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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(5): 1421-1426, oct. 2023. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521019

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: A corpse is the body's final destination and, as a social construction, it challenges Western cultural taboos and practices around the corpse, having been shown in cinema. The present paper aims to analyze 17 films that portray Human Anatomy, identifying which themes specifically related to morphological sciences are addressed, namely: a) reactions to first contact with a cadaver, b) medical school and dissection classes, c) origin of cadavers, d) anatomy and suspense or horror movies, e) romance, drama and comedy, f) body snatchers/ resurrectionists, g) anatomical techniques, h) racism, prejudice and anatomy. This is a critical review of films in which, after thorough triple- blind analysis by the authors, it was observed that the encounter with the cadaver provides a series of emotions to the characters participating in the practical anatomy classes shown in the films, such as apprehension, fear, disgust, curiosity, etc. Generally, this surprising contact between the living and the dead is associated with the practice of dissection, which often results in the accentuation of emotions previously reported. From all this, it is concluded that the history of the teaching of Human Anatomy has been interestingly portrayed in cinema from different points of view.


Un cadáver es el destino final del cuerpo y, como construcción social, desafía los tabúes y prácticas culturales occidentales en torno al cadáver, habiendo sido mostrado en el cine. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar 17 películas que retratan la Anatomía Humana, identificando qué temas específicamente relacionados con las ciencias morfológicas se abordan, a saber: a) reacciones al primer contacto con un cadáver, b) clases de medicina y disección, c) origen de los cadáveres, d) anatomía y películas de suspenso o terror, e) romance, drama y comedia, f) ladrones de cuerpos/resurreccionistas, g) técnicas anatómicas, h) racismo, prejuicio y anatomía. Se trata de una revisión crítica de películas en las que, tras un minucioso análisis triple ciego por parte de los autores, se observa que el encuentro con el cadáver proporciona una serie de emociones a los personajes que participan en las clases prácticas de anatomía que se muestran en las películas, tales como aprensión, miedo, repugnancia, curiosidad, etc. Generalmente, este sorprendente contacto entre vivos y muertos se asocia con la práctica de la disección, lo que muchas veces resulta en la acentuación de las emociones anteriormente relatadas. De todo ello se concluye que la historia de la enseñanza de la Anatomía Humana ha sido interesantemente retratada en el cine desde diferentes puntos de vista.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cadaver , Anatomy/education , Motion Pictures , Attitude to Death
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(5): 1372-1381, oct. 2023. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1521039

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The learning of human gross anatomy (HGA) is essential for health professionals, as it is key to achieve diagnoses and carry out clinical procedures safely and effectively. It is essential to recognize the main ideas of human anatomy, such as anatomical position and planimetry, and terms of reference and comparison, to understand the general characteristics of the structures, systems, and functions of the human body. However, the academic performance of students in the course of HGA is low, so this study aimed to determine the relationship between sociodemographic data and their academic performance. For this purpose, students of the academic program of Medicine and Surgery enrolled in a HGA course were surveyed on 17 sociodemographic factors. The grades obtained by the students in the three exams taken in the course were recorded and correlated with the answers obtained in the questionnaire. In order to know the students' characteristics and behaviors in each of the variables, descriptive statistics were performed for each of them, the t- student test was used to compare the means of each group. In the event of behavior far from the normal distribution, the non-parametric tests of Mann-Whitney U and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used. It was found that factors like previous academic university experience, retaking the HGA course, students' health condition, working and studying at the same time and the students' mother's level of education influence in their academic performance.


El aprendizaje de la anatomía macroscópica humana (AMH) es fundamental para los profesionales de la salud, ya que es clave para lograr diagnósticos y realizar procedimientos clínicos de forma segura y eficaz. Es fundamental reconocer las ideas principales de la anatomía humana, como la posición anatómica y la planimetría, y los términos de referencia y comparación, para comprender las características generales de las estructuras, sistemas y funciones del cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del curso de AMH es bajo, por lo que este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre los datos sociodemográficos y su rendimiento académico. Para ello, se encuestó a estudiantes del programa académico de Medicina y Cirugía matriculados en un curso de AMH sobre 17 factores sociodemográficos. Se registraron las calificaciones obtenidas por los alumnos en los tres exámenes realizados en el curso y se correlacionaron con las respuestas obtenidas en el cuestionario. Para conocer las características y comportamientos de los estudiantes en cada una de las variables se realizó estadística descriptiva para cada una de ellas, se utilizó la prueba t-student para comparar las medias de cada grupo. En caso de comportamiento alejado de la distribución normal, se utilizaron las pruebas no paramétricas de Mann-Whitney U y Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Se encontró que factores como la experiencia académica universitaria previa, retomar el curso AMH, el estado de salud de los estudiantes, trabajar y estudiar al mismo tiempo y el nivel de educación de la madre de los estudiantes influyen en su rendimiento académico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Students, Medical , Academic Performance , Anatomy/education , Universities , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sociodemographic Factors
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 41(1): 96-103, feb. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430543

