A hybrid bacterium with tumor-associated macrophage polarization for enhanced photothermal-immunotherapy

Remodeling the tumor microenvironment through reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and increasing the immunogenicity of tumors via immunogenic cell death (ICD) have been emerging as promising anticancer immunotherapy strategies. However, the heterogeneous distribution of TAMs in tumor tissues and the heterogeneity of the tumor cells make the immune activation challenging. To overcome these dilemmas, a hybrid bacterium with tumor targeting and penetration, TAM polarization, and photothermal conversion capabilities is developed for improving antitumor immunotherapy in vivo. The hybrid bacteria (B.b@QDs) are prepared by loading Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) on the Bifidobacterium bifidum (B.b) through electrostatic interactions. The hybrid bacteria with hypoxia targeting ability can effectively accumulate and penetrate the tumor tissues, enabling the B.b to fully contact with the TAMs and mediate their polarization toward M1 phenotype to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. It also enables to overcome the intratumoral heterogeneity and obtain abundant tumor-associated antigens by coupling tumor penetration of the B.b with photothermal effect of the QDs, resulting in an enhanced immune effect. This strategy that combines B.b-triggered TAM polarization and QD-induced ICD achieved a remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in orthotopic breast cancer.

Gold nanorods-mediated efficient synergistic immunotherapy for detection and inhibition of postoperative tumor recurrence

Tumor recurrence after surgery is the main cause of treatment failure. However, the initial stage of recurrence is not easy to detect, and it is difficult to cure in the late stage. In order to improve the life quality of postoperative patients, an efficient synergistic immunotherapy was developed to achieve early diagnosis and treatment of post-surgical tumor recurrence, simultaneously. In this paper, two kinds of theranostic agents based on gold nanorods (AuNRs) platform were prepared. AuNRs and quantum dots (QDs) in one agent was used for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to indicate the occurrence of

Improvement of anther cultures conditions using the Taguchi method in three cereal crops

Background: Plant tissue cultures have the potential to reprogram the development of microspores from normal gametophytic to sporophytic pathway resulting in the formation of androgenic embryos. The efficiency of this process depends on the genotype, media composition and external conditions. However, this process frequently results in the regeneration of albino instead of green plants. Successful regeneration of green plants is affected by the concentration of copper sulfate (CuSO4) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) and the length of induction step. In this study, we aimed at concurrent optimization of these three factors in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and triticale (x Triticosecale spp. Wittmack ex A. Camus 1927) using the Taguchi method. We evaluated uniform donor plants under varying experimental conditions of in vitro anther culture using the Taguchi approach, and verified the optimized conditions. Results: Optimization of the regeneration conditions resulted in an increase in the number of green regenerants compared with the control. Statistic Taguchi method for optimization of the in vitro tissue culture plant regeneration via anther cultures allowed reduction of the number of experimental designs from 27 needed if full factorial analysis is used to 9. With the increase in the number of green regenerants, the number of spontaneous doubled haploids decreased. Moreover, in barley and triticale, the number of albino regenerants was reduced. Conclusion: The statistic Taguchi approach could be successfully used for various factors (here components of induction media, time of incubation on induction media) at a one time, that may impact on cereals anther cultures to improve the regeneration efficiency

Evolutionary analysis of genus Channa based on karyological and 16S rRNA sequence data

A wide range of diploid number of chromosomes and the body size of Channa congeners are useful combination of characters for studying the factors controlling the body size. In this study, the karyological information was superimposed on the evolutionary tree generated by 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequences. Here, the metaphase chromosome complements stained with Giemsa, AgNO3 and CMA3 were prepared from six snakehead murrel fish species collected from northeast India. The diploid chromosome numbers and the fundamental arms of C. aurantimaculata (2n = 52, NF = 98), C. gachua (2n = 56, NF = 84), C. marulius (2n = 44, NF = 58), C. orientalis (2n = 52, NF = 74), C. punctata (2n = 32, NF = 60) and C. striata (2n = 40, NF = 48) were calculated by the analysis of metaphase chromosome complements. Both methods of nucleolar organizer region (NOR) localization, silver nitrate and chromomycin A3, revealed NOR pairs of 1, 2, 3, 1, 4 and 3 in C. aurantimaculata, C. gachua, C. marulius, C. orientalis, C. punctata and C. striata, respectively. The subject species showed primitive type of asymmetrical chromosomes, except the C. punctata. The variation in 2n for C. orientalis (2n = 52, 78) and C. gachua (2n = 52, 78, 104) of a complete haploid set indicates the possibility of either ploidy change in . orientalisC and C. gachua, if we consider 2n = 52 or the Robertsonian rearrangements in different populations of these two species. The chromosome evolution tree was constructed on 16S rRNA ML-phylogenetic tree using ChromEvol 1.3. The analysis of chromosome evolution explained the loss or gain of chromosome, duplications or semiduplications mechanism. For time scaling the chromosomeevolution, the node age of available 16S rRNA gene of Channa species were estimated, which was also used for estimating the time when chromosomal changes occurred in context of geological time-scale.

