Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en un paciente con lesión perianal. Caso clínico / Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with perianal lesion. A case report

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

Traumatismo anorrectal contuso. Reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica / Blunt anorectal trauma. Case reportand literature review

Introducción: El traumatismo anorrectal es una causa poco frecuente de consulta al servicio de emergencias, con una incidencia del 1 al 3%. A menudo está asociado a lesiones potencialmente mortales, por esta razón, es fundamental conocer los principios de diagnóstico y tratamiento, así como los protocolos de atención inicial de los pacientes politraumatizados. Método: Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 47 años con trauma anorrectal contuso con compromiso del esfínter anal interno y externo, tratado con reparación primaria del complejo esfinteriano con técnica de overlapping, rafia de la mucosa, submucosa y muscular del recto. A los 12 meses presenta buena evolución sin incontinencia anal. Conclusión: El tratamiento del trauma rectal, basado en el dogma de las 4 D (desbridamiento, derivación fecal, drenaje presacro, lavado distal) fue exitoso. La técnica de overlapping para la lesión esfinteriana fue simple y efectiva para la reconstrucción anatómica y funcional. (AU)

Introduction: Anorectal trauma is a rare cause of consultation to the Emergency Department, with an incidence of 1 to 3%. It is often associated with life-threatening injuries, so it is essential to know the principles of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the initial care protocols for the polytrau-matized patient. Methods: We present the case of a 47-year-old man with a blunt anorectal trauma involving the internal and external anal sphincter, treated with primary overlapping repair of the sphincter complex and suturing of the rectal wall. At 12 months the patient presents good outcome, without anal incontinence. Conclusion: The treatment of rectal trauma, based on the 4 D ́s dogma (debridement, fecal diversion, presacral drainage, distal rectal washout lavage) was successful. Repair of the overlapping sphincter injury was simple and effective for anatomical and functional reconstruction. (AU)

Papel de la reparación muscular en el tratamiento de la incontinencia anal

La incontinencia anal (IA) tiene una alta prevalencia en la sociedad, aumenta con la edad, presenta elevados costes económicos y tiene un importante impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes que la padecen. El tratamiento quirúrgico se reserva para aquellos pacientes que no responden a medidas conservadoras. Clásicamente, las técnicas de reparación muscular han jugado un papel principal en el tratamiento de la IA, sobre todo en aquellos casos en los que había un defecto del complejo esfinteriano, siendo la más extendida la esfinteroplastía solapante y reservando técnicas más complejas como la graciloplastía para casos con lesiones esfinterianas catastróficas. Otras técnicas como la reparación total del suelo pélvico se encuentran en desuso por sus pobres resultados.

Anal Incontinence (AI) is a prevalent disease, increases with aging, has high economic costs and a deep impact in the quality of life of the patients who suffer it. Surgical treatment is proposed in patients with no-response to medical therapy. Muscle repair techniques have been the main approach in AI, specially when there is a sphincteric damage. Overlapping sphincteroplasty is the most common technique and graciloplasty is used when there is a wide damage in sphinteric complex. Some other techniques such as postanal or total pelvic floor repair are not used any more because of their poor results.

Cutting of sphincter in fistulectomy with primary closure in complex fistula-in-ano: is it feasible?

Introduction: Treatment of complex fistulas such as inter- or transsphincteric, recurrent, and high fistulae have high rate of recurrence or incontinence. Fistulectomy with primary sphincter reconstruction might represent an effective and safe alternative to reduce rate of recurrence and incontinence. The aim of this study is to assess incontinence and recurrence after fistulectomy with primary sphincter reconstruction for management of complex fistulas. Material and Methods: There were 60 patients with complex fistulae involving the sphincter, with 56 male and 4 female, mean age 40.6 years, operated by fistulectomy and primary sphincter repair over a period of 7 years. Patients were followed up for 6months for any complications, recurrence, and incontinence. Results: The majority of patients (50, 83.3%) had complete wound healing in 2 weeks, while 4 (6.6%) patients had hematoma and superficial wound dehiscence, which were managed conservatively and healed in 4 weeks. There was one recurrence. All patients had good continence postoperatively, except for mild fecal incontinence (FI, score 3), seen in 6 (10%) patients. However, all these patients regained continence within 6 weeks. Conclusions: Primary reconstruction of anal sphincter with fistulectomy is a safe option for complex fistula-in-ano. (AU)