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: It has been demonstrated that the teaching and learning process of human anatomy is influenced by different external factors that can affect, in the short and long term, the academic and professional performance of medical students. In this sense, the present work aims to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and the academic performance of students belonging to the program of Medicine and Surgery of the Universidad del Valle, in Cali-Colombia, who were enrolled in the course of Human Gross Anatomy. Based on the organization of the course plan, the average grades obtained by the students in the different exams taken in the course were compared. Through a survey, sociodemographic data that have been reported as influential factors in academic performance were asked. The first stage of the analysis consisted of identifying the characteristics of the variables, then the correlation of the sociodemographic variables with the students' academic performance, and finally, a multiple linear regression model was implemented. Although the results did not show statistically significant correlations between the variables analyzed, a close relationship was observed with the sex and place of origin of the students, obtaining that women and students from other towns and cities presented lower academic performance compared to their peers. This highlights the importance of including activities to strengthen the learning process, as well as guiding support programs to maintain academic performance and reduce the inequality gap.


Se ha demostrado que en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la anatomía humana inciden diferentes factores externos que pueden afectar, a corto y largo plazo, el desempeño académico y profesional de los estudiantes de Medicina. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la relación existente entre los factores sociodemográficos y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes que pertenecen al programa de Medicina y Cirugía de la Universidad del Valle, en Cali-Colombia, matriculados en la asignatura de Anatomía Macroscópica Humana. A partir de la organización del plan del curso, se comparó el promedio de las notas obtenidas por los estudiantes en los diferentes exámenes realizados en la asignatura. A través de una encuesta, se preguntaron algunos datos sociodemográficos que han sido reportados como factores influyentes en el rendimiento académico. La primera etapa del análisis consistió en identificar las características de las variables, a continuación, la correlación de las variables sociodemográficas con el desempeño académico de los estudiantes y, finalmente, se implementó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Si bien los resultados no arrojaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables analizadas, sí se observó una estrecha relación con el sexo y el lugar de procedencia de los estudiantes, obteniendo que las mujeres y los estudiantes foráneos presentaron menor rendimiento académico en comparación con los demás compañeros. Esto resalta la importancia de incluir actividades que permitan fortalecer el proceso de aprendizaje, así como guiar programas de apoyo para mantener el rendimiento académico y disminuir la brecha de desigualdad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Students, Medical , Academic Performance , Anatomy/education , Universities , Surveys and Questionnaires , Colombia , Sociodemographic Factors
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 73(6): 1287-1293, Nov.-Dec. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1355687

ABSTRACT

The social and economic roles of goat farming in Northeastern Brazil, allied to the fact that the use of goat middle ear ossicles for research and human ear surgery training has not yet been proposed, justify the study of their applicability as an experimental model. The middle ears of 19 goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) from the bone collection of the Laboratory and Didactic Anatomy Museum of Domestic and Wild Animals of the Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF) were dissected. The malleus, incus, and stapes were evaluated regarding their macroscopic morphology and biometry (length, width, and height). Ossicle morphology was similar to sheep, human, and bovine morphology. The malleus was 1.3 times heavier and 2.2 times longer than the incus, and 9.0 times heavier and 3.7 times longer than the stapes. The size relationship was positive between the stapes and the malleus and negative between the stapes and the incus. It is concluded that the middle ear size and the anatomical similarities with human ossicles make goats a useful model for experimental scientific studies, reconstructive surgery practice of the ossicular chain, and human ear surgery training.(AU)


Tanto o papel social quanto o econômico da caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil, somados ao fato de que o uso de ossículos da orelha média de caprinos para estudos e treinamento cirúrgico otológico humano ainda não foi proposto, justificam o estudo de sua aplicabilidade como modelo experimental. Foram dissecadas as orelhas médias de 19 caprinos (Capra aegagrus hircus), provenientes do ossuário do Laboratório e Museu Didático de Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos e Silvestres - Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco. Martelos, bigornas e estribos tiveram a morfologia macroscópica e a biometria (comprimento, largura e altura) avaliadas. A morfologia dos ossículos assemelhou-se a de ovinos, humanos e bovinos. O martelo foi 1,3 vez mais pesado e 2,2 vezes mais comprido que a bigorna e 9,0 vezes mais pesado e 3,7 vezes mais comprido que o estribo. A relação de tamanho entre o estribo e o martelo foi positiva, e entre o estribo e a bigorna negativa. Conclui-se que o tamanho da orelha média e as semelhanças anatômicas com os ossículos humanos tornam os caprinos um modelo útil para estudos científicos experimentais, prática cirúrgica reconstrutiva da cadeia ossicular e treinamento cirúrgico otológico humano.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Stapes/anatomy & histology , Goats/anatomy & histology , Ear Ossicles/anatomy & histology , Incus/anatomy & histology , Malleus/anatomy & histology , Biometry , Models, Animal
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(1): 7-10, feb. 2021. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385286

