Conceptualización y usos de las categorías etnia y raza en el análisis de salud para población afrocolombiana

Objetivo: El propósito del estudio fue analizar la conceptualización y el uso que se hace, desde el sector de la salud, de las categorías etnia y raza para esta población en Colombia. Metodología: Estudio de tipo cualitativo. El corpus estuvo constituido por el apartado "2.3. Marco estratégico intercultural con las comunidades negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras" del capítulo 8 del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2022-2031 de Colombia y un texto en una revista médica. De los documentos seleccionados se analizaron puntos de vista y argumentos. Resultados: El estudio encontró que para la población afro en el sector salud hay, por lo menos, cuatro usos y conceptualizaciones de su etnia y raza: una considera esta como un determinante social, otra como un gradiente biológico, mientras los otros dos pueden ser complementarios, al considerar, la tercera, a la etnia afro como un hecho político, legal, que favorece un enfoque diferencial en salud; y la última, como una cultura con huella ancestral africana. Conclusión: En cuanto se considere la etnia y raza de los afrodescendientes como un gradiente biológico, se fortalecerán intervenciones individuales y biológicas; si, por el contrario, se asume un determinante social, se hará énfasis en aspectos que mejoren su calidad de vida, la afirmación de su ancestralidad en salud o el hecho político. Además, sin que se reconozcan las condiciones históricas y actuales de exclusión de esta población, no se podrá comprender e incidir en su situación de salud.

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the conceptualization and use (from the health sector) of the ethnicity and race variables for this population in Colombia. Methodology: This is a qualitative-type study. The corpus consisted of the section "2.3. Intercultural strategic framework with black, Afro-Colombian, Raizal and Palenquera communities" from chapter 8 of the Colombian Ten-Year Public Health Plan 2022-2031 and a text in a medical journal. Points of view and arguments were analyzed from the selected documents. Results: The study found that, for the Afro population in the health sector, there are at least four uses and conceptualizations of their ethnicity and race: one considers this as a social determinant, another as a biological gradient, while the other two may be complementary, when considering the third, the Afro ethnic group as a political, legal fact, which favors a differential approach in health; and the last one, as a culture with African ancestral traces Conclusion: As soon as the ethnicity and race of Afro-descendants is considered as a biological gradient, individual and biological interventions will be strengthened. If, on the contrary, a social determinant is assumed, the focus will be placed on aspects that improve their quality of life, the affirmation of their ancestry in health or the political fact. In addition, without acknowledging the historical and current conditions of exclusion of this population, it will not be possible to understand and influence their health situation.

Objetivo: O propósito do estudo foi analisar a conceptualização e o uso que se faz, desde o setor da saúde, das categorias etnia e raça para essa população na Colômbia. Metodologia: Estudo de tipo qualitativo. O corpus constituiu-se pelo parágrafo "2.3. Quadro estratégico intercultural com as comunidades negras, afro-colombianas, raizales e palenqueras" do capítulo 8 do Plano Decenal de Saúde Pública 2022-2031 da Colômbia e um texto em uma revista médica. Nos documentos selecionados foram analisados pontos de vista e argumentos. Resultados: O estudo encontrou que para a população afro no setor saúde há, pelo menos, quatro usos e conceptualizações de sua etnia e raça: um deles a considera como um determinante social; outro como um gradiente biológico; já os outros dois podem ser complementários, pois o terceiro considera a etnia afro como um fato político, legal, que favorece um enfoque diferencial em saúde; e, o último, como uma cultura com uma impronta ancestral africana. Conclusão: Sempre que a etnia e a raça dos afrodescendentes se considerem um gradiente biológico, serão fortalecidas intervenções individuais e biológicas; pelo contrário, se é compreendida como determinante social, haverá atenção especial em aspectos que melhorem sua qualidade de vida, a afirmação de sua ancestralidade em saúde ou o fato político. Além disso, sem o reconhecimento das condições históricas e atuais de exclusão dessa população, sua situação de saúde não poderá ser compreendida nem modificada.

