EFFECT OF SEASONAL VARIATION ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF AEGLE MARMELOS (L.) AND MURRAYA KOENIGII L.SPRENG

Aegle marmelos and Murraya koenigii are commonly occurring plants in Maharashtra belonging to family Rutaceae .Members of Rutaceae are rich in vitamin C content. Murraya koenigii locally known as curry patta and Aegle marmelos locally known as bael/ kawath is edible and used in various food preparations. They are known to have anti-infiammatory, anti-oxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial properties and It was thought necessary to find out if there was any variation in the phytochemical content ie mainly Vit C and antioxidant activity of these two plants especially in the leaves . It was observed that phytochemical content was higher during monsoon season.

Effect of Aegle marmelos methanolic extracts of leaf and fruit pulp on learning and memory in albino rats

Background: The objective was to study the effect of Aegle marmelos methanolic extracts of leaf (LE) and fruit pulp extract (FE) on learning and memory in albino rats. 40 healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 10 groups of 4 each (n=4), weighing about 150 to 200 gm were selected for the study. The extracts i.e. 1ml of 1% carboxy methyl cellulose, LE and FE at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were administered per oral one hour before the experiment.Methods: Learning and memory was assessed by elevated plus maze and Hebb William maze. Latency time and number of entries were assessed by elevated plus maze whereas only latency was assessed by Hebb William maze.Results: Plant extracts of LE and FE at doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg have shown significant percentage reduction in latency time in elevated plus maze and Hebb William maze (p<0.05) and reduction in the number of entries in elevated plus maze.Conclusions: LE and FE at doses 200 mg/kg have shown significant effect on learning and memory.

Effect Ofco-Administration Of Emblica Officinalis And Aegle Marmelos Extracts For Antioxidant And Antidiabetic Activity

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop an HPLC analytical method and to perform in vivo study of Emblica officinalis and Aegle marmelos extracts for antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Methods: The phytochemical analyses, total phenolic content (TPC), TLC, DPPH assay were performed for freeze-dried Emblica officinalis fruits aqueous extract (EOFAE) and Aegle marmelos leaves ethyl acetate extract (AMLEAE). The active constituents present in both extracts were estimated by using HPLC system having Hibar® C18 column [250 x4.6 mm, 5 µm] and UV detector (264 nm). A gradient mobile phase (acetonitrile and water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) was used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In vivo antioxidant, antidiabetic activity of both extracts was conducted on male albino Wistar rats for 21 d in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (42 rats; n=6). The antidiabetic activity was measured by blood glucose level and biochemical parameters i.e. total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein. Oxidative stress was measured by antioxidant biomarkers i.e. SOD, GSH, lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method on the liver of the experimental rat. Results: Tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, glycosides are found in EOFAE; coumarins and flavonoids are found in AMLEAE and quinones, phenols are present in both extracts. The values of TPC present in standard gallic acid, EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 485.7, 315.6, 300.7 mgGAE/g, respectively. Rf values obtained by TLC of EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 0.41 and 0.50, respectively. The values of % inhibition shown by EOFAE and AMLEAE in DPPH assay were found to be 97.8%±2 and 95.2%±2, respectively. The values of retention time of EOFAE and AMLEAE by HPLC analysis were found to be 4.59 and 5.28 min, respectively. Histopathological examination of the liver was revealed that low dose EOAM (containing of EOFAE 250+AMLEAE 250 mg/kg body weight) administered once a daily for 21 d showed significant activity (P˂0.001) with biochemical parameters and antioxidant biomarkers. Conclusion: The present study showed that the EOFAE and AMLEAE treated group III with (EOAM) low dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has potent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

Evaluation of antiulcerogenic activity of combination of Aloe vera and Aegle marmelos in indomethacin induced gastric ulcers