Influence of elicitors on effective constituents and expression of key metabolic enzyme genes in hairy roots of Atropa belladonna / 中草药

Objective To improve the yield of the effective medicinal ingredients of Atropa belladonna, to provide economic and efficient method for the actual production of A. belladonna, therefore to provide a basic reference for the related research on the mechanism of secondary metabolism of medicinal plants. Methods In this study, the influences of four kinds of elicitors, including methyl jasmonate (MJ), AgNO3, salicylic acid (SA), yeast extract (YE), on the accumulation of active components and the expression level of key metabolic enzyme genes, including putrescine N-methyl transferase (pmt), tropinone reductase-I (trI), and hyoscyamine-6-β-hydroxylase (h6h), were studied in hairy roots of A. belladonna. 0.5 g fresh hairy roots of A. belladonna were cultivated in B5 liquid medium. 12 d later, these mediums were replaced with the new medium containing one kind of four elicitors. Hairy roots were taken samples after 2 d to mensurate the fresh weight, dry weight, the content of tropane alkaloids, some physiological indexes, and three key genes expression level. Results MJ inhibited the growth and tropane alkaloids accumulation of hairy roots. The gene expression level of pmt and trI also decreased compared with control group (CK). The contents of tropane alkaloids and the expression level of pmt, trI and h6h were all increased compared with CK by the treatment of AgNO3, while the growth of hairy rootswas inhibited; SA contributed to the increased content of hyoscyamine, but with no obvious influence on growth of hairy roots. As to YE, the content of tropane alkaloids and the expression level of pmt, trI, h6h were all increased correspondingly. Further more, YE was benefit for the growth of hairy roots. Conclusion Elicitors had selective influence on growth and tropane alkaloids accumulation in hairy roots of A. belladonna. The best elicitor on accumulation of tropane alkaloids was AgNO3. YE could effectively improve of the growth of hairy and contents of tropane alkaloids. This study concluded that these elicitors influence the secondary metabolism of A. belladonna by regulating and controlling the expression level of some genes of key metabolic Enzyme, which could provide an effective method to enhance the medicinal composition in the culture of hairy roots of A. belladonna.

Optimization of Parameters for Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Aegle marmelos

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to optimize the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves ofAegle marmelos as the primary source. The optimal reaction medium comprised 2:1 concentration of leaf extract and 6mM concentration of silver nitrate solution (pH 7. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 420 nm, XRD and FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles were confirmed withBacillus subtilis andPseudomonas aeruginosa.

Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Sesamum Indicum (L.) CV-E8 From Cotyledon and Hypocotyl Explants.

In the present investigation, successful and reproducible protocol for somatic embryogenesis was developed for sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cv. E8. Direct somatic embryo induction without an intervening callus phase is reported for the first time from 5 days old cotyledonary and hypocotyl explants. Embryogenic frequency as well as number of somatic embryos was dependent on concentration of 2, 4-D. The optimum concentration of 2,4-D required for induction high frequency and large number of somatic embryos was 3.0mg/l. Addition of cytokinins along with 2, 4-D, further enhanced the number of somatic embryos. Maximum number of somatic embryos per explant was noted on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 2, 4-D + 1.0 mg/l BAP. Cotyledonary explants proved superior over hypocotyl explants and BAP over Kinetin. Conversion of somatic embryos into complete plantlets was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l ABA + 5.0 mg/l AgNO3. Proliferation of embryogenic cultures was confirmed by histological studies.

Preparation and characterization of Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites / 中草药

Objective: To synthesize and characterize Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites by reduction of silver nitrate solution using Sanguisorbae Radix as reducing agent and dispersant. Methods: Taking the absorbance of UV-visible spectroscopy of Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites as index to study the influence of different factors, such as extracting time of Sanguisorbae Radix powder, reaction temperature of synthesis, volume of Sanguisorbae Radix extract, and concentration of AgNO3, on the formation of nano-silver composites and to optimize the conditions. TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and DLS could be used to characterize the physicochemical properties of Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites. Results: The optimum conditions were as follows: the boiling time of Sanguisorbae Radix powder was 15 min, the volume ratio of 0.1 g/mL Sanguisorbae Radix extract and 1 mmol/L AgNO3 was 1:10, the resultant temperature was 25 °C, and the reaction time was 1 h, the Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites obtained were approximately spherical in shape with the mean size about 21 nm in good uniformity and stability. Conclusion: The preparation of Sanguisorbae Radix/nano-silver composites is stable and feasible.