Movimientos sociales, narrativas y emociones. El caso de lideresas comunitarias afrodescendientes en el departamento del Chocó (Colombia) / Social Movements, Narratives, and Emotions. The Case of Afro-Descendant Community Leaders in the Department of Chocó, Colombia

Resumen Las emociones favorecen las movilizaciones, pero también las dificultan y que la narración constituye un enfoque privilegiado para entender las dinámicas de los movimientos sociales y sus integrantes. Desde un enfoque narrativo, se describe el entorno sociocultural que da lugar al nacimiento y participación de mujeres en movimientos de reivindicaciones de género y acciones de emprendimiento colaborativo e identifica y se analiza emociones negativas y positivas, aisladas y secuenciales, que movilizan la acción y generan solidaridades, como la ira, la impotencia y la tristeza o el orgullo y la alegría en lideresas comunitarias afro- descendientes en el departamento del Chocó (Colombia).

Abstract Emotions favor mobilizations, but they also hinder them, and that narrative constitutes a privileged approach to understand the dynamics of social move ments and their members. From a narrative approach, we describe the sociocul tural environment, which gives rise to the birth and participation of women in movements of gender claims and collaborative entrepreneurship actions and to identify and to analyze negative and positive emotions, isolated and sequential, which mobilize action and generate solidarity, such as anger, helplessness, and sadness or pride and joy in Afro-descendant community leaders in the depart ment of Chocó, Colombia.

Polymorphisms of apolipoprotein E in the Afro-descendant population of Buenaventura, Colombia / Polimorfismos del gen de la apopoliproteína E en la población afrodescendiente de Buenaventura, Colombia

ABSTRACT Objetives: To estimate the frequency distribution, both allelic and genotypic, of the APOE gene in the Afro-descendant population of Buenaventura, Colombia. Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight Afro-descendant individuals were analyzed and the APOE locus was genotyped by PCR-RFLP. The allelic and genotypic frequencies were established by direct counting and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated through X2 test. The frequencies obtained in this study were compared with frequencies reported for other Colombian populations through the Fisher's exact test. Results: The following allelic frequencies were observed: E3, 70.8%; E4, 21.4%, and E2, 7.8%. The genotypic frequencies were: E3/E3, 51.1%; E3/E4, 27.3%; E2/E3, 12.1%; E4/E4, 6%; E2/E4, 3.5%, and E2/E2, 0%. The entire examined population was found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P = .074), and significant differences were found in the allele E4 when comparing this population with the Amerindian and mestizo populations of Bogotá, Quindío, Centro-Oriente, Valle del Cauca, Barranquilla and Medellín (P< 0.0345). Conclusions: The allelic frequencies observed in this study were significantly different from the frequencies reported in other Colombian populations. The high representativeness of the E4 and E2 alleles validates the hypothesis that there are micro-evolutionary processes that have been acting on their frequencies and could be associated with susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, metabolic alterations of fats and/or coronary artery disease.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Estimar la distribución de frecuencias tanto alélicas como genotípicas del gen APOE en la población afrodescendiente de Buenaventura, Colombia. Métodos: Mediante la técnica de PCR-RFLP's se analizaron 348 individuos no relacionados de esta ciudad. Se realizó el cálculo de frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas y se evaluó el equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg mediante la prueba de la X2. Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas obtenidas en el presente estudio con otras poblaciones de Colombia mediante el test exacto de Fisher. Resultados: Se reportaron las siguientes frecuencias alélicas: E2, 7,8%; E3, 70,8%, y E4, 21,4%. Las frecuencias genotípicas fueron: E3/E3, 51,1%; E3/E4,27,3%; E4/E4,6%; E2/E3,12,1%; E2/E4, 3,5%, y E2/E2, 0%. La población total se encontró en equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p = 0,074), y se hallaron diferencias significativas en el alelo E4 al comparar esta población con las amerindias y mestizas de Bogotá, Quindío, Centro-Oriente, Valle del Cauca, Barranquilla y Medellín (p < 0,0345). Conclusiones: Las frecuencias alélicas observadas fueron significativamente diferentes de las frecuencias reportadas en otras poblaciones de Colombia. La alta representatividad de los alelos E4 y E2 validan la hipótesis de que hay procesos microevolutivos que han venido actuando en sus frecuencias y pueden estar asociadas con susceptibilidad a enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, alteraciones metabólicas de las grasas y/o enfermedad coronaria.