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: There is a lack of visualization on gross anatomy planes for the non-orthogonal sections, such as subcostal and intercostal oblique scanning planes of ultrasound imaging. The aim of the present study was to visualize the anatomical image of corresponding plane for the oblique ultrasound scanning using a virtual dissection system. the oblique gross anatomy plane was constructed by appropriate segmentation using a virtual dissection table. A suitable cutting of the body plane was accomplished by turning on and off the organ systems, particularly the skeletal system, category, and structure. The right hepatic vein (RHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and left hepatic vein (LHV) for the right subcostal oblique plane appeared in the single slice plane. The location of the liver, gallbladder, and kidneys differently appeared in the oblique anatomical plane and body position. The results of this study suggest that using a virtual anatomy system contributes to improving the sonographer's ability to understand anatomy.


RESUMEN: Existe una falta de visualización en los planos de anatomía macroscópica para las secciones no ortogonales, tal como los planos de exploración oblicuos subcostales e intercostales en las imágenes de ultrasonido. El objetivo del presente estudio fue visualizar la imagen anatómica del plano correspondiente para la ecografía oblicua mediante un sistema de disección virtual. El plano de anatomía macroscópica oblicua se construyó mediante una adecuada segmentación utilizando una mesa de disección virtual. Se logró un corte correcto del plano corporal al encender y apagar los sistemas de órganos, particularmente el sistema esquelético, la categoría y la estructura. La vena hepática derecha, la vena hepática media y la vena hepática izquierda para el plano oblicuo subcostal derecho aparecieron en el plano de corte único. La ubicación del hígado, la vesícula biliar y los riñones aparecieron de manera diferente en el plano anatómico oblicuo y en la posición del cuerpo. Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el uso de un sistema de anatomía virtual ayuda a mejorar la capacidad del ecografista para comprender la anatomía humana.


Subject(s)
Humans , Computer-Assisted Instruction , Ultrasonography , Dissection/methods , Anatomy/methods , User-Computer Interface , Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted , Imaging, Three-Dimensional
6.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(1): 138-142, feb. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385305

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Urethral process, sigmoid flexure, urethra at the pelvic arch and neck of urinary bladder in goats are very much prone to form obstructive urolithiasis. The present study was carried out to establish baseline work on the normal measurement of the urethral passage and different segments of penis of uncastrated and castrated Black Bengal (BB) goat which will be supportive for obstructive urolithiasis management. Different segment of penis along with urethra of 25 uncastrated and 25 castrated male Black Bengal goats were collected from different slaughter house of Chattogram City Corporation. The length and diameter of male urethra and different segment of penis in uncastrated buck were significantly higher (p<.001) than castrated buck. The length of the pelvic urethra was 5.88 ± 0.111 cm and 4.58 ± 0.15 cm in uncastrated and castrated buck respectively. The length of the neck of urinary bladder; root, body, sigmoid flexure, glans penis and urethral process of the penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 0.688 ± 0.156 cm and 0.38 ± 0.048 cm, 5.02 ± 0.09 cm and 4.24±0.10 cm, 23.48 ± 0.37 cm and 22.74 ± 0.43 cm, 9.2 ± 0.107 cm and 8.18 ± 0.29 cm, 1.92 ± 0.032 cm and 1.44 ± 0.10 cm, 2.32 ± 0.029 cm and 1.78 ± 0.07 cm respectively. The diameter of the neck of urinary bladder, root, body, sigmoid flexure, glans penis and urethral process of the penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 1.94 ± 0.041 cm and 1.44 ± 0.05 cm, 3.7 ± 0.049 cm and 3.3 ± 0.144 cm, 2.63 ± 0.066 cm and 1.86 ± 0.08 cm, 2.77 ± 0.90 cm and 2.18 ± 0.07 cm , 1.81 ± 0.034 cm and 1.4 ± 0.06 cm, 0.66 ± 0.014 cm and 0.56 ± 0.05 cm respectively. Finally, total lengths of penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 30.42±0.459 cm and 28.42±0.553 cm respectively. The length and diameter of the neck of the urinary bladder, root, sigmoid flexure, urethral process of the penis are clinically more important for obstructive urolithiasis.


