Favorable Safety Experience of Local Dental Anesthesia in ICD Recipients with Cardiac Channelopathies

Abstract Background Dental anesthetic management in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recipients with cardiac channelopathies (CCh) can be challenging due to the potential risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies during procedural time. Objectives The present study assessed the hypothesis that the use of local dental anesthesia with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine or without a vasoconstrictor can be safe in selected ICD and CCh patients, not resulting in life-threatening events (LTE). Methods Restorative dental treatment under local dental anesthesia was made in two sessions, with a wash-out period of 7 days (cross-over trial), conducting with a 28h - Holter monitoring, and 12-lead electrocardiography, digital sphygmomanometry, and anxiety scale assessments in 3 time periods. Statistical analysis carried out the paired Student's t test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all cases, a significance level of 5% was adopted. All patients were in stable condition with no recent events before dental care. Results Twenty-four consecutive procedures were performed in 12 patients (9 women, 3 men) with CCh and ICD: 7 (58.3%) had long QT syndrome (LQTS), 4 (33.3%) Brugada syndrome (BrS), and 1 (8.3%) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). Holter analysis showed no increased heart rate (HR) or sustained arrhythmias. Blood pressure (BP), electrocardiographic changes and anxiety measurement showed no statistically significant differences. No LTE occurred during dental treatment, regardless of the type of anesthesia. Conclusion Lidocaine administration, with or without epinephrine, can be safely used in selected CCh-ICD patients without LTE. These preliminary findings need to be confirmed in a larger population with ICD and CCh.

Lingual supplementation may not be required after articaine buccal infiltration anesthesia for lower molar extraction: a clinical comparative study / La suplementación lingual opcional después de la anestesia por infiltración bucal con articaína para la extracción de molares inferiores: un estudio clínico comparativo

Purpose: To investigate the anesthetic effectiveness of buccal infiltration (BI) versus buccal plus lingual infiltration (BI+LI) of 4% articaine for intra-alveolar extraction of erupted mandibular molar teeth. Material and Methods: Eighty patients were included in this prospective clinical study. They were randomly divided into 1 of 2 equal groups: the 1st group received BI of 4% articaine 1.8 ml and LI of 0.5 ml, while the 2nd group received 4% articaine 1.8 ml BI plus 0.5 ml LI of normal saline. Another 1.8 ml articaine BI was given if initial anesthesia was inadequate. Outcome variables included pain, which was rated by patients at 3 intervals using visual analogue scale, and lingual anesthesia and patients' satisfaction which were measured using 5-score verbal rating scale. Data analyses used were descriptive statistics, t test, χ2 test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. P-value value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were 46 females and 34 males and the mean age was 35.3 years. All outcome variables were comparable between the two study groups (p˃0.05). Anesthesia was successful in 78% and 88% of cases in the (BI) and (BI+LI) groups respectively with no significant difference (p=0.2392). The mean articaine volume used was 2.5 ml and 2.87 ml respectively without significant difference (p=0.090). Conclusion: The anesthetic efficacy of (BI) alone and (BI+LI) of 4% articaine was comparable. When given in an adequate dose, articaine (BI) alone could be justified as an anesthetic option for the intra-alveolar extraction of mandibular molar teeth.

Objetivo: Investigar la efectividad anestésica de la infiltración bucal (BI) versus la infiltración bucal más lingual (BI+LI) de articaína al 4% para la extracción intraalveolar de molares mandibulares erupcionados. Material y Métodos: Ochenta pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio clínico prospectivo. Se dividieron aleatoriamente en 1 de 2 grupos iguales: el primer grupo recibió BI de articaína al 4% 1,8 ml y LI de 0,5 ml, mientras que el segundo grupo recibió articaína al 4% 1,8 ml BI más 0,5 ml LI de solución salina normal. Se administró otro BI de articaína de 1,8 ml si la anestesia inicial era inadecuada. Las variables de resultado incluyeron el dolor, que los pacientes calificaron en 3 intervalos mediante una escala analógica visual, y la anestesia lingual y la satisfacción de los pacientes, que se midieron mediante una escala de calificación verbal de 5 puntos. Los análisis de datos utilizados fueron estadística descriptiva, prueba t, prueba χ2 y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Se consideró significativo el valor del valor de pinferior a 0,05. Resultados: Hubo 46 mujeres y 34 hombres y la edad media fue de 35,3 años. Todas las variables de resultado fueron comparables entre los dos grupos de estudio (p=0,05). La anestesia fue exitosa en el 78% y 88% de los casos en los grupos (BI) y (BI+LI) respectivamente sin diferencia significativa (p=0,2392). El volumen medio de articaína utilizado fue de 2,5 ml y 2,87 ml respectivamente sin diferencia significativa (p=0,090). Conclusión: La eficacia anestésica de (BI) solo y (BI+LI) de articaína al 4% fue comparable. Cuando se administra en una dosis adecuada, la articaína (BI) sola podría estar justificada para la extracción intraalveolar de molares mandibulares.