Nitrato de prata e diferentes tipos de vedação na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira 'Arbequina' / Silver nitrate and different types of sealing on in vitro multiplication of 'Arbequina' olive tree

O tipo de tampa utilizado no frasco de cultura é um fator que irá determinar a qualidade do microambiente dentro dos frascos através das trocas gasosas com o ambiente externo. Devido à ação negativa do etileno nas culturas in vitro, há estudos sobre os inibidores de etileno, como o nitrato de prata, porém, não abordado na micropropagação da oliveira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes tipos de vedação e o efeito do nitrato de prata na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira. Para isso, foram utilizados segmentos nodais de plantas de oliveira cultivadas in vitro, com duas gemas e sem ápice. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de três tipos de vedação (tampa, papel alumínio e filme plástico) e nitrato de prata (presença ou ausência) adicionado ao meio MO. Aos 60 dias, o material foi avaliado quanto ao número médio de brotações por explante, comprimento médio da brotação e número médio de folhas por brotação. Foi observado que, quando foram utilizados a tampa ou o papel alumínio, houve maior número de brotações. A utilização de papel alumínio como vedação proporcionou maior número de folhas e a utilização de nitrato de prata e a vedação com papel alumínio proporcionaram explantes de maior tamanho. Pode-se concluir que a utilização de papel alumínio como vedação e a adição de 10mg L-1 de nitrato de prata ao meio de cultura MO apresenta melhores resultados na multiplicação in vitro de oliveira cv. 'Arbequina'.

The type of cover used on the culture flask is the factor that will determine the microenvironment inside the flasks through gas exchange with external environment. Due the negative action of ethylene on in vitro cultures, there are many studies about ethylene inhibitors and one of them is the silver nitrate. This research aimed to evaluate different types of sealing and the effect of silver nitrate on in vitro multiplication of olive tree. Nodal segments of olive tree cultivated in vitro, with two buds and without apex were used. The treatments consisted in tree types of sealing (cover, aluminum and plastic film) and silver nitrate (presence or absence) added in the MO medium. On the 60th day, it was assessed the average shoot number per explant, average shoot height and average leaves number per shoot. It was observed that the use of cover and aluminum provides higher number of shoots; the use of aluminum provides the largest average leaves number; the silver nitrate and sealing with aluminum provides longer size of explants. The use of aluminum as sealing and the addition of 10mg L-1 of silver nitrate in the MO culture medium presents better results on in vitro multiplication.

The Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Experimental Allergic and Chemical Conjunctivitis

The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1 in allergic and chemical conjunctivitis. The allergic and chemical conjunctivitis were induced in C57BL/6 mouse by compound 48/80(C48/80) and 2% characterized clinically by blepharospasm 100%, chemosis 80%, injection AgNO3, respectively. The allergic conjunctivitis was characterized clinically by blepharospasm 100%, chemosis 80%, injection, 40%, mucous discharge 20%, but the chemical conjunctivitis by blepharospasm 80%, chemosis 60%, infection 40% and no mucous discharge at 30 minute after topical application. On the endothelial cells, ICAM-1 was expressed from 1 to 48 hours, VCAM-1 from 6 to 72 hours and PECAM-1 from 1 to 72 hours in allergic conjunctivitis. In chemical conjuctivitis, the expression of ICAM-1 was observed from 6 to 72 hours. The expression of VCAM-1 was observed from 24 and 72 hours. The expression of PECAM-1 was demonstrated from 6 to 72 hours. The expression of cell adhesion molecules, particulary VCAM-1 and PECAM-1, was slighter in chemical conjunctivitis compared to allergic conjunctivitis. In conclusion, experimental allergic and chemical conjunctivitis demonstrate that cell adhesion molecules play a role in part in ocular inflammation and that there are differences between the adhesion molecule expression of two types of confunctivitis.

Effects of AgNO_3 on caducity-resistant from tissue culture of Dedrobium officinale / 中草药

Objective To solve the caducity question of Dendrobium officinale during the tissue-culture process. Methods Added the different concentration of 0.1 and 2 mg/L AgNO3 into the PLB proliferation medium, buds proliferation medium, and rooting medium separately. The quantity of the ethylene production was to be determined and the situation of the tube seedling growth was to be observed. ResultsAgNO3 can suppress the production of the ethylene, enhance the multiplication speed of PLB and split-up efficiency the clump of bud, and obviously promote the seedling′s growth. It showed that the survival ratio of transplant could enhance as many as two times and display the merit of caducity-resistant. ConclusionAgNO3(1 mg/L) can be taken as the caducity-resistant reagent of D. officinale during the tissue-culture processing.

Purification of ?-linolenic acid from fruit oil of Camptotheca acuminata / 中草药

Object To establish the process of purification for ?-linolenic acid from the fruit oil of Camptotheca acuminata Decne.. Methods Complexometry by AgNO 3 was applied. Results The optimal conditions: the AgNO 3 concentration was 4 mol/L, the complexometric temperature was lower than 15 ℃, and the complexometric time was 2 h. The purity of ?-linolenic acid was 91.25%. Conclusion The concentration of ?-linolenic acid from the fruit oil of C. acuminata can reach to 45.8%, therefore it is a new abundant resource for ?-linolenic acid. ?-linolenic acid can be well purified in the fruit oil by this process.