RESUMEN: El proceso uretral, el ángulo sigmoideo, la uretra en el arco pélvico y el cuello de la vejiga urinaria en las cabras son muy propensos a formar urolitiasis obstructiva. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer un trabajo de referencia sobre la medición normal del pasaje uretral y diferentes segmentos de pene de cabra de Bengala Negra (BB) no castrada y castrada, que serán de apoyo para el manejo de la urolitiasis obstructiva. Se recolectaron diferentes segmentos de pene junto con la uretra de 25 machos de cabras de Bengala negras sin castrar y 25 castrados de diferentes mataderos de Chattogram City Corporation. La longitud y el diámetro de la uretra y los diferentes segmentos del pene en el macho no castrado fueron significativamente más altos (p <0,001) que en el macho castrado. La longitud de la uretra pélvica fue de 5,88 ± 0,111 cm y 4,58 ± 0,15 cm en animales sin castrar y castrados, respectivamente. La longitud del cuello de la vejiga urinaria; raíz, cuerpo, flexión sigmoidea, glande del pene y proceso uretral del pene en el macho sin castrar y castrado fueron 0,688 ± 0,156 cm y 0,38 ± 0,048 cm, 5,02 ± 0,09 cm y 4,24 ± 0,10 cm, 23,48 ± 0,37 cm y 22,74 ± 0,43 cm , 9,2 ± 0,107 cm y 8,18 ± 0,29 cm, 1,92 ± 0,032 cm y 1,44 ± 0,10 cm, 2,32 ± 0,029 cm y 1,78 ± 0,07 cm, respectivamente. El diámetro del cuello de la vejiga urinaria, la raíz, el cuerpo, el ángulo sigmoide, el glande del pene y el proceso uretral del pene en el macho no castrado y castrado fueron 1,94 ± 0,041 cm y 1,44 ± 0,05 cm, 3,7 ± 0,049 cm y 3,3 ± 0,144 cm. 2,63 ± 0,066 cm y 1,86 ± 0,08 cm, 2,77 ± 0,90 cm y 2,18 ± 0,07 cm, 1,81 ± 0,034 cm y 1,4 ± 0,06 cm, 0,66 ± 0,014 cm y 0,56 ± 0,05 cm respectivamente. Finalmente, las longitudes totales de pene en machos castrados y no castrados fueron de 30,42 ± 0,459 cm y 28,42 ± 0,553 cm respectivamente. La longitud y el diámetro del cuello de la vejiga urinaria, la raíz, el ángulo sigmoideo y el proceso uretral del pene son clínicamente más importantes para la urolitiasis obstructiva.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Penis/anatomy & histology , Urethra/anatomy & histology , Goats/anatomy & histology , Urolithiasis
7.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(3): 221-226, mar. 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-782063

ABSTRACT

Sapajus apella é um primata do Novo Mundo de porte médio e com distribuição geográfica desde a América do Sul até a Argentina. São bons modelos para estudo e nos últimos anos vêm sendo amplamente utilizados para este fim. A destruição progressiva do habitat natural desses animais os tem levado a migrarem para outras regiões, tornando-os, assim, mais susceptíveis à caça predatória. A necessidade de preservação das espécies silvestres desperta interesse por um maior conhecimento anatômico e clínico para estes animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar e descrever os aspectos morfológicos, quanto a anatomia macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos do sistema urinário de fêmeas da espécie Sapajus apella visando estender o conhecimento anatômico para esta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas, oriundas do Centro Nacional de Primatas de Ananindeua/PA. istema urinário de S. apella apresenta características similares a outros primatas tanto humanos quanto não humanos e aos animais domésticos. Os rins apresentaram aspectos macroscópicos semelhantes aos rins de humanos, mas com a mesma classificação de outros primatas não humanos e alguns animais domésticos. A bexiga assemelhou-se aos animais domésticos e aos primatas de maneira geral, humano e não humano. O mesmo ocorreu quando analisamos estes órgãos histologicamente.


Sapajus apella is a primate of the New World of midsize and with geographical distribution from South America to Argentina. Good models for the study and in recent years have been widely used for this purpose. The progressive destruction of the natural habitat of these animals has led to migrate to other regions, thus making them more susceptible to hunting predator. The need for the preservation of wild species arouses interest by a greater anatomic and clinical knowledge of these animals. The present study was aimed to examine and describe the morphological aspects, as far as the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the organs of the urinary system of female Sapajus apella aiming to extend the anatomical knowledge for this species. Four females were used, from the National Center of Primates in Ananindeua - PA. The urinary system of S. apella has similar characteristics to other primates both human and non-human and domestic animals. The kidneys showed macroscopic aspects similar to the kidneys of humans, but with the same classification of other non-human primates and some domestic animals. The bladder was similar to domestic animals and primates in general, human and non-human. The same occurred when we analyze these components histologically.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cebus , Primates , Urinary Tract/anatomy & histology , Urinary Bladder/anatomy & histology , Kidney/anatomy & histology
8.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(1): 131-135, Mar. 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-708735