Comparison of the efficacy between transperineal ultrasound and endoanal ultrasound in diagnosing obstetrics anal sphincter injury / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To study the agreements between transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) and endoanal ultrasound in assessing obstetrics anal sphincter injury (OASI), and to analyse the diagnostic efficacy of OASI in predicting AI relationship between OASI and anal incontinence (AI).Methods:A total of 217 women were prospectively recruited from the clinic in the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2021 to May 2022. Symptoms of AI were determined using the St Mark′s Incontinence Score (SMIS). TPUS and EAUS were performed by the same operator with the same machine on every participant for detecting OASI: OASI grades 3a, 3b, 3c, and 4 were performed according to the extent of the injuries in the anal sphincter complex. The angle of the defect in the external anal sphincter (EAS) was measured. A "significant EAS defect" was diagnosed as a defect affecting at least 2/3 of the length of the EAS with a defect angle of ≥30° in each slice.Ultrasound findings were compared between the two methods. The diagnostic efficacy of "ultrasound OASI" in predicting AI was analysed by logistic regression.Results:Of 217 women, twenty-eight (12.9%) suffered from AI with SMIS ranging from 5~20(11.9±4.5). On TPUS, 79 (36.4%) cases were suspected of OASI, that was 50 OASI 3a, 13 OASI 3b, and 16 OASI 3c/4. On EAUS, 78 (35.9%) cases were suspected of OASI that was 23 OASI 3a, 22 OASI 3b, 15 OASI 3c, and 18 OASI 4. Twenty-four "significant EAS defects" were diagnosed by TPUS and twenty-eight by EAUS, TPUS had excellent agreement with EAUS (weighted Kappa=0.91, P<0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that "ultrasound OASI" was associated with AI symptoms. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.92, 0.87, 0.89, 0.92 for TPUS OASI 3b+ , EAUS OASI 3b+ , TPUS "Significant EAS defect" , and EAUS "Significant EAS defect" for predicting AI, respectively. Conclusions:TPUS has good agreement with EAUS in detecting OASI. OASI 3b+ and "significant EAS defect" on TPUS and EAUS had good performance in predicting AI symptoms.

End-to-end anal sphincter repair in treatment of post-traumatic fecal incontinence

The present report describes the end-to-end technique of anal sphincter repair in a 36-year-old female patient with post-vaginal delivery fecal incontinence (FI). The patient had a history of two vaginal deliveries and the symptoms of FI were observed after the second delivery. On assessment of the severity of FI using the Wexner incontinence score, the patient had a score of 12. Endoanal ultrasonography revealed an anterior defect of the external anal sphincter extending from 11 to 3 o'clock. The patient had no previous anal surgery and did not have any medical comorbidities. The operation time was 45minutes. No intraoperative complications were recorded. At 12 months of follow-up, the patient showed significant improvement in the continence state, with her Wexner score dropping to 4. No postoperative complications were recorded. We can conclude that end-to-end anal sphincter repair is a technically feasible operation that confers satisfactory improvement in the continence state without imposing much tension on the site of sphincter repair. (AU)

Short- and Long-Term Outcomes of Overlap Anal Sphincter Repair for Fecal Incontinence Following Sphincter Injury / Resultados em curto e longo prazos do reparo por sobreposição do esfíncter anal para incontinência fecal após lesão esfincteriana

Abstract Objective Several techniques are used to repair the anal sphincter following injury. The aim of the present study is to comprehensively analyze the short- and long-term outcomes of overlap repair following anal sphincter injury. Methods A search was conducted in the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar databases between January 2000 and January 2020. Studies that described the outcomes that are specific to overlap sphincter repair for fecal incontinence with a minimum follow-up period of one year were selected. Results A total of 22 studies described the outcomes of overlap sphincter repair. However, 14 studies included other surgical techniques in addition to overlap repair, and were excluded from the analysis. Finally, data from 8 studies including 429 repairs were analyzed. All studies used at least one objective instrument; however, there was significant heterogeneity among them. Most patients were female (n=407; 94.87%) and the mean age of the included individuals was 44.6 years. The majority of the procedures were performed due to obstetric injuries (n=384; 89.51%). The eight included studies described long-term outcomes, and seven of them demonstrated statistically significant improvements regarding the continence; one study described poor outcomes in terms of overall continence. The long-term scores were significantly better compared with the preoperative scores. However, compared with the shortterm scores, a statistically significant deterioration was noted in the long-term. Conclusion The majority of the studies described good long-term outcomes in terms of anal continence after overlap sphincter repair. However, further studies are needed