Evidencias sobre la salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba. 2010-2020 / Evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba. 2010-2020

Introducción: El tema sobre la salud en la mujer es recurrente en las investigaciones y no siempre entre las variables que influyen en esta situación se incluye el color de la piel, como diferencial relevante. Objetivo: Mostrar evidencias sobre la situación de salud de la mujer no blanca en Cuba, en el período 2010-2020. Material y Métodos: Se revisaron 25 publicaciones científicas en las bases de datos Scielo Regional, PubMed, Google Académico y Google. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó artículos originales de autores cubanos a texto completo publicados de enero de 2010 hasta diciembre de 2020. Se seleccionaron 13 y se eliminaron 12 publicaciones por título o texto no coincidente con el tema o por repeticiones. Desarrollo: Las publicaciones se distribuyeron en dos grupos para su análisis: nueve por coincidir título y texto y cuatro por coincidencia de texto, colocados en tablas, esquema y gráfico. Entre los resultados destacan la diversidad de objetivos y propuestas metodológicas en los textos, aunque en casi todos hubo coincidencia en reconocer la influencia de otros factores más que el color de la piel, en los problemas de salud de las mujeres de razas negra y mestiza. Conclusiones: Las evidencias que se hallaron deben estimular el diseño de investigaciones que amplíen conocimientos sobre los factores determinantes del nivel de salud de las mujeres cubanas no blancas(AU)

Introduction: Women's health is a recurrent topic in research in health sciences and the variables that influence this health situation do not always include the variable "skin color" as a relevant differential. Objective: To show evidence on non-white women´s health in Cuba during the period 2010-2020. Material and Methods: A total of 25 scientific publications were reviewed in the SciELO Regional, PubMed, Google Scholar and Google databases. The search strategy included full text versions of orifinal articles published by Cuban authors from January 2010 to December 2020. A total of 13 were selected and 12 of them were eliminated because the title or text did not coincide with the topic or because of repetitions. Development: The publications were divided into two groups for their analysis: nine for coincidences between the title and the text, and four for coincidcences in text ; they were displayed in tables and figures. Among the results, the diversity of objectives and methodological proposals in the texts are highlighted although, in almost all cases, there was a coincidence in recognizing other factors that are more influential on the health problems of black and mixed race women than the skin color. Conclusions: The evidence found should encourage the design of research that expands knowledge about the determining factors for the level of health of non-white Cuban women(AU)

Prevalência de hemoglobinas variantes em comunidades quilombolas no estado do Piauí, Brasil / Prevalence of hemoglobin variants in quilombola communities in the state of Piauí, Brazil

Resumo As hemoglobinas variantes (Hb) decorrem de mutações nos genes da globina. As variantes estruturais mais frequentes são HbS, HbC, HbD e HbE. O gene da hemoglobina S tem frequência elevada na América, enquanto que no Brasil é maior no Sudeste e Nordeste. O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a presença de hemoglobinas variantes em 15 comunidades quilombolas do estado do Piauí. Foram analisadas 1.239 amostras, nas quais as hemoglobinas foram triadas pela cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC). Aplicou-se questionário referente a gênero, etnia e consanguinidade das populações. Das 1.239 amostras, 5,4% apresentaram o traço falciforme AS, as doenças falciformes SS e SC apareceram em 0,8% do total, nas hemoglobinas AC, AD e DD. Das 1.069 pessoas negras, 84 apresentaram alteração das hemoglobinas; destas, 34 eram do sexo masculino e 53 do feminino. Ocorreu a presença de 13 casamentos consanguíneos dentre as 84 alterações das hemoglobinas. O estudo das hemoglobinas variantes em 15 comunidades remanescentes de quilombos do Piauí contribui para sua educação em saúde frente aos aspectos da herança genética destas proteínas, relevante questão de saúde pública, proporcionando subsídios para a implantação do Programa Estadual da Doença Falciforme do Piauí.