A comparative analysis between atraumatic and conventional anesthetic techniques in surgical removal of upper third molars / Análise comparativa entre a técnica anestésica atraumática e convencional em cirurgia para remopao dos terceiros molares superiores

ABSTRACT Pain control is essential in dental practice, and can be accomplished through various techniques. This study seeks to compare atraumatic and conventional anesthetic techniques, applied during surgeries to remove upper third molars. The endpoints evaluated were pain indices, patient satisfaction and anesthetic efficacy. A random parallel split-mouth clinical trial was conducted with 14 patients. Group A received atraumatic anesthesia without a needle (Comfort-in®) and group B received conventional anesthesia by blocking the posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) and Greater Palatine Nerve (GPN). A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain. A significantly (p<0.001) lower perception ofpain was observed among individuals who received the atraumatic technique. In 71% of cases, it was necessary to supplement the anesthesia during the procedure. Even considering the need for additional anesthesia, the Comfort-in® technique was more accepted by patients with regard to pain perception than the conventional manual technique.

RESUMO O controle da dor é fundamental na prática odontológica, po-dendo ser feito a partir de várias técnicas. Este estudo visa comparar as técnicas anestésicas atraumática e convencional, aplicadas durante cirurgias para remover terceiros molares superiores. Os pontos avaliados foram índice de dor, satisfaqao do paciente e eficácia anestésica. Um ensaio clínico randomi-zado, paralelo, boca dividida, foi conduzido com 14 participantes. O grupo A recebeu anestesia atraumática sem agulha (Comfort-in®) e o grupo B anestesia convencional por meio de bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior (NASP) e nervo palatino maior (NPM). Uma Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) foi utilizada para avaliar a dor. Uma significativa (p<0,001) menor percepção de dor entre os individuos que receberam a técnica atraumática foi observada. Em 71% dos casos, fez-se necessària a complementação da anestesia durante a realiza-ção do procedimento. Mesmo considerando a necessidade de anestesia adicional, a técnica empregando o sistema Comfort-in® teve maior aceitação dos pacientes quando comparado à técnica manual convencional, no que se refere a percepção de dor, ainda que considerando a necessidade de complementação da anestesia.

Can dental anesthesia lead to death? Crime investigation report / Anestesia odontológica pode levar à morte? Relato de investigação criminal

Emergency situations that may lead to the death of an individual, even when there is no cause directly related to the treatment, occur with certain frequency in dental offices. The purpose of this study was to report a case that involved an inquiry and police investigation related to the death of a female patient after the injection of two ampoules of 2% lidocaine anesthetic for dental treatment. The patient died despite assistance given by the professional and by SAMU (Urgent Mobile Medical Service). The legal authorities inquired into the possibility that the amount of anesthetic may have caused the patient's death. However, it was proven that the amount of anesthesia was adequate, and the recommendation of the Public Prosecutor's Office was for closure of the case because of lack of evidence justifying occurrence of the crime

Situações de emergência que podem levar à morte de um indivíduo, mesmo quando não há causa diretamente relacionada ao tratamento, ocorrem com certa frequência nos consultórios odontológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso que envolveu uma investigação e um inquérito policial relacionada à morte de uma paciente do sexo feminino após a injeção de duas ampolas do anestésico lidocaína a 2% para a realização de tratamento odontológico. A paciente faleceu apesar da assistência prestada pelo profissional e pelo SAMU (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência). As autoridades investigaram a possibilidade de que a quantidade de anestésico poderia ter causado a morte do paciente. No entanto, foi comprovado que a quantidade de anestesia era adequada e a recomendação do Ministério Público foi de encerramento do caso devido à falta de evidências que justificassem a ocorrência do crime