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted on the 24 healthy and normal embryos/foeti of non- descript goat (Capra hircus) varying from day old to 150 days of gestation. The embryo/foeti were assigned into three groups according to their gestational ages; Groups I (0-50 days), II (51-100 days) and III (101-till term). At 38 days of gestation the primordia of right and left adrenal gland were observed as a pea shaped spherical swelling located just cranial to the respective metanephros. Biometrical studies revealed the increase in the all parameters of the adrenal gland with the advancement of age. Adrenal glands were harvested first grossly at 50 days of gestation.


El presente estudio se realizó en 24 embriones / fetos de cabra (Capra hircus) sanos de un día hasta los 150 días de gestación. Los embriónes fueron separados en tres grupos de acuerdo a la edad gestacional: grupos I (0-50 días), II (51 a 100 días) y III (101-till plazo). A los 38 días de gestación se observó el primordio de las glándulas suprarrenales derecha e izquierda como una protuberancia de forma esférica, situada justo en la zona craneal en relación al metanefros. C on el avance de la edad, estudios biométricos revelan aumento de todos los parámetros de la glándula suprarrenal. Las glándulas suprarrenales fueron extraídas inicialmente a los 50 días de gestación.


Subject(s)
Goats/anatomy & histology , Adrenal Glands/anatomy & histology , Fetus
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(4): 1487-1489, dic. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-670168

ABSTRACT

The duplication of gonadal vessels is mainly found on the left side, with less numbers of bilateral cases. The objective of this work is describing a case of bilateral duplication of gonadal veins, where two veins were draining to inferior vena cava, being that the closest vein of kidney medial margin had a thickness of 2.68mm and was distant 64.41 mm of the organ. The second vessel had a thickness of 1.43mm and was distant 73.76mm. Two veins follow to left renal vein, being that the first vessel had a thickness of 2.7mm and was distant 21.8mm of the kidney medial margin; the other had a thickness of 1.64mm and was distant 35.13mm of the organ. The presence of variations on the local of drainage of gonadal vessels has clinical importance for comprehension of origin of varicocele cases, as well as the recurrence of them after surgical procedures.


La duplicación de las venas gonadales es más común en el lado izquierdo, con pocos casos bilaterales. El propósito de este reporte fue describir el caso de una duplicación bilateral de las venas gonadales, dos de las cuales desembocaban en la vena cava inferior. El vaso próximo del margen medial del riñon tenía un diámetro de 2,68mm y una longitud de 64,41 mm. La segunda vena tenía un diámetro de 1,43 mm y una longitud de 73,76 mm. Los dos vasos desembocaban en la vena renal izquierda. La primera vena tenía un diámetro de 2,7 mm y estaba a 21,8 mm del margen medial del riñon. La otra tenía un diámetro de 1,64 mm y se se localizaba a 35,13 mm del margen medial del riñon. La presencia de variaciones donde se produce el drenaje de los vasos gonadales tiene importancia clínica para la comprensión del origen del varicocele y la recurrencia del mismo, después de procedimientos quirúrgicos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Veins/anatomy & histology , Gonads/blood supply , Renal Veins/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Dissection , Anatomic Variation
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(2): 524-530, jun. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-651824

ABSTRACT

The persian squirrel (Sciurus anomalus) is the only member of the Sciuridae family found in the Middle East. It is herbivorous, feeding mostly on pine acorns and other seeds and fruits. It is a wild animal nesting in forest trees, although it is frequently found close to city gardens and parks. As Persian squirrels are also found in homes as "companion animals", veterinarian assistance may be sometimes required; this is a good reason to gain more specific knowledge of the anatomical features of this animal. Due to the scantiness of relevant literature, we carried out this study with the aim to provide further information on the topography and gross anatomy of its abdominal gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Seven animals of this species were utilized to measure the length, content weight and area surface of the relative segments of the abdominal GIT. The stomach is unilocular, lined with glandular epithelium; the small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The cecum is situated on the right side of the abdominal cavity and lacks the vermiform appendix observed in some rodents. The ascending colon is extensive, consisting of two loops and two straight parts forming a unique topographic arrangement, closely resembling the ascending colon of the horse. The transverse colon connects the ascending and the descending colon located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, and shows a distinct sigmoid flexure before entering the pelvic cavity. Overall, the in situ examination and the relative measurements of the various parts of the abdominal GIT suggest that the ascending colon is the main fermentation chamber in the Persian Squirrel.