Resumo Objetivo Diversas técnicas são usadas no reparo do esfíncter anal após lesões. O objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma análise completa dos desfechos nos curto e longo prazos do reparo por sobreposição após lesão do esfíncter anal. Métodos Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus e Google Scholar entre janeiro de 2000 e janeiro de 2020. Estudos que descreviam desfechos específicos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição para incontinência fecal, com um mínimo de 1 ano de seguimento, foram selecionados. Resultados No total, 22 estudos descreviam os desfechos do reparo de esfíncter por sobreposição. No entanto, 14 estudos incluíam outras técnicas cirúrgicas além do reparo por sobreposição, e foram excluídos da análise. Por fim, dados de 8 estudos que incluíam 429 reparos foram analisados. Todos os estudos usaram pelo menos um instrumento objetivo, mas havia uma heterogeneidade significativa entre eles. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (n=407; 94,87%), e a idade média dos indivíduos incluídos foi de 44,6 anos. A maioria das cirurgias foi realizada devido a lesões obstétricas (n=384; 89,51%). Os oito estudos incluídos descreveram os desfechos no longo prazo, e sete deles demonstraram melhoras estatisticamente significativas com relação à continência; um estudo descreveu resultados ruins em termos gerais com relação à continência. As pontuações no longo prazo foram significativamente melhores em comparação com as pontuações no pré-operatório. No entanto, em comparação com as pontuações no curto prazo, percebeu-se uma piora estatisticamente significativa no longo prazo. Conclusão A maioria dos estudos descrevia bons resultados no longo prazo em termos de continência anal depois do reparo do esfíncter por sobreposição. Entretanto mais estudos são necessários para que se identifiquem os fatores associados aos desfechos ruins para auxiliar na seleção de pacientes para o reparo por sobreposição.

Long-term results from modified sphincteroplasty in patients with traumatic sphincter injury: a retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The results from sphincteroplasty may worsen over time. Reseparation of the rectum and vagina/scrotum in conjunction with sphincteroplasty achieves good results. Improving the surgical effect of sphincteroplasty through perineal body reconstruction is crucial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term results from anterior sphincteroplasty and perineal body reconstruction (modified sphincteroplasty) among patients with traumatic sphincter injury. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study among patients who underwent modified sphincteroplasty in a university hospital between January 2006 and December 2018. Fifty patients were evaluated in detail. METHODS: The following variables were evaluated: gender, age, additional disease status, time interval between trauma and surgery, surgical technique, duration of hospitalization, follow-up period after surgery, manometric values, electromyography results, magnetic resonance imaging scans, Wexner scores, satisfaction levels with surgery and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 44.6 ± 15.1 years. The median follow-up period was 62 months (range, 12-118). The mean Wexner scores preoperatively, postoperatively in first month (M1S) and at the time of this report (AAS) were 15.5 ± 3.2, 1.9 ± 3.15 and 3.9 ± 5.3, respectively. Although improvements in the patients' mean Wexner scores became impaired over time, the postoperative Wexner scores were still significantly better than the preoperative Wexner scores (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Good or excellent results were obtained surgically among patients with traumatic sphincter injury. Performing perineal body reconstruction in addition to sphincteroplasty can provide better long-term continence. Surgical outcomes were found to be better, especially among patients younger than 50 years of age and among patients who underwent surgery within the first five years after trauma.

A Retrospective Study of Fistula in Ano & Primary Sphincter Repair (Sphincteroplasty) in Complex Fistulas

Fistula in ano is a common perianal disease of the mankind. It is secondary to mainly cryptoglandular infections & abscess. Persistence of chronic infection will lead to fistula formation.1 Management of high-level fistulas is complicated due to incontinence, which is troublesome; hence, many procedures have been tried by many surgeons, but without any supremacy over others. Immediate reconstruction of divided sphincter muscle will give good result.2 We have done fistulectomy & repair of the external anal sphincter & followed for the last two decades with no incontinence & minimal recurrences.METHODS192 cases of fistula in ano for the last 20 years operated by a single surgeon (1st author) were studied & were followed up to now. The differences, in the selection of cases, surgical skill & post-operative management are excluded in the study by including cases done by a single surgeon (first author) only. 136 males & 56 females were operated. Intersphincteric 45.8%, trans-sphincteric 49%, high level fistulas 5.2%, trans-sphincteric & high fistulas with considerable external sphincter loss (54 cases) were repaired with 1–0 Vicryl. Fistula in ano is associated with haemorrhoids in 24/192 & ano rectal abscess (20/192). Fistulotomy done in 16/192, simple & subcutaneous tracts - fistulectomy done in 65%. Curetting of the high tracts done in 16/192.RESULTSMales are predominantly affected 70.8%. This is more common in 3rd, 4th & 5th decades (80.1%). Single external opening was seen in (90%). Posterior & lateral fistula tracts are more commonly seen in (89.6%). Non-specific pyogenic infective pathology is seen 99%. Recurrences- 6/192. Time taken to heal is 3–6 weeks. Incontinence is not seen in any case. No recurrence or incontinence seen in primary sphincter repair of 54 cases.CONCLUSIONSPrimary sphincter repair is simple & best procedure with minimal or no recurrence & decreases the healing time. It is more suitable & advised in fistulas with considerable external sphincter loss.