Predicting intraoperative pain in emergency endodontic patients: clinical study

Abstract This prospective observational study sought to investigate the incidence of intraoperative pain (IOP) among emergency endodontic patients and to construct an IOP prediction model that includes preoperative pain level (PPL). All patients who underwent emergency endodontic treatment at Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, during the spring term of 2016 were considered for inclusion in the study. Demographic and clinical variables and PPL were recorded. Local anesthesia was provided to all patients before beginning routine endodontic treatment. IOP was defined as the condition of requiring supplementary anesthesia before the working length was established and exhibiting persistent moderate or severe pain despite supplementary anesthesia. Data from 85% and 15% of 435 patients (178 men, 257 women; mean age: 35 years) were used to develop predictive models by multiple logistic regression analysis and to test external validity of the models, respectively. Two multiple logistic regression models achieved good model fits. Model 1 included age, pulpal diagnosis, and arc (p < 0.05). In addition to these variables, Model 2 included periapical diagnosis and PPL (p < 0.15). Models 1 and 2 showed accuracies of 0.76 and 0.75, sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.77, and specificities of 0.76 and 0.74, respectively for the modeling data (internal validity), and accuracies of 0.82 and 0.80, sensitivities of 0.83 and 0.67, and specificities of 0.81 and 0.81, respectively for the control data (external validity). The IOP incidence was 10.3%. IOP in patients undergoing emergency endodontic treatment can be successfully predicted by using models that account for demographic and clinical variables, including PPL.

Factores de riesgo para la falla anestésica en la mandíbula / Risk factors for anesthesia failure in the mandible

La anestesia local es un procedimiento común en el trabajo diario del odontólogo, sin em-bargo, existen múltiples factores que afectan la efectividad de este procedimiento. La correcta identifica-ción sobre las causas de la falla es primordial en el momento de tomar las medidas necesarias para lograr el éxito anestésico. La mayoría de los problemas en la anestesia de la mandíbula se deben al limitado acceso y las variantes anatómicas tales como: Nervio Dentario Inferior Bífido, Foramen Retromolar, Agujero Men-toniano Accesorio, Inervaciones Accesorias e Inervaciones Cruzadas. Por otro lado, la inflamación aumenta la absorción del anestésico, disminuyendo su concentración en el sitio de acción. Se debe considerar que las diversas técnicas disponibles para la anestesia mandibular no garantizan un 100% de efectividad, además cada una de ellas presenta indicaciones y complicaciones particulares. Fenómenos psicológicos como la ansiedad y el miedo al dentista también puede incrementar la percepción del dolor. El clínico debe manejar todos los aspectos que afectan negativamente los procedimientos anestésicos en odontología

Local anesthesia is a common procedure in the daily dental practice, however, there are multiple factors affecting the effectiveness of this procedure. Correct identification of the causes of the failure is essential at the time of taking the necessary measures to achieve the anesthetic success. Most problems in the anesthesia of the mandible are due to limited access and anatomical variants, such as: bifid Inferior Alveolar Nerve, Retromolar Foramen, Accessory Mental Foramen, Accessory innervations and Cross Innervations. Moreover, inflammation increases the absorption of anesthetic, reducing its concentration at the site of action. The several techniques available for mandibular anesthesia does not guarantee 100% effectiveness, plus each individual techniques presents indications and complications. Psychological phenomena such as anxiety and fear to the dentist can also increase the perception of pain. The clinician should all aspects involved but also the psychological variables that negatively affect dental patient care in anesthetic procedures

Radiographic and computed tomography monitoring of a fractured needle fragment in the mandibular branch

Some complications can arise with the usage of local anesthesia for dental procedures, including the fracture of needles in the patient. This is a rare incident, usually caused by the patient's sudden movements during anesthetic block. Its complications are not common, but can include pain, trismus, inflammation in the region, difficulty in swallowing, and migration of the object, which is the least common but has the ability to cause more serious damage to the patient. This report describes a case in which, after the fracture of the anesthetic needle used during alveolar nerve block for exodontia of the left mandibular third molar, the fragment moved significantly in the first 2 months, before stabilizing after the third month of radiographic monitoring.