La ardilla es el único miembro de la familia de los Sciuridae que se encuentra en el Medio Oriente. Es un herbívoro, come semillas, principalmente de pino, y fruta. Vive mayormente en el bosque en estado salvaje, aunque a veces se puede encontrar en las ciudades, en parques y jardines. Las ardillas persianas tambien se tienen en casas como mascotas y algunas veces es necesaria la atención del veterinario. Esta es una buena razón para conocer más profundamente sus características anatómicas. Teniendo en cuenta la escasa bibliografía existente a cerca de este animal, el objetivo de este estudio fue aportar nueva información sobre la anatomía topográfica y mascroscópica del tracto abdominal gastrointestinal (GIT) de la ardilla. Siete animales de esta especie han sido utilizados para medir el largo, el peso y el área de la superficie de los segmentos del GIT. El estómago es unilocular, alineado con epitelio glandular; el pequeño intestino está dividido en duodeno, jejuno e ileo. El ciego está localizado en la parte derecha de la cavidad abdominal y le falta el apéndice vermiforme que poseen los roedores. El colon ascendente es extenso, constituido de dos partes curvas y dos rectilíneas que forman una única dispoción topográfica cerrada como el colon ascendente en el caballo. El colon trasverso, que conecta el ascendente y el descendente, está localizado en el lado izquierdo de la cavidad abdominal y muestra una clara flexión sigmoide antes de entrar en la cavidad pélvica. En resumen, el examen in situ y las relativas medidas de las varias partes del GIT sugieren que el colon ascendente es la principal "cámara" de fermentación en la ardilla persiana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Abdomen/anatomy & histology , Sciuridae/anatomy & histology , Gastrointestinal Tract/anatomy & histology
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(1): 322-329, mar. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-638807

ABSTRACT

The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is both the largest extant ruminant and a strict browser. We dissect and describe the macroscopic anatomy of the mouth of the giraffe. The heads of two adult giraffes and one fetus were used in this study. The lips were well developed, the upper one was predominant and dorsally flattened near the nostrils. The tongue had a lift or lingual torus and rostrally to it a groove-shaped depression or fossa linguae. There was no adipose body of cheek (Corpus adiposum buccae). The hard palate in the giraffe had 18 Rugae palatinae. The final roughness reaches the caudal border of the premolar 3. Caudal ridges had no papillae. The parotid gland was small and consisted of two lobes, one rostral and one caudal to be separated dorsally to accommodate the parotid lymph node. The parotid duct followed the same way as in the cow, ended in front of the upper premolar tooth 2 in the parotid papilla, (not evident at mucosal surface). Mandibular gland was divided into two lobes, the rostral one placed in the intermandibular space and the caudal hidden by the parotid gland. Giraffes have the monostomatic and polistomatic sublingual glands. The monostomatic sublingual gland was located rostrally and joined to the monostomatic of the other side in the very narrow rostral intermandibular space. The polistomatic sublingual gland was caudally located and reached the level of the third molar and at a deeper level than the monostomatic. The studied giraffes had dorsal, ventral and intermediate bucal salivary glands. Leaving aside the differences caused by different dimensions, the mouth of the giraffe had in general a similar anatomical arrangement to the cow.


La jirafa (Giraffa camelopardalis) es a la vez el rumiante más grande que existe y un ramoneador estricto. Nosotros disecamos y describimos la anatomía macroscópica de la boca de la jirafa. En este estudio se utilizaron las cabezas de dos jirafas adultas y de un feto. Los labios estaban bien desarrollados, el superior era el predominante y estaba aplastado dorsalmente cerca de las narinas. La lengua tenía una protuberancia o Torus lingual y rostralmente a él una depresión en forma de surco o Fossa linguae. No había cuerpo adiposo de la mejilla (Corpus adiposum buccae). El paladar duro en la jirafa tenía 18 rugae palatinae. Las rugosidades finales alcanzaban el borde caudal del premolar 3. Las crestas caudales no tenían papilas. La glándula parótida era pequeña y consistía de dos lóbulos, uno rostral y otro caudal que se separaban dorsalmente para acomodar al nódulo linfático parotídeo. El conducto parotídeo seguía el mismo trayecto que en la vaca, terminando frente al segundo diente premolar superior en la papila parotídea (no evidente en la superficie de la mucosa). La glándula mandibular estaba dividida en dos lóbulos, el rostral se colocaba en el espacio intermandibular y el caudal estaba oculto por la glándula parótida. Las jirafas tenían glándulas sublinguales monostomática y polistomática. La glándula sublingual monostomática estaba localizada rostralmente y se unía a la monostomática del otro lado en el muy estrecho espacio intermandibular. La glándula sublingual polistomática estaba localizada caudalmente y alcanzaba el nivel del tercer molar en un plano más profundo que la monostomática. Las jirafas estudiadas tenían glándulas salivares bucales dorsales, ventrales e intermedias. Dejando de lado las diferencias causadas por las diferentes dimensiones, la boca de la jirafa tenía en general una disposición anatómica similar a la de la vaca.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mouth/anatomy & histology , Mouth/ultrastructure , Ruminants/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Comparative/methods , Anatomy, Veterinary/methods , Herbivory
12.
Rev. colomb. obstet. ginecol ; 61(3): 256-261, jul.-sept. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-563688