Abstract Hemoglobin variants (Hb) result from mutations in globin genes, with amino acid substitution in the polypeptide chain. Among the most common structural variants are HbS, HbC, HbD and HbE. The S hemoglobin gene is a high frequency gene across America and Brazil, where it is more frequent in the Southeast and Northeast. The scope of this article is to investigate the presence of hemoglobin variants in 15 quilombos (fugitive slave communities) of Piaui. The sample was of 1,239 people and hemoglobin was screened by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A questionnaire was applied related to gender, ethnicity and consanguinity. Of the samples analyzed, 5.4% had AS sickle cell trait, while SS and SC sickle cell anemia showed a rate of 0.8%, with AC, AD and DD hemoglobin. Of the 1,069 Afro-descendants, 84 revealed hemoglobin abnormalities, 34 being male 53 being female. There were 13 consanguineous marriages among the 84 hemoglobin alterations. The study of hemoglobin variants in 15 former quilombo communities in the state of Piaui contributes to their education in health in the aspects of genetic inheritance of hemoglobin, a relevant public health issue, providing input for the implementation of the State Program of Sickle Cell Disease of Piaui.

¿Es posible identificar políticas culturales con perspectiva afrodescendiente en el Estado uruguayo?

En el plano internacional informes de CEPAL (2000 y 2009), PNUD (2004), Fundación Equitas (2005) subrayan que cabe repensar que la diversidad de necesidades de las personas debería pensarse en clave de pluralidad, en lugar de lo que se hace usualmente que es representarlas como una realidad homogénea. Según estos informes, para la integración de aquellas personas y colectivos sociales en situación de vulnerabilidad o de exclusión, es conveniente presentar soluciones y acciones apropiadas a cada situación. Este trabajo se propone responder a la pregunta inicial acerca de la existencia de políticas culturales con perspectiva afro a partir de entrevistas a representantes de los mecanismos de equidad racial presentes en el Estado uruguayo y la revisión de documentos.

Reports form international organisations -ECLAC (2000, 2009), UNDP (2004), Equitas Foundation (2005)- highlight the need to rethink the diversity of people's needs taking plurality into account instead of their usual representation as a homogeneous reality. According to these reports, the most convenient way to integrate vulnerable o excluded people and social groups is to introduce actions and solutions which are appropriate to each situation. This paper will attempt to provide an answer to the initial question regarding the existence of cultural policies with an Afro perspective, through the analysis of documents and interviews to representatives in charge of the equality mechanisms in the Uruguayan government.

Sazón y formación: prácticas alimenticias e identidad cultural en lasfamilias afrodescendientes de la comuna ocho de Medellín / Seasoning and training: nutritional practices and cultural identity in people of african descent families of the commune eight of Medellin

Con el presente artículo se pretende construir una ruta hermenéutica que genere un acercamiento teórico frente a los cambios en las prácticas alimenticias de algunas familias ubicadas en la comuna ocho de Medellín, para comprender sus condiciones de posibilidad en la comunidad afrodescendiente que por factores personales, grupales, culturales, políticos o económicos, se han visto obligados a migrar a un contexto diferente al suyo, donde sus prácticas y estilos de vida han sufrido algunas modificaciones. En ese orden de ideas,se abordaron conceptos tales como prácticas alimenticias, familias afrodescendientes, migración y acción social que permitieron dar claridad y comprensión al tema de interés.

