram incluídos 32 pacientes: 5 pacientes normais (grupo controle), 10 com NTA, 9 sem NTA e 8 com glomerulonefrites exsudativas. As células do sedimento urinário foram contadas, citocentrifugadas, coradas em hematoxilina/eosina ou Papanicolaou e contadas diferencialmente como pequenas (<30μm de diâmetro), médias (30-48μm)...

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most frequent cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients. In patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS), acute tubular necrosis mimic, sometimes, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and requires premature institution of immunosuppressive treatment. The analysis of urinary sediment is a noninvasive tool, low cost and wide availability. The found of epithelial cells in the urinary sediment of patients with AKI was associated to ATN diagnosis. However, studies in patients with AKI in the set of NS are scarce. Diagnostics techniques using stained urinary sediment are not ordinarily used in these cases. Furthermore, urinary sediment is an important source of proteins; proteomic studies revealed important fractions of proteins not found in urinary supernatant that could be used as potential biomarkers for AKI. Our goal is identify cytological alterations and protein in urinary sediment which allow the differential diagnosis between ATN and inflammatory-proliferative glomerular lesion (INF) in patients with NS. This is a cross sectional study, in which 32 patients were included: 5 normal patients (control group), 10 with ATN, 9 without ATN and 8 with exudative glomerulonephritis. The cells of urinary sediment were counted, cytocentrifuged, stained of hematoxylin/eosin or Papanicolaou and differentially counted as small (<30μm of diameter), medium (30-48μm)...

Effects of the Methanol Root Extract of Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich on the Kidney and Liver of Rats- a Histological and Biochemical Study.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the potential toxicologic effects of the methanol root extract of Cissampelos mucronata (A. Rich) on liver and kidney tissues. Methodology: A total of 30 rats were used for the study consisting of 5 female rats for the acute toxicity study and 25 rats for the 28 day repeated toxicity studies, the 25 rats were divided into five groups of 5 rats per group. Group I served as the control, while rats in groups II-IV where administered 100, 200 and 300 mgkg-1 body weight of the extract respectively for 28 days. Rats in group V were administered 300 mgkg-1 of the extract for 28 days and allowed to stay for 14 days post treatment. At the end of the experimental period the rats were sacrificed, kidney and liver weight taken and fixed for routine histological examinations while blood was obtained for biochemical analysis. Results: Acute toxicity studies revealed an LD50 of >2000mgkg-1 following oral administration of the extract while 28 days administration of 100, 200 and 300mgkg-1 of the extract caused a significant decrease in body weight (p<0.01) and significant increases in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin(P<0.05-0.001). Histopathological assessment of the liver and kidney tissues revealed moderate lymphocytic infiltration and thrombus formation within the central veins in the liver, moderate epithelial sloughing of the proximal convulated tubules in renal tissues with no remarkable recovery following withdrawal of the extract. Conclusion: This study suggests that prolonged and constant use of the extract is both hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Biopsy proven auute tubular necrosis due to rhadomyolysis in a dengue fever paatient: a case report and review of literature / Necrose tubular aguda comprovada por biopsia em paciente com dengue e rabdomiolise

Renal histology results are very scarce in dengue-associated rhabdomyolysis patients developing acute kidney injury (AKI). We report a case of dengue fever-induced AKI associated to rhabdomyolysis with a renal biopsy showing acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and renal deposition of myoglobin. A 28-year-old patient who presented dengue fever (DF) complicated by severe AKI and rhabdomyolysis is described. The patient required hemodialysis for three weeks. A renal biopsy revealed ATN with positive staining for myoglobin in the renal tubuli. The patient was discharged with recovered renal function. In conclusion, this case report described a biopsy proven ATN associated to DF-induced rhabdomyolysis, in which renal deposition of myoglobin was demonstrated. We suggest that serum creatine phosphokinase should be monitored in DF patients to allow for an early diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis and the institution of renal protective measures.

