Advances in super-microsurgery vascular anastomoses training model / 中华显微外科杂志

The current mainstream training models for vascular suturing in microsurgery include the invitro chicken wings, legs, and experimental mouse in vivo. With the development of super-microsurgery, it needs to complete super-microsurgery training in a vessel less than 0.8 mm, especially less than 0.3 mm. These training models gradually don't meet the needs. The perfusion specimens of in vitro vessels have several limitations, while vessel models in vivo are faced with the problems of difficulty in obtaining and high logistical support. Vessel model used chickabiddy in vivo is expected to establish a relatively economical, low-risk, high-efficiency, training repeatable and good for scientific research training model in super-microsurgery. Its vessel branches can meet the requirements for vessel diameter less than 0.8 mm. It can be used in continuous training by clinicians and can also meet the pathophysiology and hemodynamic research needs in super-microsurgery field. However, it is necessary to establish a stable vessel model and its evaluated system, as well as an intraoperative anesthesia method for the chickabiddy vessel in vivo model.

Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Colonic Anastomotic Healing in the Presence of Peritonitis- An Experimental Study in Rats.

ascorbic acid plays a critical role in wound repair and healing/regeneration process as it stimulates collagen synthesis. Its effect on jejunal and colonic anastomosis is already established. We assessed its role on colonic anastomosis healing in presence of peritonitis and without peritonitis. Assessment was done by recording bursting pressure of anastomosis and histological features of healing.METHODSThis experimental study was conducted in 48 Albino Rats (mean weight of 180 g). All rats were subjected to exploratory laparotomy with colonic resection anastomosis and were divided into six groups. Group A and B control, Group C and D were supplemented with Vitamin C in low dose i.e. 100 mg/Kg body, Group E and F high dose of Vitamin C i.e. 200 mg/Kg body wt. Vitamin C was given for seven days intra muscularly. Peritonitis was created by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in half the number of rats (n=24), in each group. Every rat was re-explored on 7th post-operative day and anastomotic segments were harvested for bursting pressure measurement and then sent for histopathology examination.RESULTSBursting Pressure of group D (100 mg) was significantly raised (p<0.05) as compared to group B in the presence of peritonitis. Group F (200 gm vit C) showed significantly higher bursting pressure than group D (p<0.05). The findings of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the mean BP of all the groups differs significantly from each other (p<0.05). High dose vitamin C supplementation gave more strength to anastomosis than low dose even in presence of peritonitis. The average histopathological examination score was 5.24 (Group E) (p<0.05). i.e., best healing among all groups. It had better effect even in presence of peritonitis - 4.62 in Group F. Healing score in this group was greater than group A, B, C, D and less than in group E.CONCLUSIONSPresence of fecal peritonitis hampers the process of healing of colonic anastomosis by impairing reparative collagen synthesis, its deposition and anastomotic strength reflected by decreasedbursting pressure and decrease HPE score. Supplementation of systemic ascorbic acid increases intestinal anastomotic healing by increasing collagen accumulation reflected by increasedbursting pressure and increase HPE score even in presence of peritonitis. High dose ascorbic acid supplementation had better effect on intestinal anastomotic healing. Importance of ascorbic acid in colonic anastomosis healing is yet to be evaluated in human beings.

Anastomoses Between Infraorbital Artery And Ophthalmic Artery Within The Orbit

Documentation of contributions from infraorbital artery to branches of the ophthalmic artery are lacking withrespect to the orbit. While there have been sources that suggest anastomoses between the infraorbital artery andophthalmic artery within the orbit, there has been no clear consensus on the location and significance of theseanastomoses. This study aimed to identify and track the course of the infraorbital artery within the orbit and itspossible anastomoses and supply to the orbit. Cadaveric analysis of 19 individuals (38 orbits) revealed acommon pattern of anastomosis between the infraorbital and inferior palpebral arteries (95%; 89% bilaterally)as well as course to the lacrimal sac (91%; 73% bilaterally). These findings demonstrate the significance ofinfraorbital artery supply with respect to the inferior orbit as well as the lacrimal sac, which can prove clinicallyuseful, such as in the context of surgical repair of orbital trauma.