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: estudiar la cara posterior del disco sinfisiario púbico en cadáveres humanos adultos con el propósito de hallar posibles variantes anatómicas. Metodología: se disecó la región de la articulación interpúbica y se evaluaron las características anatómicas. Se estudiaron cincuenta y tres sínfisis púbicas (4 femeninas y 49 masculinas) mediante abordaje anatómico, incidiendo la pared abdominopélvica con el fin de despejar los elementos asociados al pubis. Resultados: el examen macroscópico de la sínfisis púbica mostró un aspecto uniforme y liso en su cara posterior, excepto en dos cadáveres de sexo masculino. Uno de ellos presentaba dos protuberancias nodulares contiguas de distinto tamaño y alineadas verticalmente sobre la cara posterior del disco sinfisiario, mientras que otro cadáver presentó un reborde, a manera de cresta, orientado también verticalmente sobre la cara posterior de dicho disco. Las dos protuberancias halladas presentaron comunicación directa con el interior del disco sinfisiario, a manera de ampulaciones, con líquido intraarticular derivado del esbozo de cavidad que posee el disco. Conclusión: las nodulaciones y el reborde descritos podrían corresponder a alteraciones patológicas articulares como diastasis púbicas, pero sin separación de los cuerpos del pubis.


Objective: studying the posterior side of the pubic symphysis (joint containing a fibrocartilaginous disc) in adult human corpses to find possible anatomical variations. Methodology: the posterior side of the symphyseal joint was dissected and its anatomical characteristics were evaluated. Fifty-three pubic symphyses (4 females and 49 males) were evaluated in an anatomic approach by making an incision in the abdominal-pelvic wall to reveal elements associated with the pubis. Results: macroscopic examination of the pubic symphysis revealed uniform, smooth posterior faces, except in two male cadavers. One of them had two, different sized, contiguous nodular protuberances which were vertically aligned on the posterior face of the symphysis disc whilst the other cadaver presented a border, in the form of a crest, also vertically orientated on the posterior face of such disc. Both protuberances so found had direct communication within the symphysis disc, like ampoules, with intra-articular liquid derived from the outlined disc’s cavity. Conclusion: the nodulations and border described above could have corresponded to articular pathological alterations, such as pubic symphysis diastasis, but without being separated from the body of the pubis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pubic Bone , Pubic Symphysis Diastasis
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(4): 981-984, dic. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-582038

ABSTRACT

El ñandú (Rhea americana) es un ave corredora autóctona de Sudamérica la cual hace ya algunos años ha despertado cierto interés productivo. Sin embargo, la morfología detallada a nivel de las aves domésticas aún se desconoce en muchos aspectos; entre ellos el peritoneo. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el peritoneo parietal, visceral y de conexión del ñandú acorde con los principios de la Nómina Anatómica Aviar. Se utilizaron 7 animales adultos; 5 machos y 2 hembras de entre 8 y 25 kg. de peso procedentes de un criadero comercial. Fueron eutanasiados por sobredosis de tiopental sódico. La cavidad peritoneal estaba dividida en una parte craneal (equivalente a 1/3) y una parte caudal al estómago (equivalente a 2/3 del total del abdomen). En la parte caudal se encontraba la totalidad del intestino y el páncreas, mientras que en la parte craneal se observó el hígado y la vesícula biliar. Un omento menor fijaba el estómago al hígado cranealmente hacia la derecha y un omento mayor pequeño con una bolsa omental cerrada lo fijaba caudalmente hacia la izquierda. La raíz del mesenterio fijaba al yeyuno, al íleon y a ambos ciegos entre sus hojas a través de amplios pliegues ileocecales. Desde la raíz del mesenterio un corto mesoduodeno sujetaba al duodeno descendente y ascendente hacia la derecha. El colon estaba sostenido por un amplio mesocolon desde distal a la desembocadura de los ciegos hasta su terminación en la cloaca. Se concluye que esta especie corredora presenta similitudes con las aves domésticas. Sin embargo, lo relativamente grueso y fuerte del peritoneo de conexión sumado a lo compartimentado de la cavidad peritoneal hacen suponer que se trata de una adaptación para la carrera al permitir una gran sujeción de las vísceras abdominales.