Comparative study of closed versus open lateral internal sphincterotomy in the management of chronic anal fissure

Background: Anal fissure is a painful tear in distal anal canal extending from just below the dentate line to anal verge. Patient presents with pain during or after defecation and passage of bright red blood per anus. Various studies investigating chronic anal fissures show a large variation in healing rates for different modalities. The present study was carried out to evaluate effectiveness of closed versus open lateral internal sphincterotomy in treatment of patients with chronic anal fissure.Methods: A prospective study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Group A and group B included 20 patients each with chronic anal fissure and managed by closed and open lateral internal sphincterotomy respectively and effectiveness was evaluated with regards to fissure healing, pain reduction, recurrence and incontinence after surgical treatment.Results: The mean pain scores on visual analogue scale at end of 1 week in group A and group B was not found to be statistically significant, whereas it was found to be statistically significant at 3 week and at 6 weeks. Delayed healing was seen in 1 patient of group B, whereas no patient in group A had delayed healing or absence of healing postoperatively.Conclusions:There was a significant difference between closed and open methods of lateral internal sphincterotomy in terms of relief in post-operative pain but as a whole both techniques did not show any statistically significant difference in terms of fissure healing, postoperative complications or recurrence at 3 months.

An unusual case of delivery with central rupture of perineum and intact introitus

Most women experience some degree of tear during childbirth and in some these can be extensive. Obstetrics injuries contribute 0.5-15% of vaginal deliveries. Here authors present a case of 23-year-old primigravida who presented at Safdarjung hospital New Delhi, Delhi, India with complaint of pain in perineum and excessive bleeding per vaginum. On examination, introitus was intact and there was central rupture of perineum which involved anal sphincter proximally and rectal mucosa distally. Patient was shifted to operation theatre for exploration and repair. She received 2 units of blood transfusion, antibiotics and laxatives. Patient was discharged on post-operative day 5 in satisfactory condition. Thus, authors emphasise the need of institutional delivery and prevention of perineal injuries which would further obviate the need for surgical repair and associated morbidity. In present era of easy communication and transport we still receive cases of unsupervised deliveries which gives us a strong motive to spread awareness for antenatal visits and care among this population.

Prevalencia de desgarros perineales en pacientes con aplicación de vacuum / Prevalence of perineal tars in patients submitted to the application of vacuum

Resumen OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia de desgarro perineal en pacientes a quienes se aplicó vacuum e identificar los factores de riesgo de lesión del esfínter anal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo y observacional. Se seleccionaron todos los partos en los que se aplicó vacuum del total de partos instrumentados en un hospital de segundo nivel de la Ciudad de México. Se incluyeron mujeres con embarazo de término, únicos y de evolución normal. Las lesiones perineales se clasificaron según la OMS. Se calcularon la prevalencia y el intervalo de confianza. Las variables se describen mediante medias y desviaciones estándar o frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Los desgarros se compararon con χ22 y los valores con significación estadística fueron los de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 74 partos instrumentados en 708 partos totales, de los que 70 de 74 fueron con vacuum. En relación solo con estos últimos, los desgarros más prevalentes fueron de primer y segundo grado con valores de 40.0% (IC95%: 29-51) y 38.6% (IC95%: 27-50), respectivamente. No se identificaron factores de riesgo asociados con desgarros perineales severos. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia en la población estudiada fue similar a la de países industrializados y los desgarros moderados fueron los de mayor prevalencia.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of perineal tears in patients which delivery was instrumented by vacuum and to identify the risk factors that lead to a tear in the anal sphincter. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective and observational study. All vacuum deliveries were selected among the instrumental deliveries of the population in a secondary care hospital in Mexico City. The inclusion criteria were women who delivered vaginally at term with sole and normoevolutive pregnancies. The perineal tears were classified according to WHO. The statistical analysis included the estimation of prevalences with their corresponding confidence intervals. Variables were described by means and standard deviations or absolute and relative frequencies. Tears were compared using χ2 tests considering a statistical significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The number of instrumented deliveries was 74 out of 708 cases of total deliveries, those with vacuum were 70 out of 74. Considering the instrumented deliveries with vacuum, the most prevalent tears were those of first and second degree with values of 40.0% (CI 29-51) and 38.6% (CI 27-50) respectively. There were not associated risk factors to severe perineal tears. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence in the studied population was similar to developed countries and moderate tears are the most prevalent.

Factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal: cohorte retrospectiva / Risk factors associated with obstetric anal sphincter injury: A retrospective cohort

Resumen OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal en una población donde la aplicación de fórceps es bien aceptada. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de cohorte simple, retrospectivo, al que que se incluyeron pacientes que finalizaron el embarazo por parto, entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2017, en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes. Criterios de inclusión: embarazo mayor de 35 semanas, con feto único y en presentación cefálica. La variable dependiente de lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal se clasificó en tercer y cuarto grado. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa SPSS Statistics 23; la prueba de χ2 y t de Student para la comparación entre grupos, y razón de momios con intervalo de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 6199 pacientes. La edad promedio fue de 26.5 años; el peso al nacimiento de 2745 g y se colocaron fórceps en 6.9% (n = 428) casos. La frecuencia de lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal fue de 1.03% (n = 65). Entre los factores de riesgo asociados con lesión del esfínter anal se encontraron: aplicación de fórceps (RM 22.4; IC95% 13.3-36.7, p < 0.001) y primiparidad (RM 2.8; IC95% 1.68-4.93, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La edad materna de 20 a 30 años, el peso fetal mayor de 3500 g, el parto con fórceps y la primiparidad son factores de riesgo asociados con lesión obstétrica del esfínter anal.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To analyze the associated risk factors of obstetric anal sphincter injury in a population in which the use of forceps is well accepted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A simple retrospective cohort was performed where all women with vaginal delivery were identified in a period of 5 years (January 2013 to December 2017). Pregnancies older than 35 weeks were included, unique and in cephalic presentation. The dependent variable of obstetric lesion of the anal sphincter was classified in 3rd and 4th grade. The SPSS 23 program was used for the statistical analysis. χ2 test and Student's t test were used to compare the groups, as well as Odds radio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: A total of 6199 women were included. The average age was 26.5 years, birth weight of 2745 grams on average, forceps were placed in 6.9% (n = 428). The frequency of obstetric lesion of the anal sphincter was 1.03% (n = 65) in the study period. The following risk factors were found to be associated with anal sphincter injury: use of forceps OR 22.4 (95% CI 13.3-36.7, p <0.001), primiparity OR 2.8 (95% CI 1.68-4.93 p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal age of 20 to 30 years, fetal weight greater than 3500 grams, births with forceps and primiparity are risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injuries.

Analysis on prognosis and influencing factors of postoperative low anterior resection syndrome for rectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic anus-preserving radical resection / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the prognosis and influencing factors of postoperative low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) for rectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic sphincter-preserving radical resection.@*Methods@#A retrospective case-control study was used in this study. Clinical data of 268 rectal cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic sphincter-preserving radical resection at Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College from January 2016 to January 2018 were retrospectively collected. Inclusion criteria: (1) operation procedure was total mesorectal excision (TME) and sphincter-preserving radical resection; (2) rectal cancer was confirmed by postoperative pathology; (3) age of patient was ≥ 18 years old. Exclusion criteria: (1) patient who had history of pelvic surgery and pelvic fractures, which would affect the anorectal function; (2) patient who had history of preoperative chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, which would affect defecation; (3) patient who developed postoperative complications, such as anastomotic leakage, which would affect defecation function; (4) patient who received long-term use of drugs, which would affect the function of gastrointestinal tract or anus; (5) patient suffered from mental illness, who was unable to communicate properly; (6) patient who was lack of clinical data or had incomplete clinical data. Patients were followed up at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, and LARS was diagnosed and graded according to the LARS score scale. The LARS score ranged from 0 to 42 points, and 0 to 20 was difined as no LARS, 21 to 29 was mild LARS, and 30 to 42 was severe LARS. LARS score >20 points at any time point was defined as postoperative LARS. Severe LARS transferring into mild LARS and mild LARS transferring into no LARS was defined as symptom improvement. Incidence and outcomes of LARS were evaluated. The factors associated with LARS outcomes were analyzed using χ2 test and logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 268 patients were enrolled. The incidence of LARS was 42.9% (115/268), 32.5% (87/268) and 20.1% (54/268) at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively respectively, and no new case of LARS was found after 3 months postoperatively. The incidence of mild LARS was 25.7% (69/268), 17.2% (46/268) and 8.6% (23/268) at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively respectively, and mild LARS incidence at 6 months was significantly lower than that at 3 months (χ2=5.857, P=0.016), and was significantly higher than that at 12 months (χ2=8.799, P=0.003). The incidence of severe LARS was 17.2% (46/268), 15.3% (41/268) and 11.6% (31/268) at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively respectively, without significant difference among 3 time points (all P>0.05). The improvement rate within one year after surgery in patients with mild LARS diagnosed at 3 months was significantly higher than that in patients with severe LARS (88.4% vs. 32.6%, χ2=38.340, P<0.001). Univariate analysis showed that female, distance from anastomosis to anal verge < 5 cm and tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm were associated with unsatisfied LARS outcomes (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that distance from anastomosis to anal verge <5 cm was an independent risk factor for LARS outcome (OR=3.589, 95% CI: 1.163 to 2.198, P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#The incidence of LARS after laparoscopic sphincter-preserving radical resection decreases with time. The improvement rate within postoperative 1-year of severe LARS is lower than that of mild LARS. Low anastomotic position may lead to impaired improvement of LARS.