Resultados de histologia renal são muito escassos em pacientes com rabdomiólise e injúria renal aguda (IRA) associada a dengue. Descrevemos caso de dengue complicado por rabdomiólise e IRA no qual a biópsia renal mostrou necrose tubular aguda (NTA) e deposição renal de mioglobina. Paciente de 28 anos que apresentou dengue complicado por IRA grave e rabdomiólise é descrito. Ele necessitou de diálise por três semanas. A biópsia renal mostrou NTA, com imunohistoquímica fortemente positiva para mioglobina nos túbulos renais. O paciente recebeu alta com recuperação da função renal. Em conclusão, descrevemos caso de dengue complicado por IRA e rabdomiólise, em que a biópsia renal mostrou NTA e deposição de mioglobina. Sugerimos que creatinofosfoquinase deve ser monitorizada em pacientes com dengue para permitir o diagnóstico precoce de rabdomiólise e a instituição de medidas protetoras para o rim.

A Case of Acute Tubular Necrosis and Hearing Loss Induced by Intravenous Administration of Ciprofloxacin / 대한내과학회지

Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections. However, acute kidney injury is a rarely reported side effect. Ciprofloxacin-related nephrotoxicity typically manifests as acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. To the best of our knowledge, few cases of acute tubular necrosis as a complication of ciprofloxacin have been reported to date. We herein describe a case involving a 41-year-old woman treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin at 200 mg twice daily for gastroenteritis. One day after initiation of treatment, her serum creatinine level increased from 0.95 to 3.83 mg/dL and she experienced impaired hearing. Five days later, renal biopsy demonstrated acute tubular necrosis. The acute tubular necrosis encountered in this patient resolved; however, short-term hemodialysis was required. This is the first reported case of acute kidney injury associated with ciprofloxacin use in Korea.

Inmunosupresión de inducción en el trasplante renal en el Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras de 1984 a 2012 / Induction immunosuppression in renal transplantation at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital. 1984-2012

Introducción: la inmunosupresión de inducción es esencial en el éxito del trasplante renal. Encaminada a prevenir el rechazo agudo y la función retrasada del injerto, se diseña como estrategia para los inicios del trasplante donde son mucho más frecuentes las complicaciones. Objetivo: exponer los diferentes protocolos de inmunosupresión de inducción utilizados por el grupo de trasplante del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, según tipo de donante (vivo o cadáver) y frecuencia de complicaciones clínicas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, que abarcó todos los trasplantes renales realizados desde que se inició esta actividad en marzo de 1984 hasta noviembre de 2012. Se distinguieron 4 etapas, 1984-1990, 1991-1996, 1997-2004 y 2005-2012. En las 2 primeras predominó el empleo del tratamiento con prednisona y azatioprina en el donante cadáver. Solo se utilizó la combinación de 3 drogas, ciclosporina A sandimun, prednisona y azatioprina para los trasplantes de cadáver considerados de riesgo, ambos protocolos se acompañaron de elevadas frecuencias de rechazo y necrosis tubular aguda, en el período entre 1997 y 2004. Conclusión: la triple terapia con ciclosporina A neoral, prednisona y micofenolato mofetil proporcionó bajas tasas de rechazo y necrosis tubular aguda, tanto cuando el injerto provino de un donante vivo como de uno cadavérico; las terapias cuádruples secuenciales constituyeron un tratamiento aceptable para disminuir el rechazo en pacientes de riesgo. El tratamiento con prednisona y azatioprina y el de ciclosporina, en formulación sandimun, con prednisona y azatioprina o con prednisona, a la luz de los resultados obtenidos, no constituyen en la actualidad protocolos satisfactorios para la inmunosupresión en el trasplante renal