This article is intended to build a hermeneutic path that generates a theoretical approach to changes in the nutritional practices of some families located in the Commune Eight ofMedellin, in order to understand its conditions of possibility in the community of African descent, who for personal, group, cultural, political, or economic factors have been forced tomigrate to a context different from theirs where its practices and lifestyles have undergone some changes. Along these lines, concepts such as nutritional practices, families, people of African descent, migration, and social action, that allowed you to give clarity andunderstanding to the topic of interest, were addressed.

Differentials in risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases from the race/color standpoint / Diferenciais dos fatores de risco de Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis na perspectiva de raça/cor

This article aims to analyze the differences between the prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable chronic disease by race/color. It is a cross-sectional study using data from a telephone survey of 45,448 adults. Prevalence ratios for chronic disease risk factors by race/color were calculated. After adjustments were made for education and income, race/color differences persisted. Among afro-descendant and mulatto women and mulatto men a higher prevalence ratio was identified of physical activity at work and physical activity at home. Afro-descendant women and mulatto men indulged in less physical inactivity. Mulatto men and women showed a lower prevalence of smoking and consumption of 20 cigarettes daily and lower consumption of fruit and vegetables. A higher consumption of full-fat milk with and beans was observed among afro-descendant and mulatto men. Afro-descendant women had a lower prevalence of drinking and driving. Afro-descendant women and men ate more meat with fat and afro-descendant men suffered more from hypertension. Differences in risk factors by race/color can be explained by cultural aspects, by not fully adjustable socioeconomic differences that determine less access to goods and less opportunities for the afro-descendant population.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as diferenças entre as prevalências de fatores de risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis segundo raça/cor. Estudo transversal com dados de inquérito telefônico com 45.448 adultos. Foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalencia dos fatores de risco de doenças crônicas segundo raça/cor. Após ajustes realizados segundo escolaridade e renda, persistiram diferenças de raça/cor. Entre mulheres pretas, pardas e homens pardos foi identificada maior razão de prevalência na atividade física no trabalho e na atividade física doméstica. Mulheres pretas e homens pardos apresentaram menor inatividade física. Mulheres e homens pardos apresentaram menor razão de prevalência de fumo e consumo de 20 cigarros diários, menor consumo de frutas e hortaliças, maior de leite com gorduras, maior consumo de feijão foi observado entre homens pardos e pretos. Mulheres pretas tiveram menor prevalência de consumo de álcool e direção. Mulheres e homens pretos consumiram mais carnes com gorduras, homens pretos referiram mais hipertensão arterial. Diferenças nos fatores de risco segundo raça/cor podem ser explicados por aspectos culturais, por diferenças socioeconômicas não plenamente ajustáveis, que determinam menor acesso a bens e menos oportunidades para a população negra.

Subsistence huniing for turtles in northwestern Ecuaoor / Aprovechamiento de subsistencia de la fauna de tortugas en el noroccidente de Ecuador

We describe the subsistence exploitation of an entire turtle fauna in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador. We collected first-hand accounts and witnessed a number of capture techniques used by rural Afroecuadorian and Chachi inhabitants of the Cayapas-Santiago river basin. The diversity of techniques indicated a practical knowledge of the ecology of the species. Chelydra acutirostris, Kinosternon leucostomum, Rhinoclemmys annulata, melanosterna, and R. nasuta were captured and eaten. Poziando involved cleaning pools in a stream bed during the relatively dry season by removing live plants, organic detritus, and then seining with baskets; we observed R. melanosterna and K. leucostomum captured in this way. Pitfall traps baited with fruit were used to catch R. melanosterna during forays on land. Basket traps ("canasto tortuguero") with a wooden slat funnel across the opening are floated with balsa lashed to the sides. Banana or Xanthosoma leaf bait in the basket traps caught R. melanosterna, R. nasuta, and K. leucostomum. Marshy areas were probed for R. melanosterna and K. leucostomum. Direct capture by hand was also common. Turtles were relished as food items; all turtles captured were consumed, usually in soup or stew. Use of turtles for food in the region was pervasive, perhaps because fish and game populations were depleted.