The rhea (Rhea americana) is a native ratite from South America which has woken up since a few years ago a big productive interest. However the detailed morphology of the rhea at the level at the domestic birds is still unknown in many aspects, on of them is the peritoneum. The aim of this work is to describe the parietal, visceral and connection peritoneum of the rhea according to the anatomical avian nomenclature. Seven specimens of adult rhea were used, five males and two females about 8 and 25 kg of weight. All of them proceeding from a commercial farm. The animals were slaughtered before their study. The peritoneum that cover the abdominal wall and the visceral and connection peritoneum that support the abdominal viscera were observed and described. The peritoneal cavity were divided into two parts, one was craneal to the ventriculum (1/3 parts from the total of the abdomen) and the other was caudal (2/3). Into the cranial part we founded the liver and the gallbladder while into the caudal part we founded the intestine and the pancreas. The stomach was fixed to the liver cranially to the right by a minor omentus and caudally to the left was fixed by a small major omentus with a close omental bag. The root of the mesentery was fixing the yeyuno, ileum and both caecums between its sheets towards wide ileocecalis creases. From the mesentery root a short mesoduodenum was holding the descending and ascending duodenum towards the right. The colon was supported by a wide mesocolon. We concluded that this ratite has similarities with the domestic birds. Nevertheless, the thickness and strong connection peritoneum and the compartmentalization of the peritoneal cavity make us suppose that it is an adaption to the race since it is a big subjection to the abdominal viscera.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Female , Peritoneum/anatomy & histology , Rheiformes/anatomy & histology , Digestive System/anatomy & histology
14.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 29(10): 788-792, out. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-537584

ABSTRACT

Buffalo is an important livestock resource, with a great participation in agricultural systems, providing milk, meat, and work power. Umbilical cord is responsible for maternal-fetal nutrients exchange during pregnancy, and its alterations can compromise the fetal development. We investigated ten pregnant uteruses collected from cross-bread buffaloes in different stages of gestation. Pregnancy and fetal age was determined by measuring the apex sacral length and development period was calculated by previously published formula. Umbilical cords were measured for length determination. Umbilical cord vascular net and anastomosis were observed by injection of Neoprene latex. Histological sections of the umbilical cord were studied after stain with HE, picrossirius, toluidine blue, orceine, and PAS reaction. Buffaloes' umbilical cord was formed by two central arteries, an allantois duct and two peripheral veins. The artery wall was composed by large quantity of collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts and large number of vasa vasorum. The allantois duct was located between the arteries and presented a great number of small nourishing vessels. Small nourishing vessels should be carefully considered to avoid to be mistaken to the arterials and veins vasa vasorum. Medium length of umbilical cord from buffalos was 11.8cm (minimum of 6.8cm and maximum of 17.4cm).


Búfalo é uma importante fonte de recurso nos rebanhos animais, apresentando uma grande participação na agropecuária, provendo leite, carne e força de trabalho. O Cordão umbilical é responsável pela troca de nutrientes materno-fetais durante a gestação, e suas alterações podem comprometer o desenvolvimento fetal. Nós investigamos dez úteros gravídicos de búfalos de raças cruzadas em fases diferentes de gestação. O período de gestação e a idade fetal foram determinados pelo comprimento ápice sacral, aplicando fórmulas previamente estabelecidas. Posteriormente mediu-se o comprimento do cordão umbilical. A rede vascular do cordão umbilical e anastomoses foram observadas por injeção ou látex de neoprene. O cordão umbilical foi estudado a partir de cortes histológicos, corados por HE, picrossirius, azul de Toluidina, orceína e reação histoquímica de PAS. O cordão umbilical de búfalos é formado por duas artérias centrais, ducto alantóide e duas veias periféricas e apresentam forma de ampulheta. A parede da artéria umbilical é composta por grande quantidade de fibras colágenas e elásticas, fibroblastos e um grande número de vasa vasorum. O ducto alantóide fica alocado entre as artérias e apresenta um grande número de pequenos vasos nutritivos. Os vasos nutritivos devem ser cuidadosamente identificados para evitar-se confundi-los com vasa vasorum. O comprimento médio do cabo de cordão umbilical dos búfalos era 11.8cm (mínimo de 6.8cm e máximo de 17.4cm).


Subject(s)
Animals , Pregnancy , Buffaloes/embryology , Umbilical Cord/anatomy & histology , Umbilical Cord/cytology , Umbilical Cord/blood supply , Anatomy, Comparative , Placental Circulation
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