Introduction: immunosuppression induction is essential in successful kidney transplant. It is aimed at preventing acute rejection and delayed graft function and is designed as a strategy for the beginning of the transplant in which complications are much more common. Objective: to present the different protocols of immunosuppression induction used by the transplant staff of Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, according to the type of donor (alive or dead), and the frequency of clinical complications. Methods: a descriptive retrospective study was carried out which covered all the kidney transplant done since this activity began in March 1984 until it continued to November 2012. Four stages were distinguished: 1984-1990, 1991-1996, 1997-2004 and 2005-2012. The treatment with Prednisone and Azatioprine in the dead donor predominated in the two first stages. The combination of three drugs: Cyclosporin A (Sandimmune), Prednisone and Azatioprine was only used in transplants in which dead donors were considered high risk. Both protocols were accompanied by high rejection frequencies and acute tubular necrosis in the period 1997-2004. Conclusions: the triple therapy with Cyclosporin A (Neoral), Prednisone and Mycophenolate Mophetil provided low rejection rates and acute tubular necrosis even when the graft came from both an alive donor or a dead one. The quadruple sequential therapies constituted an accepted treatment to diminish rejection in risk patients. The treatment with Prednisone and Azatioprine and Cyclosporin in Sandimmune formulation, with Prednisone and Azatioprine, or with Prednisone, according to the results obtained, do not constitute satisfactory protocols for immunosuppression in kidney transplant at present

Significance of urine neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin and kidney injure molecule-1 in patients with primary nephropathy syndrome with acute kidney injury / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the significance of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in the patients of primary nephmpathy syndrome (PNS) complicated with acute kidney injury (AKI) by detecting urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1.Methods Senventy-two patients of PNS were selected as our subjects including 34 case with minimal change disease (MCD),23 cases with membranous nephropathy(MN),15 cases with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPGN).Fifteen cases of healthy physical examination were selected as control group.Meanwhile subjects were also divided into PNS with ATN group (15 cases) and PNS without ATN group (57 cases) according to their pathology check.ELISA was applied to detect the urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1,whose correlation with pathological type and clinical index were analyzed.Results The urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1 in patients with PNS were (42.37 ± 28.24) μg/L,(2.76 ± 1.11) μg/L respectively,higher than that of control group (P ＜0.01).The urinary level of NGAL in the MCD group,MN group,MsPGN group were higher than that of control group (46.81 ± 15.75) μg/L,(22.09 ± 7.69) μg/L,(15.31 ± 3.74) μg/L,(8.03 ± 0.35) μg/L respectively,P ＜ 0.05).The urinary level of NGAL in MCD group was significantly highest than that in the other groups (P ＜ 0.05).The urinary level of KIM-1 in the MCD group,MN group,MsPGN group were higher than that of control group(2.41 ±0.58) μg/L,(2.54 ±0.67) μg/L,(2.87 ±0.50) μg/L,(0.73 ±0.35) μg/L respectively,P ＜0.05).But there was no significant difference among MCD,MN,MsPGN groups(P ＞ 0.05).The urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1 in patients PNS were (42.37 ± 28.34) μg/L and (2.76 ± 1.11) μg/L,significantly higher than that of control group (t =4.668,12.665,P ＜ 0.05).The urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1 in patients PNS with ATN were significantly higher than patient without ATN (NGAL:(74.98 ±9.52) μg/L vs.(31.31 ±2.34) μg/L;KIM-1:(3.60 ±0.92) μg/L vs.(2.54 ±0.81) μg/L,P ＜0.05).The correlation analysis showed that the urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1 was positively correlated with serum β2-MG,serum creatinine,serum blood urea nitrogen and 24-hour urine protein.(r =0.432,0.299,0.234,0.254,0.434,0.650,0.276,0.301 respectively,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The urinary level of NGAL and KIM-1 could be considered as the early,non-invasive biologic factors to reflect in patients of PNS with ATN.

Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children.