Perception of discomfort during injection and the need for supplemental anesthesia in the intraosseous technique using 4 per cent articaine / Percepción de incomodidad durante la inyección y necesidad de anestesia suplementaria en anestesia intraósea usando articaína al 4

The authors conducted an experimental study to determine patient perception of discomfort during injection and the need for supplemental anesthesia using the intraosseous technique with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients with symptomatic pulpitis in mandibular molars. At different clinical sessions, researchers used 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to apply intraosseous injection (Group 1) or inferior alveolar nerve block (Group 2). Each technique was applied in 35 patients. In each group, the need for additional anesthesia was determined and patient discomfort during injection was assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) test. In the intraosseous group, no supplemental technique was needed in 22 patients (62.85 %), and results were similar for the inferior alveolar technique (n: 23 65.71%). The intraosseous technique proved to be more comfortable than the mandibular technique (18 patients - 25.7%). This study found that the use of intraosseous technique with 4% articaine shows promising results regarding patient comfort and reducing the need for additional anesthesia.

Los autores condujeron un estudio experimental para deter minar la eficacia de la técnica anestésica intraósea usando articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000, en pacientes con pulpitis aguda en molares mandibulares. En diferentes sesiones clínicas, los miembros del equipo de investigadores usaron articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000 para inducir anestesia mandibular con la técnica intraósea (Grupo 1) o con el bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior (Grupo 2), se aplicó cada técnica en 35 pacientes con diagnóstico de pulpitis aguda en molares inferiores. En cada grupo, se determinó la necesidad de hacer anestesia complementaria y la comodidad del paciente con un test Escala Visual Analoga. Un total de 70 pacientes fueron enrolados en este estudio (35 sujetos por grupo). En el grupo de intraósea no fue necesaria la aplicación de técnicas complementarias en 22 pacientes (31.4%), resultados similares en la técnica alveolar inferior (n: 23 32.8%). La técnica intraósea demostró ser más cómoda al compararla con técnica mandibular (18 pacientes 25.7%). Este estudio demostró que el uso de la técnica intraósea conarticaína al 4%, arrojó resultados prometedores en lo que a comodidad y reducción en la anestesia complementaria hace referencia.

Caracterização de amostras de pacientes submetidos à anestesia local em odontologia com análise das relações clínicas e medicamentosas existentes / Characterization of samples from patients undergoing local anesthesia in dentistry with analysis of existing clinical and drug relations

A avaliação pré-operatória de pacientes que irão se submeter a tratamento odontológico, do ponto de vista sistêmico, deve ser completa, detalhada e exige conhecimento acurado do cirurgião-dentista em reconhecer as manifestações de diferentes patologias e suas exteriorizações. A anamnese bem conduzida propiciará o reconhecimento de fatores de risco que levarão o profissional a adaptar a sua conduta terapêutica. Neste estudo, são apresentados os resultados da avaliação do estado clínico do paciente que foi submetido à anestesia local em Odontologia. Informações essenciais para a racionalização das decisões terapêuticas e na prevenção de situações de emergências médicas em tratamentos odontológicos. Demonstram que uma parcela importante da população chega à consulta odontológica em condições médicas que exigem adequação do profissional na conduta do tratamento dentário. Pacientes hipertensos ou com problemas cardiovasculares foram os que mais predominaram em relação a outros sistemas e foram, também, a parcela da população que mais se utilizava de fármacos.

Pre-treatment and carefully medical story in dental treatment must be complete and detailed. It is essencial to the dental surgeon to recognize the manifestations of different pathologies and their signals and symptoms. A well-conducted case history will provide the recognition of the risk factors that will lead the professionals to adapt their therapeutic approach and take the correct treatment decisions. This study presents the results of the clinical status of patient submetted to a local dentistry's anesthesia. It is an essential information to prevent situations of medical emergencies in dental practice and the dental surgeon should have the basic knowledge of medical emergencies. Our results show that a significant part of the population goes to dental appointment with no ideal medical conditions and requiring adjustment of the professional's conduct in dental treatment. Hypertensive patients or cardiovascular were the most common systemic disorders.