Describimos la cacería de subsistencia de la fauna de tortugas en la provincia de Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Hemos recogido testimonios de primera mano y fuimos testigos de una serie de técnicas de captura utilizadas por los habitantes rurales afroecuatorianos y chachis de la cuenca de los ríos Cayapas-Santiago. La diversidad de técnicas indica un conocimiento práctico de la ecología de las especies. Chelydra acutirostris, Kinosternon leucostomum, Rhinoclemmys annulata, R. melanosterna y R. nasuta fueron capturadas y utilizadas como alimento. El método de "pozeo" consiste en limpiar las pozas o quebradas durante la estación de menos lluvia; en el proceso se remueven las plantas vivas y detritus orgánicos y las tortugas se cazan con la ayuda de canastas, y observamos que R. melanosterna y K. leucostomum fueron capturadas de esta manera. Las trampas de caída, cebadas con frutas, se utilizaron para capturar R. melanosterna durante incursiones a tierra firme. El "canasto tortuguero" es un cesto de fibra vegetal que tiene la parte interna en forma de embudo, construido con listones de madera (generalmente chonta) y en su exterior se atan dos trozos de madera de balsa para darle flotabilidad. Los canastos fueron cebados con plátanos u hojas de malanga (Xanthosoma) para atrapar especies de Rhinoclemmys y K. leucostomum. En las zonas pantanosas, se usó la técnica de tanteo o pisoteo para colectar R. melanosterna y K. leucostomum. La captura directa o a mano también es un método común de caza. Las tortugas fueron preparadas como alimento principalmente en sopas o guisos. El uso de las tortugas en la alimentación se ha generalizado en la región, posiblemente porque ha disminuido la cacería de animales grandes.

Síndrome de Chédiak-Higashi: relato de caso em indivíduo afrodescendente / Chediak-Higashi syndrome: case report in afro-descendant individual

This is a Chediak-Higashi Syndrome (CHS) case report in afro-descendant individual, male, 3 months old, born from consanguineous union. On admission he had fever for a month, unresolved pneumonia, and hepatosplenomegaly. He evolved to bacterial sepsis, septic shock, and death. CHS presents quantitative and morphological and hematological changes. Abnormal leukocyte inclusions are the pathognomonic finding of the disease; its recognition and differentiation from other leukocyte inclusions is essential for diagnosis and institution of therapy. Early diagnosis of CHS increases the life expectancy of the individual and provides appropriate therapeutic approach for patients affected by the disease...

Trata-se de relato de caso de síndrome de Chediak-Higashi (SCH) em indivíduo afrodescendente, sexo masculino, 3 meses de idade, filho de união consanguínea. Apresentava na admissão febre há um mês, pneumonia não resolvida e hepatoesplenomegalia. Evoluiu para sepse bacteriana, choque séptico e óbito. A SCH apresenta alterações hematológicas, morfológicas e quantitativas. As inclusões leucocitárias anormais constituem achado patognomônico da doença e seu reconhecimento e sua distinção de outras inclusões leucocitárias é fundamental para diagnóstico e instituição da terapêutica. O diagnóstico precoce da SCH aumenta a expectativa de vida do indivíduo e proporciona abordagem terapêutica adequada aos pacientes acometidos pela doença...

Ringue ou academia? A emergência dos estilos modernos da capoeira e seu contexto global / Capoeira circle or sports academy? The emergence of modern styles of capoeira and their global context

A emergência dos estilos modernos de capoeira deve ser considerada no contexto global da modernização de artes marciais em curso na Europa e na Ásia, por um lado, e, por outro, da nova fase da modernidade negra. O confronto, no ringue, da capoeira com o jiu-jítsu e outras lutas levou mestre Bimba a desenvolver sua luta regional baiana. A revitalização da capoeira tradicional como capoeira de Angola, liderada por mestre Pastinha, insere-se no movimento mais amplo de afirmação da cultura afro-baiana em Salvador e da crescente visibilidade do corpo negro no mundo atlântico.