Objective: To determine the incidence and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients. Design: Prospective, observational. Setting: Tertiary care center in North India. Participants/patients: Inpatients, 1 month to 18-yr-old. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: Incidence of AKI based on the serum creatinine criteria proposed by the AKI Network. Results: During February to September 2008, thirty nine of 108 (36.1%) critically ill patients and 34 of 378 (9.0%) patients who were not critically ill developed AKI (P <0.001); the respective incidence densities were 45.1 and 11.7 cases/1000 patient days, respectively. The maximal stage of AKI was stage 1 in 48 (65.8%) patients, stage 2 in 13 (17.8%) and stage 3 in 12 (16.4%) patients; 11 (15.1%) required dialysis. Patients with AKI had a significantly longer duration of hospital stay (9 days vs 7 days, P<0.02) and higher mortality (37% vs 8.7%; hazard ratio, HR 2.73; 95% CI 1.64, 4.54). Independent risk factors for AKI were young age (HR 0.89; 95% CI 0.83, 0.95), shock (HR 2.65; 95% CI 1.32, 5.31), sepsis (HR 3.64; 95% CI 2.20, 6.01), and need for mechanical ventilation (2.18; 95% CI 1.12, 4.26). Compared to patients without AKI, the mortality was higher for AKI stage 2 (HR 5.18; 95% CI 2.59, 10.38) and stage 3 (HR 4.34; 95% CI 2.06, 9.16). Shock was an independent risk factor for mortality (HR 10.7; 95% CI 4.96, 22.98). Conclusions: AKI is common in critically ill children, especially younger patients with septicemia and shock, and results in increased hospital stay and high mortality.

Insuficiencia renal aguda en ancianos atendidos en cuidados intensivos del Hospital Territorial Docente Julio M. Arístegui Villamil. Cárdenas. 2006-2011 / Acute renal insufficiency in elder people attended at the Intensive Care Unit of the Teaching Territorial Hospital Julio M. Aristegui Villamil. Cárdenas. 2006-2011

La insuficiencia renal aguda es un problema médico habitual en la práctica clínica, tanto fuera como dentro del hospital, en la unidad de cuidados intensivos está asociado a un incremento de la morbimortalidad. Con el fin de caracterizar su comportamiento, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, en pacientes mayores de 60 años ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Julio Arístegui Villamil, de Cárdenas, en el período comprendido desde 1 enero de 2006 hasta 1 de enero de 2011, los cuales, según la clasificación RIFLE, desarrollaron fallo renal agudo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 68 pacientes (52 %); existió un predominio del sexo masculino con respecto al femenino, (3:1) y del color de piel blanca (72 %). La localización de la lesión predominante fue la parenquimatosa (63 %) seguida de la postrenal. El 45,5 % recibió tratamiento sustitutivo de la función renal. La mortalidad fue elevada (57 %), siendo las principales causas de muerte: el fallo múltiple de órganos y la sepsis.

The acute renal insufficiency is a customary medical problem in the medical practice as much inside as out the hospital; in the Intensive Care Unit it is associated to an increase of the morbimortality. With the objective of characterizing its behavior, we carried out a descriptive, crossed study in more-than-60-years-old patients who entered the Intensive Care Unit of the Hospital Julio Aristegui Villamil, of Cardenas, in the period from January 1st 2006 to January 1st 2011, and developed an acute renal failure according to the RIFLE classification. The sample was formed by 68 patients (52 %); there it was a predomination of the male sex over the female (3:1) and of the white race (72 %). The predominant location of the lesion was the parenchymatous one (63 %) followed by the post-renal one. 45,5 % of the patients received a substitutive treatment of the renal function. The mortality was high (57 %), being the multiple organic failure and sepsis the main death causes.

Effect of endogenous hydrogen sulfide inhibition on structural and functional renal disturbances induced by gentamicin

