Preditores de Mortalidade Hospitalar nos Pacientes Tratados por Angioplastia Primária: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle Multicêntrico / Predictors of Hospital Mortality Based on Primary Angioplasty Treatment: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Resumo Fundamento A estratificação do risco de morte dos pacientes no contexto da angioplastia primária (ATC) é fundamental. Objetivo Identificar os fatores relacionados ao desfecho morte em pacientes submetidos a ATC. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle, utilizando como fonte de dados um registro brasileiro. A associação entre cada variável e o desfecho óbito foi avaliada via modelo de regressão logística binária. Consideramos significativo p<0,05. Resultados Foram analisados 26.990 registros, sendo 18.834 (69,8%) do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 61 (17) anos. Na análise multivariada, as principais variáveis relacionadas ao desfecho óbito com seus respectivos odds ratio e intervalos de confiança (IC) com nível de significância de 95% foram a idade avançada 70 - 79 anos (2,46; 1,64 - 3,79) e ≥ 80 anos (3,68; 2,38 - 5,81), p<0,001, classificação de Killip II (2,71; 1,92 - 3,83), Killip III (8,14; 5,67 - 11,64), Killip IV (19,83; 14,85 - 26,69), p<0,001, disfunção global acentuada do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (3,63; 2,39 - 5,68), p<0,001 e ocorrência de infarto após a intervenção (5,01; 2,57- 9,46), p<0,001. O principal fator protetor foi o fluxo TIMI III pós-intervenção (0,18; 0,13 - 0,24), p<0,001, seguido do TIMI II (0,59; 0,41 - 0,86), p=0,005, sexo masculino (0,79; 0,64 - 0,98), p= 0,032, dislipidemia (0,69; 0,59 - 0,85), p<0,001 e número de lesões tratadas (0,86; 0,9 - 0,94), p<0,001. Conclusão Os preditores de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a ATC foram: classificação de Killip, reinfarto, idade, disfunção global acentuada do VE, sexo feminino e fluxo TIMI 0/I pós-intervenção.

Abstract Background Identification of high-risk patients undergoing primary angioplasty (PCI) is essential. Objective Identify factors related to the causes of death in PCI patients. Methods This work consisted of a multicenter case-control study using a Brazilian registry of cardiovascular interventions as the data source. The association between each variable and death was assessed using a binary logistic regression model, p <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 26,990 records were analyzed, of which 18,834 (69.8%) were male patients, with a median age of 61 (±17) years. In the multivariate analysis, the main variables related to the causes of death with their respective odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals (CI) were advanced age, 70-79 years (2.46; 1.64-3.79) and ≥ 80 years (3.69; 2.38-5.81), p<0.001; the classification of Killip II (2.71; 1.92-3.83), Killip III (8.14; 5.67-11.64), and Killip IV (19.83; 14.85-26.69), p<0.001; accentuated global dysfunction (3.63; 2,39-5.68), p<0.001; and the occurrence of infarction after intervention (5.01; 2.57-9.46), p<0.001. The main protective factor was the post-intervention thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) III flow (0.18; 0.13-0.24), p<0.001, followed by TIMI II (0.59; 0.41 -0.86), p=0.005, and male (0.79; 0.64-0.98), p = 0.032; dyslipidemia (0.69; 0.59-0.85), p<0.001; and number of lesions treated (0.86; 0.9-0.94), p<0.001. Conclusion The predictors of mortality in patients undergoing PCI were Killip's classification, reinfarction, advanced age, severe left ventricular dysfunction, female gender, and post-intervention TIMI 0 / I flow.