Finite element modeling and analysis on end-to-end anastomosis of the large intestine / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the relationship of closed staple height with tissue damage and compression pressure, so as to provide theoretical references and guidance for the surgeon to choose the appropriate staple cartridge and height, as well as improve the safety of operation. Methods The finite element model of stapled colorectal end-to-end anastomosis was established based on analysis of staple-tissue interaction. Large intestine tissues with different wall thicknesses (1.0-1.5 mm) were compressed by closed staples with 4 different height to compare changes in stress distributions and average radial pressure. Results When the tissues were compressed by closed staple with height of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 mm, respectively, the average radial stress of compressed tissues with wall thicknesses of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 mm were 56.0, 58.6, 59.7 and 57.3 kPa, respectively, which was close to the optimal compression pressure. Stress concentrations were found in contact area of the staple and tissues，with the maximum stress being 2 783, 1 750, 1940 and 2 030 kPa, respectively. Conclusions Tissue damage cannot be completely avoided in anastomotic surgery, and stress concentration is generally located near contact region of the staple and tissues. The optimal closed staple height ranges in 50%-60% of the uncompressed tissue height.

Complex biliary intervention: Percutaneous small bowel access confirmation with cone-beam computed tomography and retrograde biliary obstruction recanalization

BACKGROUND: To describe our experience with percutaneous small bowel access in patients with surgically altered anatomy for complex biliary intervention where cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to confirm appropriate small bowel access. METHODS: Retrospective chart review from January 2012 to February 2016 identified 9 patients who underwent complex biliary procedures, which used CBCT assistance. Inclusion criteria were creation of percutaneous small bowel access, usage of CBCT, and biliary recanalization. Procedures were performed using percutaneous small bowel access to assist with antegrade or retrograde biliary recanalization using a variety of wire and catheter techniques. Non-contrast CBCT was used in all cases to confirm appropriate small bowel access. RESULTS: In three patients with disconnected biliary systems and failed prior attempts at percutaneous recanalization, new bilio-enteric anastomoses were successfully created. In 6 patients with prior hepaticojejunostomy and biliary obstructions, percutaneous jejunostomy was used successfully to recanalize the biliary stenoses and place multiple internal biliary stents, which were then managed with percutaneous retrograde exchanges. Five patients are catheter free; two are currently managed with long-term biliary drainage. One patient eventually required liver transplantation and another required surgical revision of anastomotic restenosis. There was a single major complication in one patient where the jejunostomy tube resulted in small bowel obstruction requiring surgical revision. A minor complication occurred in another patient, with the development of cellulitis around the jejunostomy tube. CONCLUSION: CBCT can effectively confirm appropriate percutaneous small bowel access in patients with surgically altered anatomy, and who require retrograde biliary recanalization. CBCT is also useful to guide percutaneous creation of new bilio-enteric anastomosis in patients with disconnected biliary systems.

Experiencia en microcirugia reconstructiva en el Servicio de Cirugía Plástica del Hospital Solca Quito Solón Espinosa Ayala / Experience in reconstructive microsurgery at the Plastic Surgery Service of Solca Quito Hospital Solon Espinosa Ayala

Introducción: la microcirugía desde sus inicios en los años 60s ha tenido un avance importante, ha ganado popularidad y es aceptada en la reconstrucción de tejidos blandos y óseos, ya que se pueden resolver defectos antes imposibles de reconstruir. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional de 161 casos de reconstrucción microquirúrgica en pacientes sometidos a cirugía ablativa por cáncer, en el Hospital Solón Espinosa Ayala "SOLCA" Quito durante el período 2011 y 2016 por un solo cirujano plástico y reconstructivo. Es el primer estudio que analiza el éxito en colgajos microvascularizados con reporte de 161 casos en el Ecuador. Resultados: en un total de 161 pacientes, se realizó 161 reconstrucciones con colgajos microquirúrgicos, encontrando una tasa de éxito del 95,65%, complicaciones mayores en 3,11% y complicaciones menores en 21,74%. Conclusiones: la transferencia de tejido libre ha revolucionado la reconstrucción de defectos complejos de diversa etiología, la tasa presentada de éxito en reconstrucciones microquirúrgicas es similar a las descritas internacionalmente. (AU)

Introduction: Microsurgery since its inception in the 60s has had a major breakthrough, has gained popularity and is accepted in the reconstruction of soft tissue, as can be solved by this technique to reconstruct defects previously impossible. Materials and methods: An observational retrospective study of 161 cases of microsurgical reconstruction was performed mainly in patients undergoing ablative cancer surgery, especially in the Solón Espinosa Ayala Hospital "SOLCA" Quito between the period 2011 and 2016 by a single plastic and reconstructive surgeon it is the first study that analyzes the success in microvascular flaps with report of 161 cases in Ecuador. Results: A total of 161 patients, 161 reconstructions were performed with microsurgical flaps, finding a success rate of 95.65%, major complications in 3.11% and minor complications by 21.74%. Conclusions: free tissue transfer has revolutionized the reconstruction of complex defects of diverse etiology, the success rate in microsurgical reconstructions is not related to increased surgeon experience, but with inherent talent. (AU)