Animal models of gentamicin nephrotoxicity present acute tubular necrosis associated with inflammation, which can contribute to intensify the renal damage. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a signaling molecule involved in inflammation. We evaluated the effect of DL-propargylglycine (PAG), an inhibitor of endogenous H2S formation, on the renal damage induced by gentamicin. Male Wistar rats (N = 8) were injected with 40 mg/kg gentamicin (im) twice a day for 9 days, some of them also received PAG (N = 8, 10 mg·kg-1·day-1, ip). Control rats (N = 6) were treated with saline or PAG only (N = 4). Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected one day after the end of these treatments, blood samples were collected, the animals were sacrificed, and the kidneys were removed for quantification of H2S formation and histological and immunohistochemical studies. Gentamicin-treated rats presented higher sodium and potassium fractional excretion, increased plasma creatinine [4.06 (3.00; 5.87) mg percent] and urea levels, a greater number of macrophages/monocytes, and a higher score for tubular interstitial lesions [3.50 (3.00; 4.00)] in the renal cortex. These changes were associated with increased H2S formation in the kidneys from gentamicin-treated rats (230.60 ± 38.62 µg·mg protein-1·h-1) compared to control (21.12 ± 1.63) and PAG (11.44 ± 3.08). Treatment with PAG reduced this increase (171.60 ± 18.34), the disturbances in plasma creatinine levels [2.20 (1.92; 4.60) mg percent], macrophage infiltration, and score for tubular interstitial lesions [2.00 (2.00; 3.00)]. However, PAG did not interfere with the increase in fractional sodium excretion provoked by gentamicin. The protective effect of PAG on gentamicin nephrotoxicity was related, at least in part, to decreased H2S formation.

A Case of Severe Acute Kidney Injury by Near-Drowning

Acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to near-drowning is rarely described and poorly understood. Only few cases of severe isolated AKI resulting from near-drowning exist in the literature. We report a case of near-drowning who developed to isolated AKI due to acute tubular necrosis (ATN) requiring dialysis. A 21-yr-old man who recovered from near-drowning in freshwater 3 days earlier was admitted to our hospital with anuria and elevated level of serum creatinine. He needed five sessions of hemodialysis and then renal function recovered spontaneously. Renal biopsy confirmed ATN. We review the existing literature on near-drowning-induced AKI and discuss the possible pathogenesis.

A Case of Chronic Renal Failure Associated with Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome / 영남의대학술지

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is an unusual entity characterized by hypovolemic shock, hemoconcentration, and hypo-albuminemia associated with paraproteinemia as a result of marked capillary hyperpermeability. Complications of this syndrome can include compartment syndromes, pulmonary edema, thrombosis, and acute kidney injury. This paper reports a case of severe SCLS accompanied by acute tubular necrosis caused by hypoperfusion and myoglobinuria secondary to rhabdomyolysis, which resulted in chronic kidney disease that necessitated hemodialysis. However, there have been rare data of residual end-organ damage after acute attacks in Korea. Therefore, this paper reports a case of complicated SCLS enough to hemodialysis and that developed into chronic kidney disease.

Nonrejection pathology of renal allograft biopsies: 10 years experience from a tertiary care center in north India.

Background: Renal dysfunction in allograft transplant is common and its assessment is done using Revised Banff '97 working classification, which is the accepted formulation for the evaluation of histological appearance of renal allograft biopsies. The nonrejection category under the Banff working classification of renal allograft pathology forms a large group resulting in allograft dysfunction. Aim: To evaluate the spectrum of histopathological changes seen in renal allograft dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A total of 119 renal biopsies were studied over 10 years presenting with renal allograft dysfunction from a tertiary center in North India. Results: Majority of the biopsies were in the nonrejection category (47.1%), which included few cases of acute tubular necrosis (25.2%), cyclosporine nephrotoxicity (16%), infections (10.9%), and thrombotic microangiopathy (3.4%). The second largest category in our study was acute/active cellular rejection group (31.9%), which displayed moderate to severe tubulitis, mononuclear cell infiltrate in the interstitium, and vasculitis. Antibody-mediated rejection cases were seen in 28.6% of the renal biopsies followed by chronic allograft nephropathy cases (12.6%) showing features of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Borderline changes with features of mild tubulitis contributed to 7.6% of the biopsies. The smallest group comprised of only 4.2%, which were within normal histological limits. Conclusion: Timely accurate diagnosis of renal allograft dysfunction is essential for prompt, effective management of renal transplant patients. Thus, nonrejection pathology forms a significant cause of renal dysfunction in patients with renal allograft transplantation.