Éxito anestésico de 1, 8ml de Lidocaína 2 por ciento en exodoncia de dientes mandibulares: estudio piloto / Anesthetic success of 1, 8ml lidocaine 2 percent for mandibular tooth extraction: a pilot study

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto anestésico de un cartucho de 1,8ml de anestesia lidocaína al 2 por ciento con epinefrina 1:100.000 en la técnica troncular al nervio alveolar inferior (NAI) para la exodoncia de dientes mandibulares. Material y método: Estudio piloto de carácter analítico. Participaron pacientes voluntarios del servicio Urgencia Dental de Valdivia-Chile con indicación de exodoncia en dientes mandibulares entre Mayo y Julio del año 2010. La técnica anestésica fue realizada por un solo dentista usando sólo un cartucho de anestesia al NAI. Luego de 15 minutos, se evaluó el efecto considerándose efectiva cuando no fue necesario el refuerzo anestésico durante la exodoncia de los dientes. Se analizó la relación entre el éxito anestésico con el sexo, edad, tipo y diagnóstico del diente y el nivel de dolor observado (chicuadrado y regresión logística; p< 0,05). Resultados: 62 pacientes fueron seleccionados, de los cuales solo en 47 (75,8 por ciento) se logró el éxito anestésico. No hubo asociación estadística con el sexo, edad, tipo ni diagnóstico dental y dolor percibido. Conclusión: El uso de un cartucho de 1,8ml de anestesia resultó efectiva en tres de cada cuatro pacientes atendidos por exodoncia de dientes mandibulares. Se sugiere nuevas investigaciones clínicas en relación a la efectividad de otros anestésicos con la misma dosis en el bloqueo del NAI.

Aim: To determine the anesthetic effect of a 1.8 ml cartridge of anesthetic lidocaine 2 percent with epinephrine1:100,000 in inferior alveolar nerve block (NAI) for the extraction in mandibular teeth. Material and methods: A pilot study with analitic design. Participating patients of Dental Emergency Service volunteers from Valdivia-Chile for mandibular teeth extractions attending between May and July of 2010. The anesthetic technique was performed by a dentist using only one cartridge of anesthetic to the NAI. After 15 minutes, the effect was considered effective when anesthetic not require reinforcement with additional anesthesia during extraction of teeth. We analyzed the relationship between success anesthetic effect with sex, age, diagnosis of tooth and type and level of pain observed (chi-square and logistic regression, p <0,05). Results: 62 patients were selected, of which only 47 (75,8 percent) was achieved anesthetic success. There was no statistical association with sex, age, type or dental diagnosis and perceived pain. Conclusion: Using a 1,8 ml cartridge of anesthesia was effective in three of four patients treated by extraction of mandibular teeth. It suggests further research in relation to the clinical effectiveness of other anesthetics with the same dose in NAI.

Anesthetic technique for inferior alveolar nerve block: a new approach

BACKGROUND: Effective pain control in Dentistry may be achieved by local anesthetic techniques. The success of the anesthetic technique in mandibular structures depends on the proximity of the needle tip to the mandibular foramen at the moment of anesthetic injection into the pterygomandibular region. Two techniques are available to reach the inferior alveolar nerve where it enters the mandibular canal, namely indirect and direct; these techniques differ in the number of movements required. Data demonstrate that the indirect technique is considered ineffective in 15 percent of cases and the direct technique in 13-29 percent of cases. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe an alternative technique for inferior alveolar nerve block using several anatomical points for reference, simplifying the procedure and enabling greater success and a more rapid learning curve. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 193 mandibles (146 with permanent dentition and 47 with primary dentition) from dry skulls were used to establish a relationship between the teeth and the mandibular foramen. By using two wires, the first passing through the mesiobuccal groove and middle point of the mesial slope of the distolingual cusp of the primary second molar or permanent first molar (right side), and the second following the oclusal plane (left side), a line can be achieved whose projection coincides with the left mandibular foramen. RESULTS: The obtained data showed correlation in 82.88 percent of cases using the permanent first molar, and in 93.62 percent of cases using the primary second molar. CONCLUSION: This method is potentially effective for inferior alveolar nerve block, especially in Pediatric Dentistry.

Utilização do sistema de anestesia computadorizada The Wand® em odontopediatria / Use of the computed anesthetic system The Wand® in pediatric dentistry

Introdução: O comportamento positivo do paciente infantil depende, entre outras variáveis, do controle da dor com a anestesia local. Objetivo: Neste contexto realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre a utilização da anestesia computadorizada em odontopediatria. Este sistema anestésico tem como principal objetivo reduzir o desconforto causado pela anestesia, por meio do controle de dois fatores que influenciam no sucesso da anestesia local: a pressão e o volume do l¡quido anestésico. Conclusão: A maioria dos trabalhos revisados demonstrou que o sistema computadorizado The Wand© é superior a anestesia tradicional, quando as técnicas modificadas são utilizadas.