Clinical comparative study of urethral anastomoses and ureteroscopy urethral realignment in the treatment of urethral straddle injury and catheter placement failure / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effects and safety of urethral anastomoses and ureteroscopy urethral realignment in the treatment of urethral straddle injury and catheter placement failure. Methods Ninety patients with urethral straddle injury and catheter placement failure were chosen and divided into A group (45 patients, choosing urethral anastomoses) and B group (45 patients, choosing ureteroscopy urethral realignment). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital staying time and peri-operation complications in both groups were compared. Results The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital staying time in B group were significantly lower than those in A group: (26.15 ± 10.41) min vs. (71.93 ± 14.50) min, (22.37 ± 7.41) ml vs. (50.70 ± 13.25) ml, (3.22 ± 0.97) d vs. (5.19 ± 1.43) d, P<0.05. After 6 months′follow-up, the clinical indicators in peri-operation period of B group were significantly better than those in A group (P<0.05). The complications incidence in B group was significantly lower than that in A group: 2.22%(1/45) vs. 13.33%(6/45), P <0.05. Conclusions The technology of ureteroscopy urethral realignment in the treatment of urethral straddle injury and catheter placement failure can efficiently shorten the operation time, reduce the degree of trauma and accelerate the rehabilitation process, and it is helpful to reduce the risk of complications in peri-operation period.

Tasa de reingreso no programado en cirugía colorrectal electiva / Hospital readmission rates in complex colorrectal surgery

Background: Non programmed hospital readmission rates are a quality indicator of colorectal surgery. Aim: To analyze the causes of readmission of patients subjected to surgical procedures including intestinal anastomoses. Material and Methods: Analysis of a database of patients subjected to elective intestinal anastomoses in a period of 10 years. All non-programmed readmissions that occurred within 30 days after patient discharge were analyzed. Results: Overall non-programmed readmission rate was 7 percent and it was due to medical causes in 55 percent of patients. Nine percent of readmitted patients required a new surgical intervention. The figure among patients readmitted due to surgical causes, was 20 percent. Sixty one percent of patients were admitted at less than six days after discharge and 84 percent at less than 10 days. A non-programmed readmission duplicated the total hospitalization lapse and triplicated the rates of new surgical procedures. Conclusions: In this series of patients, the only predictor of a non-programmed readmission was the need for reoperation during the first admission.

Antecedentes: La readmisión no programada de un paciente operado es un evento frecuente en la práctica quirúrgica y se considera un indicador de calidad de la atención. El objetivo de este estudio es revisar las causas relevantes de reingreso en nuestro medio, establecer una tasa (TR) que permita una comparación prospectiva de los resultados y, eventualmente, identificar factores de riesgo modificables. Pacientes y Método: Se incluyen todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor electiva con una anastomosis intestinal en un período de 10 años. Se define como readmisión la re-hospitalización no planificada en el período de 30 días a contar del alta del paciente categorizada como causa médica o quirúrgica. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el test de regresión logística. Resultados: La TR en la serie fue 7 por ciento (56/791), el 55 por ciento son por causa médica. La tasa de re-operación global durante el reingreso fue 9 por ciento (5/56), cifra que se eleva al 20 por ciento (5/25) en el grupo con alguna causa quirúrgica de re-admisión. El 61 por ciento de los pacientes reingresan antes de los 6 días del egreso y el 84 por ciento antes de los diez días. Un reingreso no planificado duplica el tiempo total de hospitalización (9 vs 19 días; p = 0,001) y casi triplica la tasa de reoperación (p = 0,001). Conclusión: En nuestra serie el único factor de riesgo de un reingreso fue el antecedente de una reoperación durante la cirugía índice. La TR es un indicador complejo y los factores predictivos de una re-hospitalización son motivo de controversia.

Is combined therapy more effective than growth hormone or hyperbaric oxygen alone in the healing of left ischemic and non-ischemic colonic anastomoses?

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH), hyperbaric oxygen and combined therapy on normal and ischemic colonic anastomoses in rats. METHODS: Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n = 10). In the first four groups, non-ischemic colonic anastomosis was performed, whereas in the remaining four groups, ischemic colonic anastomosis was performed. In groups 5, 6, 7, and 8, colonic ischemia was established by ligating 2 cm of the mesocolon on either side of the anastomosis. The control groups (1 and 5) received no treatment. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was initiated immediately after surgery and continued for 4 days in groups 3 and 4. Groups 2 and 6 received recombinant human growth hormone, whereas groups 4 and 8 received GH and hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Relaparotomy was performed on postoperative day 4, and a perianastomotic colon segment 2 cm in length was excised for the detection of biochemical and mechanical parameters of anastomotic healing and histopathological evaluation. RESULTS: Combined treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and GH increased the mean bursting pressure values in all of the groups, and a statistically significant increase was noted in the ischemic groups compared to the controls (p<0.05). This improvement was more evident in the ischemic and normal groups treated with combined therapy. In addition, a histopathological evaluation of anastomotic neovascularization and collagen deposition showed significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment with recombinant human growth hormone and hyperbaric oxygen resulted in a favorable therapeutic effect on the healing of ischemic colonic anastomoses. .