The emergence of the modern styles of capoeira should be considered in the global context of the modernization of martial arts currently in progress in Europe and Asia on the one hand, and the new phase of Afro-descendant modernity on the other. The confrontation between the capoeira, jiu-jitsu and other martial arts circles led mestre Bimba to develop his regional Bahian fighting style. The revival of traditional capoeira as Angolan capoeira led by mestre Pastinha is part of the broader movement of affirmation of Afro-Bahian culture in Salvador and the growing visibility of the Afro-descendant body in the Atlantic world.

Avaliação das condições habitacionais e de saúde da comunidade quilombola Boqueirão, Bahia, Brasil / Evaluation of housing and health conditions of Boqueirão afro descendant community, state of Bahia, Brazil

A comunidade quilombola Boqueirão situada no município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil é formada por cerca de 500 indivíduos, e possui um único açude, com livre acesso de animais, utilizado para lavagem de roupa e coleta de água para utilização doméstica. O abastecimento de água é precário, assim como não há saneamento básico, visto que não existe água encanada e esgotamento sanitário, o que resulta no despejo de dejetos no açude e solos, comprometendo a qualidade da água consumida. Esses fatores associados ao acesso restrito da população aos serviços de saúde tornam esses indivíduos vulneráveis a doenças como infecções parasitárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento das condições de habitação e saúde dos moradores do quilombo Boqueirão. A amostra foi composta por 467 indivíduos, que responderam a um questionário baseado em suas condições de moradia e saúde. Destes, 404 foram submetidos ao exame parasitológico de fezes para o diagnóstico de infecções parasitárias. A população é formada predominantemente por jovens ou adultos, lavradores, e a maioria das casas não possui água encanada e sanitário. A maioria da população utiliza exclusivamente o Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo a hipertensão arterial a doença pré-existente mais relatada. Em relação às parasitoses intestinais, as protozooses foram mais prevalentes que as helmintíases. A precariedade das moradias, do abastecimento de água e das condições de saneamento básico reflete o perfil sócioeconômico da população e a deficiência nas políticas públicas voltadas para a comunidade, justificando os dados encontrados referentes à prevalência de doenças crônicas e parasitárias.

The Boqueirão is an afro descendant community located in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil formed by about 500 individuals. This community has an only dam, where animals have free access, used frequently for washing clothes and water collection for domestic use. The water supply is precarious, as well as the basic sanitation, since it does not exist canalized water and sanitary exhaustion. It results in the ousting of dejections in the dam and ground, compromising the quality of the consumed water. These factors associated to limited access of the population health services become these individuals vulnerable to parasitic infections. The aim of this work is register the habitation and health conditions of the Boqueirão community. The sample was composed by 467 individuals that answered a questionnaire about their housing and health conditions. Of these, 404 had been submitted to fecal exam for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. The population is formed predominantly by young or adult, agricultural worker, and most of houses have not canalized water and bathroom. Most of population uses only the public system of health and the high blood pressure was the most reported preexisting disease. In relation to the intestinal parasitisms, the protozoan infections were more prevalent than helminthic infections. The precarious conditions of habitation, water supply and basic sanitation reflect the social and economic population profiles and the inefficiency of health public politics for the community that explains the data found regarding the prevalence of chronic and parasitic diseases.

Alimentos autóctonos de las comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes de Colombia / Foods native to indigenous and afro-descendents in Colombia