Morphological characteristic of anal canal in patients with dyssynergic defecation and its correlation with anorectal manometry / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the diagnostic value of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D-EAUS) for dyssynergic defecation (DD).@*Methods@#A case-control study was performed to retrospectively collectclinical data of 46 DD patients, including 16 males and 30 females with median age of 51 (20 to 70) years, at Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine from February 2012 to April 2015.All the patients met the diagnostic criteria of functional constipation of Rome III. The paradoxical contraction of puborectalis (PR) muscle was found by both rectal examination and anorectal manometry. In the same period,45 healthy volunteers, including 22 males and 23 females with median age of 48 (21 to 72) years, without pelvic operation history, and with normal defecation in recent 6 months, were enrolled as the control group. No significant differences were observed in age and gender between two groups (both P>0.05). Cleveland constipation score of DD group was higher than that of control group [15(8-24) vs. 5(1-9), t=15.720, P<0.001]. 3D-EAUS examination was performed in all the subjects. Thickness and length of internal anal sphincter (IAS) (anterior side and posterior side), thickness of PR muscle, length of external anal sphincter (EAS) plus PR muscle, and puborectalis angle were measured and compared by using student t test between two groups. Correlation between these ultrasound parameters and anorectal manometry was examined by Pearson correlation analysis.@*Results@#Both male and female in the DD group had the greater thickness of IAS, as compared to those in the control group [male: (1.7±0.5) mm vs.(1.5±0.2) mm, t=2.516, P=0.016; female: (1.9±0.4) mm vs.(1.6±0.5) mm, t=2.034,P=0.047]. No significant differences between the two groups were observed with respect to the posterior length of IAS, length of EAS plus PR muscle, and thickness of PR muscle (all P>0.05). Compared to the control group, male in the DD group had smaller puborectalis angle during straining [(87.0±3.6)° vs. (90.5±1.8)°,t=3.502,P=0.002];female in the DD group had smaller puborectalis angle both in resting and straining [resting:(86.5±3.8)° vs. (90.1±2.1)°,t=4.047, P<0.001;straining: (84.1±4.5)° vs. (90.2±2.3)°, t=5.938, P<0.001]. Correlation analysis showed that anterior length of IAS was positively correlated with anal resting pressure (r=0.321, P=0.030); the length of EAS plus PR muscle was positively correlated with anal squeeze pressure (r=0.415, P=0.004). There were no correlations between the thickness and the posterior length of IAS and the anal resting pressure, or between the thickness of PR muscle and the anal squeeze pressure (all P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#The 3D-EAUS can accurately assess the morphological features of anal canal in DD patients. There is a certain positive correlation between 3D-EAUS and anorectal manometry.

Three-dimensional ultrasonography for evaluation of development of fetal anal sphincter / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective To investigate the capability oftomography ultrasound (TUI) in evaluating the development of the normal anorectal structure to provide a reference for prenatal diagnosis of imperforate anus.Methods From June 2017 to July 2018,315 singleton pregnant women at 19-40 weeks of gestational age were selected from Beijing Tiantan Hospital,and they ranged in age from 23 to 40 years,with an average age of 29±3 years.The TUI technique was applied to measure the fetal anal sphincter diameter (ASD),anal canal diameter (ACD),and anal canal length (ACL).The correlation between ASD,ACD,or ACL and gestational age was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis,and the regression equation and curve were established.The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the repeatability of the measurement ofASD,ACD,and ACL.Results The display rate of fetal anorectum in all fetuses by the TUI technique was 97.8％ (308/315).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the normal fetal ASD,ACD,and ACL were positively correlated with the gestational age of the fetus,and the regression equations are:ASD,Y=-0.001X2 + 0.421X-1.726 (r=0.83,P ＜ 0.01);ACD,Y=0.418X-4.207 (r=0.89,P ＜ 0.01);and ACL,Y=0.526X-1.062 (r=0.87,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion TUI for assessment of fetal anorectum is feasible.This method can be applied to improve the display rate of fetal anorectum.

Progress in the application of preventive stoma in anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer / 国际外科学杂志

With the development of modem medical technology,the change of operation concept and the innovation of operation mode,more and more patients are able to cure low rectal cancer while achieving the goal of retaining the anus.Anastomotic fistula is the most serious complication after anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer,and it is also the main cause of death,and the factors are complicated.In order to prevent anastomotic leakage and reduce the harm caused by it,most scholars at home and abroad recommend the use of preventive stoma.This article reviews the application of prophylactic stoma in anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer,and provides valuable information for the application of preventive stoma in anal sphincter preservation for low rectal cancer.