CT Demonstration of the Extracardiac Anastomoses of the Coronary Veins in Superior Vena Cava or Left Brachiocephalic Vein Obstruction

CT scans in four cases of chronic superior vena cava or left brachiocephalic vein obstruction demonstrate a systemic-to-cardiac collateral venous pathway through anastomoses between the pericardial branches of systemic veins and the presumed adventitial veins of the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. These adventitial veins then drain into tributaries of the anterior cardiac veins or ventricular coronary veins.

Anastomosis terminal funcional con sutura mecánica en cirugía intestinal: resultados precoces de una serie prospectiva / Experience with mechanical anastomoses in bowel surgery

Background: The use of mechanical anastomoses reduce the length of gastrointestinal surgical procedures. Aim: To report the experience with mechanical functional terminal anastomoses in bowel surgery. Material and Methods: Prospective non randomized registry of all mechanical anastomoses carried out in a surgical service. Results: A total of 327 patients (193 women) were analyzed. Two hundred and one anastomoses were ileo-colonic and 126 were entero-enteral. Seventeen percent of patients experienced some complication. Fourteen required a new operation due to peritonitis or deep infection of the surgical site. The global rate of anastomotic dehiscence was 3.1 percent. No differences in the rate of complications between surgeons with experience and trainees were observed. Conclusions: Mechanical anastomoses in bowel surgery are safe and require a short learning period to be used.

Se presenta nuestra experiencia con la anastomosis terminal funcional con sutura mecánica en cirugía intestinal. La serie corresponde a 327 pacientes, un 59 por ciento de género femenino. Del total de anastomosis 201 fueron íleo colónicas y 126 entero enterales. El instrumento de sutura más utilizado fue de 75 u 80 mm de longitud y no se registran incidentes durante la confección de la anastomosis. La morbilidad específica se encuentra en el 17 por ciento de la serie, sin diferencias entre los dos tipos de anastomosis. Catorce paciente fueron reoperados por peritonitis o infección profunda del sitio quirúrgico La tasa global de dehiscencia anastomó-tica fue de un 3,1 por ciento ( 5 y 4 casos respectivamente) sin alcanzar significación estadística. Al comparar si la anastomosis fue realizada por un cirujano con experiencia o en formación, tampoco se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, por lo que nos parece una técnica segura y con una corta curva de aprendizaje.

Application of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in comparison of the two different artery remodling techniques for kidney transplantation / 中华超声影像学杂志

ObjectiveTo assess long-term effect of two different types of arterial reanastomoses for kidney transplantation [an end-to-side anastomoses (ESA) of renal artery to external iliac artery and an endto-end anastomoses (EEA) of renal artery to internal iliac artery] by comparing conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS) after five years of renal transplantation.MethodsSixty patients underwent kidney transplatation were included and divided into EEA group or ESA group based on the type of anastomoses. Data of renal blood flow perfusion,hemodynamic parameters,and renal anatomical structure were collected and analyzed in each groups using CEUS,color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) and B-mode ultrasound.ResultsThe patients of the two arterial reanastomoses had no significantly difference in B-mode ultrasound and CDFI. The ESA patients had a slightly better perfusion than the EEA ones in parameters of CEUS.Conclusions Transplant tissue perfusion imaging was performed by CEUS. The perfusion of ESA grafts was slightly better than that of EEA.

Relationship between the leptomeningeal collateral circulation and cerebral infarct volume in patients with M1 occlusion / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the extent of leptomeningeal anastomosis (LMA) and cerebral infarct volume and distribution detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in patients with M1-segment middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Methods: Fifty patients with acute cerebral infarction caused by the occlusion of the M1-segment MCA were included in the study. LMA was scored according to the DSA findings. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the results of their scores: a better collateral circulation group (1-2 points) (n =24) and a worse collateral circulation group (3-5 points) (n =26). Cerebral infarct volume was calculated by coniglobus formula. The differences of cerebral infarct volume of the patients in both groups were compared. The relationship between the infarct volume and LMA score was determined. At the same time, the differences of cerebral infarction in the distribution of MCA blood supply in all subareas in patients of both groups were compared. Results: Circled digit oneThe mean infarct volume was 21. 8±10. 9 cm3 in the better collateral circulation group and 100. 7±37. 4 cm3 in the worse collateral circulation group. There was significant difference between the two groups (t = 36. 78, P 0. 05). However, in the comparison of the proportion of patients with more than 3 risk factors, the better collateral circulation group (33. 3%, 8/24) was lower than the worse collateral circulation group (65. 4%, 17/26). The difference was statistically significant (P = 0. 024). Conclusion: When M1-segment MCA was occluded, the LMA score is inversely associated with the cerebral infarct volume. The LMA mainly compensates the anterior branch and middle branch of the MCA territory, while the compensation in the basal nuclear region is poor.