El objetivo de presente estudio fue conocer qué consumen las comunidades indígenas y poblaciones afrodescendientes en Colombia, ya que es importante para los programas sociales como los del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF). En este trabajo se obtuvo información de alimentos autóctonos en comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes de diez departamentos colombianos (Cauca, Nariño, Amazonas, Chocó, Guainía, Vichada, Magdalena, Guajira, Cesar, Vaupés). Se aplicó una ficha técnica donde se indagaba ubicación e información personal del encuestado, nombre y tipo del alimento, grupo que lo consume, clima en el que se produce, épocas de cosecha, forma de consumo, preparaciones, propiedades, producción actual, uso y ubicación. Se entrevistó grupos ó personas clave como madres comunitarias del ICBF, autoridades indígenas, docentes, médicos tradicionales, entre otros, bajo la supervisión de profesionales de la unidad móvil del ICBF en cada departamento y se obtuvo información bibliográfica (n=123 documentos). De los departamentos seleccionados se visitaron 13 ciudades y se encuestaron 139 personas donde se reportaron 92 nuevos alimentos entre carnes, vegetales y otros, referenciando como nuevo alimento aquel que no se encontrara en la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos Colombianos. De los 92 alimentos, se obtuvo el nombre científico para 62. De estos, 2 se catalogaron como otro, 18 como cárnicos, 3 como insectos y 39 como plantas repartidos en frutos (n=29), hojas (n=4), semilla (n=3) y raíces (n=3). Las comunidades afro-descendientes e indígenas colombianos reportan consumir decenas de alimentos que hoy en día no se encuentran en la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos Colombianos.

For social programs in Colombia, like those administered by the Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), it’s important to know what native foods minority groups consume. This research obtained information on native foods consumed by indigenous and afro-descendents living in 10 Colombian departments: Cauca, Nariño, Amazonas, Chocó, Guainía, Vichada, Magdalena, Guajira, Cesar y Vaupés. A questionnaire was applied to key informants (individually or in groups), addressing the following topics: personal information on the informant, name and type of food, if consumed by indigenous and/or afro-Colombians, climate where produced, time of year when harvested, if consumed raw or cooked, preparations, properties ascribed to the food, and current production, use and availability. Key informants included participants in ICBF’s programs, indigenous authorities, teachers, traditional healers, and others, under the supervision of professionals from ICBF’s mobile unit in each department. Bibliography (n=123 documents) was compiled and reviewed. In the departments selected, 13 municipalities were visited, 139 individuals were interviewed and at least 92 new foods (i.e., not currently included in the Colombian Food Composition Table) were identified. Among the 92, the scientific name was obtained for 62 foods. Of these, 2 were classified as other, 18 as meats, 3 as insects, and 39 as plants. Among the plants, informants mentioned fruit (n=29), leaves (n=4), seed (n=3) and roots (n=3). Indigeneous and afro-descendent communities in Colombia report consuming dozens of foods that are not currently in the Colombian Food Composition Table.

Beta-globin haplotypes in normal and hemoglobinopathic individuals from Reconcavo Baiano, State of Bahia, Brazil

Five restriction site polymorphisms in the Beta-globin gene cluster (HincII-5'épsilon, HindIII-Ggama, HindIII-Agama, HincII-PsiBeta1 and HincII-3'PsiBeta1) were analyzed in three populations (n = 114) from Reconcavo Baiano, State of Bahia, Brazil. The groups included two urban populations from the towns of Cachoeira and Maragojipe and one rural Afro-descendant population, known as the "quilombo community", from Cachoeira municipality. The number of haplotypes found in the populations ranged from 10 to 13, which indicated higher diversity than in the parental populations. The haplotypes 2 (+----), 3 (----+), 4 (-+--+) and 6 (-++-+) on the BetaA chromosomes were the most common, and two haplotypes, 9 (-++++) and 14 (++--+), were found exclusively in the Maragojipe population. The other haplotypes (1, 5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 16) had lower frequencies. Restriction site analysis and the derived haplotypes indicated homogeneity among the populations. Thirty-two individuals with hemoglobinopathies (17 sickle cell disease, 12 HbSC disease and 3 HbCC disease) were also analyzed. The haplotype frequencies of these patients differed significantly from those of the general population. In the sickle cell disease subgroup, the predominant haplotypes were BEN (Benin) and CAR (Central African Republic), with frequencies of 52.9 percent and 32.4 percent, respectively. The high frequency of the BEN haplotype agreed with the historical origin of the afro-descendant population in the state of Bahia. However, this frequency differed from that of Salvador, the state capital, where the CAR and BEN haplotypes have similar frequencies, probably as a consequence of domestic slave trade and subsequent internal migrations to other regions of Brazil.