Background: Most important adverse effect of NSAID is peptic ulceration. Even though H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors are effective in preventing NSAID associated peptic ulceration, they are not without side effects. Hence there is a need for drugs which are effective in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcer without producing side effects. Two plant products Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmalos leaves are commonly used in Indian traditional medicine for treatment of peptic ulcers. Hence this study is undertaken to assess the antiulcerogenic potential of combination of these two drugs in comparison with ranitidine in preventing NSAID induced peptic ulcers.Methods: 18 albino rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group A: received ulcerogen only. Group B: pretreated with ranitidine before exposing to ulcerogen. Group C: pretreated with combination of Aloe vera and Aegle marmelos before exposing to ulcerogen. Two doses of indomethacin were administered at an interval of 15 hrs. Animals were sacrificed 6 hrs after the second dose of Indomethacin. Number of ulcers was noted, and ulcer index was calculated.Results: There was significant reduction in total score, mean score and ulcer index in ranitidine pretreated group and test compound group as compared to control group. Even though the total score and ulcer index in test group were lesser as compared to standard control group, it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Combination of Aloe vera leaf extract and Aegle marmelos leaf extract produced very significant protection against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer.

In vivo antiplasmodial potential of three herbal methanolic extracts in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65 / 中草药·英文版

Objective: The present study deals with the investigation of antiplasmodial potential of leaf methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos, Aristolochia indica and Cassia auriculata against Plasmodium berghei (NK65) infected mice. Methods: The chloroquine-sensitive parasites P. berghei (1 × 106) were inoculated into Swiss albino mice intraperitoneally. The methanol extracts of three herbal plants were orally administered in P. berghei infected mice which were further assessed using the four-day suppressive test at different doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg per day. Chloroquine (CQ) was used as the standard drug with of 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg concentrations and was orally administered. Results: The leaves of A. marmelos, A. indica, and C. auriculata were found to suppress P. berghei parasitaemia in Swiss albino mice by (67.0 ± 4.02)%, (72.0 ± 8.44)% and (52.7 ± 2.06)% at 600 mg/kg/d with ED50 values of 284.73, 233.77 and 562.48 mg/kg, respectively. These herbal plants increased the mean survival time of infected mice and prevented body weight loss. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hentriacontan-16-one (C31H62O) in A. indica extract. The histopathology study showed non-toxic to kidney and liver at 600 mg/kg/body weight. Conclusions: Overall results revealed that herbal plants may be active in the development of novel and cheap antimalarial compounds.

Evaluation of cardioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos on doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity: an experimental study

Background: Aegle marmelos (A. marmelos), a medicinal herb, is widely used in the Indian system of medicine for treatment of various ailments. The methanolic extract of A. marmelos leaves had shown antioxidant effect. However, so far aqueous extract of A. marmelos is not scientifically evaluated for its cardio protective potential. Hence the present study was designed to find out cardio protective role of A. marmelos against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.Methods: Thirty rats were randomized into five major groups (n=6). Group I received only 2ml/100g/day normal saline p.o., group II received 2ml/100g/day of normal saline p.o. followed by doxorubicin on 21st day, group III received carvedilol 30 mg/kg/day p.o., Group IV received A. marmelos 250mg/kg/day p.o. and Group V received A. marmelos 500mg/kg/day p.o. for 21days. Doxorubicin 20mg/kg i.p. single dose was given to induce cardiotoxicity in rats of group II, III, IV and V respectively on last day of experiment. Animals were sacrificed 48 hours after doxorubicin administration. Cardiac serum markers creatinine phosphokinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase were analysed biochemically. Histopathological changes were studied under light microscope.Results: All cardiac serum marker levels were found significantly (p<0.001) increased in doxorubicin group while A. marmelos pre-treated group displayed significant (p<0.001) reduction in rise of these parameters in a dose dependent manner indicating cardio protection. Histological observations further correlated the cardio protective effect of A. marmelos.Conclusions: The present study concluded that aqueous extract of A. marmelos possesses cardio protective potential against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.

Phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of Aegle marmelos Linn / 中西医结合学报

Aegle marmelos Linn. (Rutaceae), commonly known as "bael" in Nepal and India, is a valuable medicinal plant and is considered sacred by the Hindus. It is used to cure several diseases in the Indian traditional medicine system of Ayurveda and has had similar uses among many ethnic communities residing in Indian subcontinent for over 5000 years. Its leaves, bark, stem, fruits and seeds have been used for various medicinal purposes. Bael fruits are especially effective in the treatment of chronic diarrhea, dysentery and peptic ulcers, while they are also useful as a laxative and cure for respiratory infections. Scientific studies have validated many of the ethnomedicinal uses of A. marmelos, which include antibacterial, antiviral, antidiarrheal, gastroprotective, anti-ulcerative colitis, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective and radioprotective effects. Recently, this plant has also received attention as an anticancer agent for the treatment of various types of cancers. Thus, this review focuses on scientific evidence verifying the important pharmacological activity such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and anticancer activity of A. marmelos.