Quiste del colédoco: presentación de quince casos / Choledochal cyst: presentation of fifteen cases

El quiste del colédoco es una rara anomalia congénita que ocurre en los países occidentales con una frecuencia de 1 por cada 2 millones de nacidos vivos. De predominio en el sexo femenino en una relación 4:1. La colangiografia permite clasificarlos en cinco tipos anatómicos y de acuerdo a la unión pancreático biliar en seis tipos. Su etiología no está todavía bien definida. Entre las hipótesis que tratan de explicar su patología están la debilidad de la pared del conducto biliar, la obstrucción distal del colédoco y el reflujo de enzimas pancreáticas al conducto biliar principal. En este informe se presentan quince casos tratados con éxito en el servicio de cirugía ifantil del Hopsital Unversitario de Maracaibo entre 1988 y 2008, todos del tipo 1 en hembras, con un poco más de la mitad entre 1 y 5 años de edad. En 14 casos se practicó la extirpación total con anastomosis hepato-yeyunal en "Y" de Roux y extirpación parcial en uno. Todos sobrevivieron. Entre las complicaciones se citan una dehiscencia de la anastomosis y una eventración posoperatoria en el mismo paciente.

Choledochal cysts are a rare congenital anomaly in occidental countries with a frequences of 1 x 2 million of live births. Predominant in females with a relation 4:1. By colangiography they are classify in five types and according to the pancreatic bile union in six types. Aetiology is still unknown. Among the hypothesis to explain pathogeny we have weak bile un conduct wall, distal choledochal obstruction and pancreatic enzymes reflux into the principal bile duct. In his report we present 15 treated cases with success between 1988 and 2008 in the surgical service for children of the Maracaibo university hospital, all of them type I in female patients with a little more tham half between I and 5 years old. In 14 cases we practice total extirpation with hepato-yeyunal anastomosis in Roux "Y" and partial extirpation in one. All of them survive. As complications they were one anastomosis dehiscence and one postoperative eventration in the same patient.

Estomas intestinais (ileostomiase colostomias) e anastomoses intestinais / Intestinal stomas (Ileostomy and Colostomy) and intestinal anastomosis

Estomas intestinais consistem na exteriorização do íleo ou cólon para o meio externo através da paredeabdominal. Anastomoses intestinais são suturas entre dois segmentos do tubo digestivo para areconstituição do trânsito intestinal. Tipos, classificação, indicações, complicações e a técnica sãodiscutidos.

Intestinal stomas consist of ileum or colon exteriorization through the abdominal wall. Intestinal anastomosisare sutures between two segments of the digestive tract to replenish the intestinal tract. Types,classification, indications, complications, and techniques will be discussed.

Role of Saphenoperitoneal Shunt in Management of Refractory Ascites

Refractory ascites is difficult to treat by restriction of salt and repeated paracentesis which have been the mainstay of treating it for a long time. Sapheno-peritoneal shunts have been performed in patients with refractory ascites . Here, we evaluated the use of saphenous vein to be anastomosed to the peritoneam to drain the refractory ascites. Nine patients (7 male, median age 45 years, range 17 - 69) with tense refractory ascites associated with liver cirrhosis, perioprtal fibrosis and end stage renal diseases underwent sapheno-peritoneal anastomosis by mobilizing and rotating the proximal vein in order to be anastomosed to peritoneum in the lower abdomen . All procedures were performed under local anaesthesia. Thirty-day mortality was 22% (2) patient. Morbidity included fluid leakage in 1 (11%), and wound infection in 1 (11%). Hospital stay (median) was 16 days (range 11 to 23). In the short term (median of 2 months) significant reduction in body weight and abdominal girth was seen in 9 (90%), 6 (60%) were not on diuretics while 3 (30%) continued to remain on reduced doses of diuretic. Furthermore, 7 (70%) did not require paracentesis. At 2-year follow-up, 5 (45%) patients died and 3 succumbed during follow-up. The remaining 3 were all in active employment, 1 was off diuretics, and 2 were on reduced doses. All 3 patients maintained reduced body weights and abdominal girths compared with preoperative values. Saphenous-peritoneal shunt appears a simple, safe, and cost effective method of achieving long-term control of refractory ascites. The use of autogenous shunt is an added advantage over prosthetic shunts for drainage of ascitic fluid.