Encuesta latinoamericana sobre el grado de variación de la actividad asistencial en los Servicios de Cardiología Intervencionista por la pandemia COVID-19. Subanálisis de la situación de Uruguay / Latin American survey on the degree of variation in healthcare activity in Interventional Cardiology Services due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Sub-analysis of the situation in Uruguay / Pesquisa latino-americana sobre o grau de variação da atividade de saúde nos Serviços de Cardiologia Intervencionista devido à pandemia do COVID-19. Subanálise da situação no Uruguai

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19 se ha comprobado una reducción de la actividad cardiológica intervencionista. El objetivo de esta encuesta fue cuantificar esta disminución y el impacto en el manejo del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMceST) en Uruguay. Método: se realizó una encuesta telemática a los centros de hemodinamia de Uruguay, contextualizada en una encuesta latinoamericana. Se registraron los cateterismos diagnósticos, las intervenciones coronarias y estructurales, así como la percepción de la asistencia del IAMceST y sobre la afección por el virus SARS-CoV-2 del personal de cardiología intervencionista. Se compararon dos periodos del año 2020: 24 de febrero al 8 de marzo (pre COVID-19) y 23 de marzo al 5 de abril (COVID-19). Resultados: respondieron todos los centros del país (n=8). Hubo una clara disminución en el número de procedimientos diagnósticos (36,1%), angioplastias coronarias (20,3%), intervenciones estructurales (88,9%) y angioplastias en IAMceST (37,3%). Se observó una disminución del diagnóstico y según la percepción de los encuestados, una mayor demora en reperfundir al IAMceST. Un centro reportó infección por SARS-CoV-2 en su personal. Si bien hubo una disminución de la actividad en todos los centros, el comportamiento fue homogéneo. Conclusiones: se observó una reducción importante de la actividad asistencial cardiológica intervencionista durante el inicio de la epidemia COVID-19 y una gran disminución en el número de pacientes tratados con IAMceST.

Summary: Introduction and objectives: because of the COVID-19 pandemic, a reduction in activity has been verified in interventional cardiology. The objective of this survey was to quantify this decrease and the impact on the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Uruguay. Methods: a telematic survey was carried out in Uruguay, in the context of a Latin American countries survey. Diagnostic catheterizations, coronary and structural interventions were recorded, as well as the perception of STEMI attendance and SARS-CoV-2 involvement of the health care staff. Two periods of 2020 were compared: 1st from February 24th to March 8th (pre COVID-19) and the 2nd from March 23rd to April 5th (COVID-19). Results: response was obtained from all centers (n=8) of the country. There was a significant decrease in the number of diagnostic procedures (36.1%), coronary interventions (20.3%), structural therapy (88.9%) and PCI in STEMI (37.3%). Less use of thrombolysis was indicated and a perception of respondents of longer delay to reperfusion. One center reported SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although there was a varied decrease in activity between the different centers, the behavior was homogeneous. Conclusions: a significant reduction in healthcare activity was observed during the COVID-19 epidemic and a great decrease in the number of patients treated with STEMI.

Resumo: Introdução e objetivos: como conseqüência da pandemia do COVID-19, uma redução na atividade foi observada na cardiologia intervencionista. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi quantificar essa diminuição e o impacto no manejo do infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST no Uruguai. Métodos: uma pesquisa telemática foi realizada em centros hemodinâmicos do Uruguai, no contexto de uma pesquisa latino-americana. Foram registrados cateterismos diagnósticos, intervenções coronárias e estruturais, bem como a percepção de assistência para infarto agudo do miocárdio e sobre a condição COVID-19 da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista. Foram comparados dois períodos do ano 2020: 24 de fevereiro a 8 de março (pré COVID-19) e 23 de março a 5 de abril (COVID-19). Resultados: todos os centros (n = 8) do país responderam. Houve uma diminuição significativa no número de procedimentos diagnósticos (36,1%), angioplastias coronárias (20,3%), intervenções estruturais (88,9%) e angioplastia no IAMEST (37,3%). Foi observada uma diminuição no diagnóstico e uma percepção dos entrevistados de um maior atraso na reperfusão do IAMceST. Um centro relatou infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Embora tenha havido uma diminuição variada da atividade entre os diferentes centros, o comportamento foi homogêneo. Conclusões: observou-se uma redução significativa da atividade assistencial durante a epidemia COVID-19 e uma grande diminuição no número de pacientes tratados com IAMEST.