Aggravation of cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity in mice by aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos (L. )

ABSTRACT Aegle marmelos (L.) (Rutaceae) commonly known as bael is an important medicinal fruit tree. The present study focused on the effects of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos (AEAM) on the testis and sperm characteristics induced by cyclophosphamide (CPA) in mice. Thirty six adult Parke's strain mice were divided into six groups: group I given only distilled water (control); group II administered with AEAM alone once in a week for five weeks; group III administered with CPA (200 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneally) once in a week for five weeks and group IV-VI CPA along with AEAM (400, 500 and 600 mg/kg b.w., orally). CPA was found to reduce gonadosomatic index (GSI), sperm counts, motility, viability, antioxidant activities and induced histopathological changes of testis. In the group administered AEAM with CPA an exacerbation of sperm count, motility and viability of the cauda epididymis, GSI, antioxidant activities and architecture of testis was observed. The results suggest that the administration of AEAM may aggravate CPA-induced reproductive toxicity. It may be helpful in preparation of natural male contraceptives.

Optimization of Parameters for Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to optimize the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves ofAegle marmelos as the primary source. The optimal reaction medium comprised 2:1 concentration of leaf extract and 6mM concentration of silver nitrate solution (pH 7. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 420 nm, XRD and FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles were confirmed withBacillus subtilis andPseudomonas aeruginosa.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Mussaenda Erythrophylla and Aegle Marmelos in Ethanol Induced Rat Hepatotoxicity Model.

Aim: To assess the protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Mussaenda erythrophylla and Aegle marmelos in ethanol induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: The ethanolic extract M. erythrophylla (ME) and A. marmelos (AM) studied for its hepatoprotective effect on alcohol induced acute liver damage on Wistar albino rats. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total bilirubin (TBL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant (TAC) levels. Results: Alcohol treated group had enhanced levels of SGPT, SGOT, total bilirubin (p <0.05) and decreased levels of GSH, SOD and GPx (p <0.05) when compared with control group. Treatment with silymarin and 200mg/kg of M. erythrophylla and A. marmelos leaf extract had significantly (p <0.01) brought down the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin and an increase in the levels of GSH, SOD, GPx (p <0.001) and total antioxidant. (p <0.0001) Conclusion: The results showed that ethanolic extract of M. erythrophylla and A. marmelos leaves extracts possesses significant hepatoprotective activity.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activities of essential oils of the leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa growing in Egypt.

The essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa leaves were analyzed by GC/MS yield (0.9% v/w). Twenty seven components were identified representing 97.76% of the total oil composition. The major components were α-phellenderene (20.97%), α-pinene (17.76%) and δ-carene (16.37%) and other abundant components asγ-cadinene (8.01%), trans-2-hydroxycinnmic acid (6.85%) and β-myrcene (4.32%). The essential oil exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria as Streptococcus faecalis with inhibition zone (30 mm) and Gram-negative bacteria as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28 mm). Moreover, moderate activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis (23mm), Staphylococcus aureus (23mm), Sarcina lutea (20mm), Arthrobacter citreus (20 mm) and Escherichia coli (25mm) in comparison with antibiotics. The antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger (30 mm) and Candida albicans (30 mm) was higher than the antifungal antibiotics. Moreover, the oil inhibited the germination of Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum spores at different concentrations.

Evaluaton of hypoglycaemic activity of Aegel marmelos alcoholic seed extract in experimental models of hyperglycemic rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of alcoholic seed extract of Aegel marmelos in comparison with glibenclamide in in vivo using alloxan rat model.The diabetic rats were orally given glibenclamide and alcoholic seed extract of Aegle marmelos for 21 days. The effects were studied in vivo. Oral administration of alcoholic seed extract of Aegle marmelos decrease the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides(TG), low density lipoprotein (LDLP), very low density lipoprotein(VLDLP) significantly while increasing HDL-cholesterol. Alcoholic seed extract of Aegle marmelos was also evaluated for oral glucose tolerance(OGTT) characteristics. In conclusion, alcoholic seed extract of Aegle marmelos had potential antidiabetic activity. Further it has been observed that the seed extract have positive effect on liver & kidney parenchyma.