Gestación gemelar monocorial: Ecografía, Doppler y estudio de los vasos placentarios post parto y su correlación con la ocurrencia de complicaciones / Monochorionic twin gestations: Ultrasonography, Doppler and study of the placental vassels post parturition and his correlation with the occurrence of complications

Propósito: Evaluar la correlación entre la ocurrencia de Restricción al Crecimiento Intrauterino (RCIU), RCIU selectivo (RCIUs) y Síndrome de Transfusión Feto-Fetal (STFF) y las características de la placenta en la gestación doble monocorial (GDM). Estimar cuál es la importancia de los hallazgos ecográficos y Doppler. Material y métodos: Entre enero del 2005 y enero de 2008 fueron evaluados 8 GDM. La corionicidad fue determinada con ecografía en el 1º trimestre. Se realizaron seguimientos ecográficos evaluando cantidad de líquido amniótico, vejiga, peso fetal y Doppler de vasos fetales. Al nacimiento se tiñeron los vasos placentarios con colorantes no vitales y se evaluó la presencia y tipo de anastomosis, la distribución de los territorios y la calidad de inserción del cordón umbilical (CU) sea central (C), marginal (M) o velamentosa (V). Resultados: Seguimiento ecográfico: discrepancia de peso > 25% (RCIUs) (n=3); peso de ambos fetos ≤ percentil 3 (RCIU) (n=1); signo ecográfico de STFF (n=1); normales (n=3). Seguimiento con Doppler: Flujo Ausente/Reverso intermitente (FA/Ri) en arteria umbilical (AU) (n=4); signos de insuficiencia placentaria en AU (n=3); normales (n=2). Complicaciones perinatales evaluadas: STFF (n=1); RCIUs (n=2); RCIU (n=1); ninguna (n=4). Territorios placentarios: distribución igual (n=6); distribución desigual (n=2). Inserción del CU: ambos M (n=3); ambos C (n=2); una C y otra M(n=2); una M y otra V (n=1). Anastomosis vasculares: presencia de anastomosis arterio-arteriales (AAA) y anastomosis arterio-venosas (AAV) en ambas direcciones (n=6); presencia de AAA y AAV en una dirección (n=1); presencia de AAV en una dirección sin AAA(n=1). El STFF se relacionó con ausencia de AAA y presencia de AV en una dirección. Los signos de insuficiencia placentaria en AU se dieron en los casos de RCIU. Los 2 RCIUs presentaron desigual distribución del territorio placentario. Conclusión: Las anastomosis vasculares están presentes en todas las GDM. Las anomalías de inserción del CU son frecuentes en GDM. En la GDM el RCIUs se relaciona con distribución desigual del territorio placentario. La presencia de FA/Ri en la AU de un feto sugiere la presencia de AAA, las que impedirían un STFF.

Objective: To correlate between the appearence of Intrauterine Fetal Growth Restriction (IFGR), Selective Intrauterine Fetal Growth Restriction (SIFGR), Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) and macroscopic findings of placentas in Monochorionic Twin Gestations. To determine the importance of ultrasound and Doppler findings. Materials and methods: Between January 2005 and January 2008 we diagnosed 8 monochorionic twin pregnancies. Chorionicity was determined with first trimester ultrasound screening. Follow-up scans were done to assess amniotic fluid volume, bladders, fetal weight and fetal Doppler ultrasound. Alter delivery, we cannulated and dyed umbilical arteries and veins in order to characterise vascular anastomoses. We also evaluated distribution of the placenta plate, and type of cord insertion (central, marginal or velamentous). Results: Follow-up scans revealed: 3 cases with selective intrauterine fetal growth restriction (SIFGR); 1 case with intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IFGR); 1 case with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS); and 3 normal pregnancies. Follow-up Doppler scans revealed: 4 cases with intermittent absent/reversed end-diastolic umbilical artery flow; 3 cases with signs of placental insufficiency; and 2 normal cases. Perinatal outcome: 1 case of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS); 2 cases of selective intrauterine fetal growth restriction (SIFGR); 1 case of intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IFGR); 4 healthy cases. Visual inspection of placental plate: equal placental sharing (6 cases); unequal placental sharing (2 cases). Types of cord insertion: both fetuses with marginal cord insertion (3 cases); both fetuses with central insertion (2 cases); one fetus with central and the other one with marginal insertion (2 cases); one fetus with marginal insertion and the other one with velamentous insertion (1 case). Vascular anastomoses: 6 cases presented arterio-arterial ansatomoses (AAA) and arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in both directions; 1 case showed AAA and AVA in only one direction; another case showed AVA in one direction without AAA. The only case of TTTS was related to the presence of AVA in one direction and the absence of AAA. Signs of placental insufficiency were seen in the case of intrauterine fetal growth restriction (IFGR). Both cases of SIFGR showed unequal placental distribution. Conclusions: Vascular anastomoses are present in all cases of monochorionic twin gestations. anomalies in the cord insertion are frequent in this type of pregnancies. Selective intrauterine fetal growth restriction is related to unequal distribution of the placental plate. Intermittent absent/reversed end-diastolic umbilical artery flow in one of the fetuses suggests there are arterioarterial anastomoses, which are supposed to protect against twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.