Introduction: The positive behavior of the pediatric patient depends, among other variables, on pain control with local anesthetics.Purpose: In this context, a review of literature was performed regarding the use of computed anesthesia in Pediatric Dentistry.This anesthetic system has as its main goal minimizing the discomfort caused by conventional anesthesia, by controlling two factors that influence the success of local anesthesia: the pressure and volume of the anesthetic liquid. Conclusions: Most retrieved studies demonstrated that the computed anesthetic system The Wand© has a better performance than conventional anesthesia, when the modified techniques are used.

Clinical evaluation of oral midazolam sedation for dental treatment in children / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To assess the safety,effectiveness and acceptability of oral midazolam sedation for dental treatment in children.Methods: Twenty-three health children aged 4 to 14(ASA Ⅰ),who were classified as 4 or 5 by modified Venham's clinic anxiety and cooperative behavior rating scale,referred for dental treatment were included in the study.Each child was treated under sedation with oral midazolam(0.15-0.70 mg/kg),and totally 45 sedations were conducted.At each visit,heart rate,arterial oxygen saturation,respiration rate,sedation and behavioral scores were recorded.The level of acceptance and satisfaction of the patients and their guardians were recorded after the treatment.Results: Among the 23 children,19 were boys and 4 were girls with mean age of 6.2 years old.In all the 45 treatments,the heart rate,respiratory rate and arterial oxygen saturation levels were within acceptable clinical limits.Forty planned treatments were completed satisfactorily.Oral sedation was ineffective in 3 children,and they were treated under general anesthesia.Only 2 guardians refused to have oral midazolam sedation again.Six of seven children who had regular dental check-up could be treated under normal condition.Conclusion: Oral midazolam(0.15-0.70 mg/kg) could be a safe and acceptable approach of sedation for pediatric dental patients.

Laboratorio virtual en anestesiología

El desarrollo de la informática ha permitido la creación de laboratorios automatizados (virtuales) que apoyan el aprendizaje y la investigación de técnicos y profesionales en el campo de las ciencias médicas, como parte del proceso educativo-docente que se desarrolla en nuestras instituciones de salud. Se propone, como parte de la educación a distancia, la utilización de técnicas de digitalización y procesamiento de imágenes con herramientas confeccionadas por nuestro grupo de trabajo. Se desarrolló un trabajo sobre anestesiología aplicada a la especialidad de cirugía oral y maxilofacial que contribuye al conocimiento y aprendizaje de alumnos, técnicos y profesionales a través de un software que permite clasificar imágenes captadas y procesadas en diferentes equipos (scanner, cámara digital, etc.). En las imágenes clasificadas se describen aspectos de utilidad para el entrenamiento del personal en formación en las diferentes técnicas de anestesia locorregional. La utilización de este medio de enseñanza en soporte electrónico ofrece la posibilidad de actualizar, adecuar, describir, procesar, representar y modificar, gráficos, textos e imágenes de forma rápida y ahorrando cuantiosos recursos.

The development of the computer science has led to the creation of automated (virtual) labs that support the learning process and research work of technicians and professionals in the medical field as part of the teaching-educational process that is being developed in our health institutions. As part of the distance learning, we propose he use of image digitalization and processing techniques with tools designed by our working group. A research work on anesthesiology applied to oral and maxillofacial surgery was developed, which contributes to increase knowledge and encourage learning in students, technicians and professionals by means of a software enabling to classify images that have been taken and processed by different scanner equipment, digital camera, etc. Classified images describe helpful aspects for training personnel in the various locoregional anesthesia techniques. This teaching aid in electronic support provides the possibility of updating, adapting, describing, processing. Representing and changing graphs, texts and images in a quicker way, thus saving a lot of resource.

Anesthetic Management for a Patient with Total Body Cerebral Palsy: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Some of cerebral palsy patients are accompanied by mental retardation, convulsion, scoliosis and thoracic deformity. We experienced general anesthesia of a 22-year-old male with cerebral palsy accompanied by high degree mental retardation and scoliosis for dental caries therapy. We performed anesthetic management of this patient without any occurrence of anesthesia-related complications, though we had some difficulties in anesthetic induction and postural maintenance during the process. We recognized that considerable attention is needed for the patients with cerebral palsy to avoid undesirable anesthetic complications, especially ventilatory failure and neurologic sequelae.