In vitro analysis of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts on skin pathogens.

The study was undertaken to screen various solvent and aqueous extracts of Aegle marmelos leaves display potent in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolics and antimicrobial potential on various skin pathogens in order to explore the potential for future novel antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations and antimicrobial agents. Four extracts showed varying degree of efficacy in each assay. Aqueous extract (486 mg GAE/g dry weight) exhibited the highest total phenolics content followed by methanol which was correlated with total antioxidant activity. Aqueous extract was more effective against S. saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, M.luteus in comparison to other extracts.

Effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa on alloxan induced early stage diabetic nephropathy in rats.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has a complex pathogenesis and poor prognosis due to the lack of therapeutic interventions. The present study investigates the effect of A. marmelos leaf extract (AME) on early alloxan induced DN. The treatment with AME was found to significantly decrease the fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, blood urea, creatinine and renal TBARS and increased the levels of renal reduced glutathione and catalase significantly as compared to the diabetic control group. The maximum dose-dependent protection was observed at a dose of 200 mg kg-1. Histological examination revealed marked reversal of the morphological derangements with AME treatment as indicated by a decrease in glomerular expansion, tubular dilatation and inflammatory cells. The present results conclude that AME treatment has a significant ameliorative effect on early changes induced in the kidneys by alloxan and improves the outcome of DN.

Healing effects of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa fruit extract on experimental colitis.

Graded doses of 50% ethanolic extract of dried fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos (AME) (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) daily for 14 days in acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis in rats showed 200 mg/kg of AME as an optimal effective dose against AA-induced colonic damage score and weight. This dose (200 mg/kg; po) was further studied in AA-induced colitis for its effects on various physical (mucous/blood in stool, food and water intake and body weight changes), histology, antibacterial activity and biochemical parameters like free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) and myeloperoxidase (acute-inflammatory marker) activities in rat colonic tissue. AME decreased colonic mucosal damage and inflammation (macroscopic and microscopic), mucous/bloody diarrhea, fecal frequency and increased body weight affected in AA-induced colitis. AME showed significant antibacterial activity and enhanced the antioxidants but decreased free radicals and myeloperoxidase activities thereby decreasing tissue damage and inflammation and thus, affording ulcer healing. The above effects of A. marmelos authenticated its use in indigenous system of Medicine.

In-Vitro Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Screening of Different Bark Extracts of Aegle Marmelos L.

The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of bark of Aegle marmelos. The antioxidant properties was assessed by using 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) scavenging capacity. The methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane bark extracts of Aegle marmelos showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging activity having IC50 values of 37.056 μg/ml, 43.379 μg/ml and 66.180 μg/ml respectively compared with the IC50 value of Ascorbic acid 33.447 μg/ml. The Ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos displayed excellent antioxidant activity in nitric oxide (NO) scavenging capacity assay with IC50 value of 28.377 μg/ml compared with the standard ascorbic acid, IC50 value of 22.175 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by applying brine shrimp lethality bioassay method. Among all the fractions, n-hexane extract shown profound cytotoxic activity with LC50 value of 4.482 μg/ml that was followed by methanolic and ethyl acetate having LC50 values of 5.278 and 5.278 μg/ml respectively in comparison with the standard vincristine sulfate with LC50 value of 3.364 μg/ml. The findings of the present study suggest that the extracts from Aegle marmelos bark have potential cytotoxicity and antioxidant effects.

Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal activity of extract from leaves of Aegle marmelos.