Anastomoses colônicas após mucosectomia química, em ratos / Colonic anastomosis after chemical mucosectomy in rats

Objetivo: Avaliar, experimentalmente, os efeitos da mucosectomia química sobre a cicatrização de anastomosescolônicas. Metodologia: Estudou-se 17 ratos Wistar machos divididos nos seguintes grupos: A (n=12), anastomose colônica; B (n=13), anastomose colônica após mucosectomia. A mucosectomia foi realizada através da introdução de um bastão de nitrato de prata a 10%, durante um minuto, através das duas bocas a serem anastomosadas, e as anastomoses realizadas em plano únicototal, evertente, com fio polivicril 6-0 em pontos separados. Os animais foram estudados após 7 dias (6 do grupo A1 e 6 do grupo B1) e 14 dias (7 do grupo A2 e 6 do grupo B2) da cirurgia, e realizadas observações macroscópicas da presença de aderências, fístulas (saída de secreção através da anastomose ou teste da pressão de ruptura igual a zero), estenose (dilatação intestinal proximal à anastomose), abscessos peri-anastomóticos e peritonite. Foi também avaliada a pressão de ruptura das anastomoses e histologia das anastomoses. Os resultados qualitativos foram avaliados pelo teste do Qui-quadrado (com correção de Yates) e osquantitativos através do teste de Kruskall-Wallis, sendo considerados significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Nenhum dos animais estudados apresentou fístulas. A incidência de aderências peri- anastomóticas não foi diferente entre os grupos (A1=100%, B1=100%, p=N.S.; A2=75%, B2=50%, p=N.S.). Houve semi-obstrução da anastomose em 25% dos animais do grupo A1, 50% daqueles do grupo B1, 25% dos animais do grupo A2 e 50% dos animais do grupo B2, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos.A pressão de ruptura, em mmHg, foi de 27,0 ± 4,5 no grupo A1, 34,5 ± 2,0 no grupo B1, 28,9 ± 4,2 no grupo A2 e 24,0 ± 3,4 no grupo B2, com aumento significativo no grupo B1 quando comparados aos grupos A1 (p=0,03) e B2 (p=0,02)...

Objective: To evaluate, experimentally, the effects of chemical mucosectomy on colon healing in rats. Methods: We studied 17 male Wistar rats divided into following groups: A (n=12), colonic anastomosis; B (n=13), colonic anastomosis after use of 10% silver nitrate. The mucosectomy in group B was made by means introduction of 10% silver nitrate pencil into anastomotic surfaces during 1 minute in an extension of 0.5 cm. The anastomosis was made in single plane with evertent sutures of polyvicryl 6-0 in separated sutures. The animals were evaluated in the seventh postoperative day (A1, 6 of the group A and B1, 6 of the group B) and fourth postoperative day (A2, 7 of the group A and B2, 6 of the group B). The anastomosis was evaluated in macroscopic aspect (adherence, fistula, stenosis, perianastomotic abscesses, peritonitis), rupture pressure (mmHg) and histology (inflammatory infiltrate). The data were analysed by Chi-square test (qualitative data) and ANOVA (quantitative data), and considered significative values of p<0.05. Results: None animal presented fistula. The incidence of adherence was no different among the groups. (A1=100%, B1=100%, p= NS; A2=75%, B2=50%, p= NS). There were anastomosis partial obstruction in 25% of group A1, 50% inB1, 25% in A2 and 50% in B2, without significant differences among the groups. The rupture pressure was 27,0 ± 4,5 in A1 group, 34,5 ± 2,0 in B1 group, 28,9 ± 4,2 in A2 group and 24,0 ± 3,4 in group. There was an significant increase in pressure rupture in B1 group when compared with A1 group (p=0,03) and B2 group (p=0,02). Conclusion: The chemical mucosectomy with silver nitrate was not associated with increase in postoperative cicatricial complications in wound colon healing in rats. There was, however, an increase in anastomosis strength in early period of the cicatricial process, without influence in latter period.