A simple, reproducible and low-cost simulator for teaching surgical techniques to repair obstetric anal sphincter injuries / Um Simulador simples, reproduzível e de baixo custo para o ensino de técnicas cirúrgicas para reparar lesões obstétricas do esfíncter anal

Abstract Objective To describe and evaluate the use of a simple, low-cost, and reproducible simulator for teaching the repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Methods Twenty resident doctors in obstetrics and gynecology and four obstetricians participated in the simulation. A fourth-degree tear model was created using lowcost materials (condom simulating the rectal mucosa, cotton tissue simulating the internal anal sphincter, and bovine meat simulating the external anal sphincter). The simulator was initially assembled with the aid of anatomical photos to study the anatomy and meaning of each component of the model. The laceration was created and repaired, using end-to-end or overlapping application techniques. Results The model cost less than R$ 10.00 and was assembled without difficulty, which improved the knowledge of the participants of anatomy and physiology. The sutures of the layers (rectal mucosa, internal sphincter, and external sphincter) were performed in keeping with the surgical technique. All participants were satisfied with the simulation and felt it improved their knowledge and skills. Between 3 and 6 months after the training, 7 participants witnessed severe lacerations in their practice and reported that the simulation was useful for surgical correction. Conclusion The use of a simulator for repair training in OASIS is affordable (low-cost and easy to perform). The simulation seems to improve the knowledge and surgical skills necessary to repair severe lacerations. Further systematized studies should be performed for evaluation.

Resumo Objetivo Descrever e avaliar a utilização de um simulador simples, de baixo custo e reprodutível para o ensino de sutura de lacerações perineais de 4° grau. Métodos Participaram da simulação 20 residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia e quatro profissionais especialistas. Um modelo de laceração de 4° grau foi criado com materiais de baixo custo (preservativo simulando a mucosa retal, tecido de algodão simulando o esfíncter anal interno e carne bovina simulando o esfíncter anal externo). O simulador foi inicialmente montado com ajuda de fotos anatômicas, para estudar a anatomia e o significado de cada componente do modelo. A laceração foi criada e suturada, utilizando técnicas de borda a borda e de sobreposição do esfíncter anal. Resultados O modelo custou menos de R$ 10,00 e foi montado sem dificuldade, aprimorando os conhecimentos dos participantes sobre anatomia e fisiologia. As suturas das camadas (mucosa retal, esfíncter interno e esfíncter externo) foram realizadas seguindo a técnica cirúrgica. Todos os participantes ficaram satisfeitos coma simulação e consideraram que estamelhorou seus conhecimentos e habilidades. Entre 3 a 6 meses após o treinamento, 7 participantes presenciaram em sua prática lacerações graves e relataram que a simulação foi útil para a correção cirúrgica. Conclusão A utilização de um simulador para treinamento de sutura de lacerações obstétricas graves é acessível (baixo custo e fácil execução). A simulação parece aprimorar conhecimentos e habilidades cirúrgicas para sutura de lacerações graves. Mais estudos sistematizados devem ser realizados para avaliação.

Perineal trauma in a low-risk maternity with high prevalence of upright position during the second stage of labor / Trauma perineal em uma maternidade de baixo risco com alta prevalência de parto vertical durante o período expulsivo

Abstract Objective Perineal trauma is a negative outcome during labor, and until now it is unclear if the maternal position during the second stage of labormay influence the risk of acquiring severe perineal trauma. We have aimed to determine the prevalence of perineal trauma and its risk factors in a low-risk maternity with a high incidence of upright position during the second stage of labor. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 264 singleton pregnancies during labor was performed at a low-risk pregnancymaternity during a 6-month period. Perineal trauma was classified according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG), and perineal integrity was divided into three categories: no tears; first/ second-degree tears + episiotomy; and third and fourth-degree tears. A multinomial analysis was performed to search for associated factors of perineal trauma. Results From a total of 264 women, there were 2 cases (0.75%) of severe perineal trauma, which occurred in nulliparous women younger than 25 years old. Approximately 46% (121) of the women had no tears, and 7.95% (21) performed mediolateral episiotomies. Perineal trauma was not associated with maternal position (p = 0.285), health professional (obstetricians or midwives; p = 0.231), newborns with 4 kilos or more (p = 0.672), and labor analgesia (p = 0.319). The multinomial analysis showed that white and nulliparous presented, respectively, 3.90 and 2.90 times more risk of presenting perineal tears. Conclusion The incidence of severe perineal trauma was low. The prevalence of upright position during the second stage of labor was 42%. White and nulliparous women were more prone to develop perineal tears.