Aegle marmelos is a medium sized tree, widely distributed in Asia and Africa. The plant is widely used in the ayurvedic system of medicine. Traditionally the plant has been used for the treatment of various ailments such as pain, fever, inflammation, respiratory disorders, dysentery and diarrhea. To justify its folklore, present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Aegle marmelos. Preliminary phytochemical screening, acute toxicity study and antidiarrhoeal activity were studied on castor induced diarrhea, Magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea, and gastric transit time at 50, 100and 200mg/kg body weight. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract results with the presence of anthraquinone glycosides, catechins, fixed oils and saponins etc., LD50 >2000mg/kg. The doses of aqueous extract of A.marmelos significantly decreased (P< 0.05) the total number of diarrhoeal faeces. Percentage of inhibition of diarrhoeal faeces at 200mg/kg was comparable with standard drug Loperamide. Conclusively, Aegle marmelos leaf extract has the antidiarrhoeal activity in experimental rats.

Antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities of curcuma longa and aegle marmelos on malaria infeced mice (in vitro and in vivo).

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Thai Curcuma longa and Aegle marmelos, and their parasite suppressive effects on malaria infection in mouse model. The polyphenol content and antioxidant activities (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)) were measured in crude extracts of Curcuma longa and Aegle marmelos. Seven-week old female ICR mice were divided into 5 groups randomly. First two groups served as control and placebo, the other 3 served as experimental groups with various concentrations; 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. On day 0, 106 Plasmodium yoelii 17X (lethal) strain were inoculated to all mice. At day 1, placebo mice were given 30% ethanol. The latter 3 groups were treated with each concentration of each herb. Parasitemia was checked daily by tail snip bleed staining with Giemsa staining. Suppressive effects on day 4 were calculated. Student t-test was performed to display the difference among groups. Significantly different was justified at p <0.05. The antioxidant activities (both ORAC and FRAP) and polyphenol content of A. marmelos were higher than those of C. longa significantly. The suppressive effect on parasite in infected mice, there showed no effect of C. longa treatment, oppositely, at the doses of 20 and 40 mg/ kg body weigh of A. marmelos showed suppressive effect on infection by the parasite. In conclusion, a Thai traditional fruit, A. marmelos exhibited high antioxidant and antiplasmodial activities, this might be one of the candidates of the traditional plants for curing malaria.

Isolation and evaluation of antifertility activity of total alkaloids from leaves of aegle marmelos in male albino rats (rattus norvegicus).

Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) is being used in traditional medicine treatments, such as for intermittent fever, intestinal ailments, fertility control etc. It has been proved to be effective against several major diseases including cancer, diabetis and cardiovascular diseases. Although the plant is a well known male antifertility plant, till today only the crude extracts of the plant were screened for antifertility activity in male rats. The plant is rich in alkaloid content and Aegelenine, Marmeline and Skimmianine, are some of the alkaloids isolated so far, showed variety of pharmacological activities. In view of these facts, in the present study, total alkaloids have been isolated from leaves of A. marmelos and their effect on fertility of adult male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) was investigated. Three different doses 20, 40, 80 mg/kg body weight of total alkaloids were orally administered to mature male albino rats (Wistar strain) of proven fertility (235-2450gr) for 60 days. On day 61, all the animals were sacrificed and the fertility and safety parameters were studied. Weights of all the major reproductive organs, accessory glands and sperm counts were significantly decreased in dose dependent manner suggesting the antifertility activity and serological parameters showed no significant changes in treated animals at the tested dose levels indicating the safety of long-term use of total alkaloidal fraction of A. marmelos.

Formulation of mucoadhesive tablet by using aegle marmelos gum.

In the present work, the mucoadhesive tablet of diclofenac (as a model drug) by using Aegle marmelos fruit gum as a binder was formulated. The preliminary evaluation of Aegle marmelos gum showed that bulk density 0.42 ± 0.2 g/cm3, tapped density 0.45 ± 0.3 g/cm3 and angle of repose 290 ± 0.15. The six tablet formulation were prepared by using 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25% and 1.50% w/w of Aegle marmelos gum by direct compression (F1,F2,F3,F4 and F5 respectively). Tablets were subjected for evaluation of uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, swelling behavior, release rate study, mucoadhesive study, and tensile strength study. Formulation was studied for drug additive interaction (FTIR). F4 is found to be optimized formulation. The in-vitro drug release of F4 formulation exhibits complete release of Diclofenac Sodium with non fiction first order release kinetic. The formulation F4 exhibited tensile strength 0.27 N with 10 hrs of mucoadhesion. From the study it can be conclude that the Aegle marmelos gum used as mucoadhesive sustained release matrix tablet.