Histopathological Effects of Ischemia - Reperfusion on Intestinal Anastomotic Wound Healing in Dogs / Efectos Histopatológicos de Reperfusión Isquemia en la Anastomosis Intestinal de Heridas Curadas en Perros

The histopathological effects of three levels of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) on healing of intestinal anastomotic wound were investigated in dogs. Three groups of dogs in which superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and collaterals were isolated but not occluded (A -control), isolated and occluded immediately distal to the aorta with collateral interruption using an atraumatic arterial clip for fifteen minutes (B) and for forty-five minutes (C) prior to ileal resection and anastomosis after return of normal perfusión in occluded groups was done. Within each group, animals were anaesthesized on third and seventh post-operative day. Grossly, impaired abdominal wound healing, intra-abdominal adhesions and partial and complete anastomotic dehiscence occurred in groups B and C commensurate with intensity of ischemic injury. Histologically, light cellular infiltration with loose granulation tissue was observed in the control group with moderate neovascularization and epithehalization by the seventh day. With mild IR, moderate cellular infiltration was observed four days post operation, but heamorrhage and oedema persisted with minimal mucosal regeneration at seven days post operation. With profound IR, sloughing of the mucosa with cellular infiltration at four days with absence of mucosal regeneration and persistence of inflammatory cellular infiltrates minimal neovascularization and dense granulation tissue. Neutrophilia in the immediate post operative period appears significant to impaired healing due to ischemia-reperfusion.

Se estudiaron, en perros, los efectos histopatológicos de tres niveles de reperfusión isquemia en la curación de anastomosis intestinal. Fueron utilizados tres grupos de perros, en los cuales las colaterales de la arteria mesentérica superior fueron aisladas, pero no ocluidas (A- control), aisladas y ocluidas inmediatamente distal a la aorta con interrupción colateral usando un clip arterial no traumático, por 15 minutos (B) y por cuarenta y cinco minutos (C), previo a la resección ileal y la anastomosis después de retornar a la perfusión normal en los grupos ocluidos. Dentro de cada grupo, los animales fueron anestesiados al tercer y séptimo días postcirugía. En la cicatrización del daño abdominal se observaron adhesiones y dehiscencias parcial y completa en los grupos B y C, correspondiéndose con la intensidad del daño causado por la isquemia. Histológicamente, se observó en el grupo control, baja infiltración celular con tejido de granulación laxo, con moderada neovasculanzación y epitelización, desde el séptimo día. Con una suave IR, también se observó moderada infiltración celular cuatro días postcirugía, pero la hemorragia y el edema persistieron con una mínima regeneración mucosa hasta los sietes días después de la operación. Con una profunda IR, la mucosa se desprendió con infiltración celular hasta los cuatro días con ausencia de regeneración mucosa y persistencia de infiltrado celular inflamatorio con mínima neovascularización y tejido denso de granulación. Se observó una significativa neutrofilia en el postoperatorio inmediato lo que perjudicó la cicatrización debido a la reperfusión-isquemia.

Determinação da variabilidade em isolados de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum por meio de marcadores morfológicos e culturais / Determination of variability in isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum based on morphological and cultural markers

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (teleomorfo Glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli) apresenta ampla variabilidade genética, demonstrada por suas características morfológicas. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se caracterizar, por meio de marcadores morfológicos, diferentes isolados de C. lindemuthianum e identificar marcadores morfológicos com uso potencial em análises genéticas. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres morfológicos e culturais: cor e textura das colônias, compatibilidade vegetativa e sexual, índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM), diâmetro colonial (DC), capacidade de esporulação (CE), dimensões e formas conidiais, dimensões dos ascósporos, formação de estruturas reprodutivas e formação de anastomoses entre hifas e conídios. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os isolados de C. lindemuthianum possuem ampla variabilidade genética para todas as características avaliadas e que a forma do conídio pode ser usada como marcador morfológico em análises genéticas.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (teleomorfo Glomerella cingulata f. sp. phaseoli) presents wide genetic variability, demonstrated by its morphological traits. The objective of this study was to characterize morphological markers in different isolates of C. lindemuthianum and, to identify useful morphological markers in genetic analyses. The following morphological and cultural traits were evaluated: color and texture of the colonies, vegetative and sexual compatibility, micelial growth index (MGI), colonial diameter (CD), esporulation capacity (EC), conidia dimensions and form, ascospores dimensions and formation of reproductive structures. The data showed wide genetic variability for all traits and that conidial form can be used as morphological marker in genetic analysis.