Resumo Objetivo O trauma perineal é um desfecho negativo durante o parto, e é incerto, até omomento, se a posiçãomaternal durante o período expulsivo pode influenciar o risco de evoluir com trauma perineal severo. Nós objetivamos determinar a prevalência de trauma perineal e seus fatores de risco em uma maternidade de baixo risco com alta prevalência de posição vertical durante o período expulsivo. Métodos Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 264 gestações únicas durante o trabalho de parto foi realizado durante 6 meses consecutivos. O trauma perineal foi classificado de acordo com o Royal College of Obstetricianns and Gynecologists (RCOG). A integridade perineal foi dividida em três categorias: períneo íntegro; trauma perineal leve (primeiro e segundo graus + episiotomia); e trauma perineal severo (terceiro e quarto graus). Uma análise multinomial foi realizada para buscar variáveis associadas ao trauma perineal. Resultados De um total de 264 mulheres, houve 2 casos (0,75%)de trauma perineal severo m nulíparas com menos de 25 anos. Aproximadamente 46% (121) das mulheres não tiveram trauma perineal e 7,95% (21) realizaram episiotomias mediolaterais. Não houve correlação do trauma perineal com a posição de parto (p = 0,285), tipo de profissional que realizou o parto (p = 0,231), recém-nascidos com 4.000 gramas ou mais (p = 0,672), e presença de analgesia de parto (p = 0,319). Uma análise multinomial evidenciou que mulheres brancas e nulíparas apresentaram, respectivamente, um risco 3,90 e 2,90 vezes maior de apresentar trauma perineal. Conclusão A incidência de trauma perineal severo foi baixa. A prevalência de parto vertical durante o período expulsivo foi de 42%. Mulheres brancas e nulíparas foram mais suscetíveis a apresentar trauma perineal.

El desgarro intraparto del esfínter anal ¿Puede prevenirse? / Intrapartum anal sphyncter tear: is it preventable?

Resumen OBJETIVO: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con el desgarro intraparto del esfínter anal MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: análisis retrospectivo, de casos y controles con desgarro del esfínter anal y sin éste. Se aplicó análisis bivariante. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 97 pacientes: 48 casos de desgarro del esfínter anal y 49 controles sin éste. La incidencia de desgarros fue de 1.6% (1.3% en primíparas y 0.3% en multíparas). En el análisis bivariante se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en primiparidad (p=0.003), parto inducido (p<0.001), parto instrumentado (p=0.006), duración de la dilatación (p=0.023), tiempo de expulsión (p=0.007), episiotomía (p<0.001), peso del recién nacido (p=0.006) e incontinencia urinaria (p=0.002). Con el análisis univariante se obtuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las variables de primiparidad (RM de 3.833, p=0.004), parto instrumentado (RM de 3.214, p=0.007), episiotomía (RM de 6.101, p<0.001), peso del recién nacido (RM de 1.001 por cada gramo, p=0.009), duración de la dilatación (RM de 1.004 por cada minuto, p=0,012) y del tiempo de expulsión (RM 1.007 por cada minuto, p=0.016). En el análisis multivariado sólo se encontró asociación con la episiotomía (RM de 6.76 e IC 95% de 2.436-18.805) y peso del recién nacido (RM de 1.001 e IC 95% de 1.000-1.002); el área bajo la curva ROC fue de 0.762 (IC=0.667-0.856). CONCLUSIONES: el desgarro del esfínter es multifactorial y difícil de predecir. Para intentar reducir la incidencia debe intervenirse en los factores de riesgo modificables.

Abstract OBJETIVE: to determinate the risk factors of intrapartum anal sphincter tear. MATERIAL AND METHOD: a retrospective case-control study which included a total of 97 patientes: 48 with anal sphincter tear and 49 without tear. RESULTS: There was an incidence of 1.6% of anal sphincter injury (1.3% in primiparous and 0.3% in multiparous). In bivariate analysis statistical significant differences was found in primiparity (p=0.003), labour induction (p<0.001), instrumental delivery (p=0.006), dilatation duration (p=0.023), duration of expulsive stage (p=0.007), episiotomy (p<0.001), fetal weight (p=0.006) and urinary incontinence (p=0.002). Univariate analysis showed a statistical difference in primiparous (OR 3.833, p=0.004), instrumental delivery (OR 3.214, p=0.007), episiotomy (OR 6.101, p<0.001), fetal weight (OR 1.001 for each grams, p=0.009), dilatation duration (OR 1.004 for each minute, p=0.012), duration of expulsive stage (OR 1.007 for each minute, p=0.016). In the multivariate analysis significant difference was found in episiotomy with an OR=6.76 and CI 95% of 2.436-18.805, and fetal weight with an OR=1.001 and CI 95% of 1.000-1.002; the discrimination index area under the curve (AUC) showed a value of 0.762, CI=0.667-0.856. CONCLUSIONS: the anal sphincter injury is multifactorial and difficult to predict. Intervention on modifiable risk factors should allow a reduction in its incidence.