A intervenção precoce do paciente com síndrome coronariana aguda e sua implicação na redução da morbimortalidade cardiovascular / The early intervention of acute coronary disease and its implication in the reduction of cardiovascular morbimortality

Introdução. O infarto agudo do miocárdio apresenta significativas taxas de morbimortalidade. A reperfusão precoce por angioplastia primária é a intervenção que reduz a mortalidade e as complicações, e deve ser iniciada em até 12 horas, a fim de impedir a perda muscular irreversível. O tempo entre chegada do paciente ao hospital e a abertura da artéria acometida, tempo porta-balão, determina a morbimortalidade do paciente. Objetivo. Esse estudo busca analisar o potencial benefício do tratamento da reperfusão coronariana precoce, os fatores de risco, as possíveis complicações e o Killip em pacientes que sofreram infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionando-os a sua morbimortalidade. Materiais e métodos. Estudo observacional transversal realizado por meio de coleta de dados dos prontuários dos pacientes submetidos a angioplastia primária de um hospital privado. Resultados. A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a variável mais prevalente (75%), e que houve predomínio no sexo masculino (71%) e associação com a progressão da idade. 61% dos pacientes apresentaram um tempo porta balão menor que 90 minutos. Houve significância estatística entre o tempo porta balão e a evolução do Killip, evidenciando um tempo porta-balão maior que 90 minutos na maioria dos pacientes que obtiveram aumento da pontuação do Killip. Conclusão. A precocidade da intervenção no paciente com IAM impacta na morbimortalidade, visto que o tempo porta balão está diretamente associado a evolução da do Killip. Logo, deve-se identificar os fatores que interferem no atendimento, a fim de proporcionar uma intervenção otimizada. (AU)

Introduction. Acute myocardial infarction has significant rates of morbidity and mortality. Early reperfusion by primary angioplasty is the intervention that reduces mortality and complications, and should be started within 12 hours in order to prevent irreversible muscle loss. The time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and the opening of the affected artery, door-to-balloon time, determines the patient's morbidity and mortality. Objective. The proposition of this study is to analyze the potential benefits of early coronary reperfusion, associated with the risk factors, possible complications, and the Killip score in patients whit acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the relation of those factors with the morbidity and mortality. Materials and methods. This is a transversal observational study and uses data collected of medical records of patients subjected to primary angioplasty in a private hospital. Results. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent one (75%), it was more common in males (71%) and associated with a higher age. In 61% of the patients port-balloon time was less than 90 minutes. There was statistical significance between port-balloon time and Killip score evaluation, that showed a higher score in patient with a port-balloon time that exceeded 90 minutes. Conclusion. Early intervention in patients with AMI impacts morbimortality, once that the port-balloon time is directly associated with the Killip score results. Therefore, all factors that can lead to a delay in their care of those patients should be identified with the objective of optimize the intervention. (AU)

Pharmacoinvasive strategy versus primary angioplasty in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction / Estrategia farmacoinvasiva versus angioplastia primaria en pacientes con infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del segmento ST

Abstract: Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the treatment of choice for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The delays associated with PPCI reduce the benefits of this therapy. To minimize these delays, the pharmacoinvasive strategy (PS) was developed, consisting of applying thrombolytic therapy followed by coronary angioplasty 2 to 24 hours after. Objective: To compare the safety and efficiency of PPCI vs PS in STEMI. Methods: We included patients with STEMI who had emergency PCI. The primary endpoint was combined major adverse cardiac events (MACE), death, reinfarction, stroke, target vessel revascularization (TVR) during hospitalization. The secondary endpoints were the individual components of MACE, and major bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium: BARC ≥ 3). Results: A total of 400 patients, 263 (65.8%) for PPCI group, 114 (28.5%) for PS group and 23 (5.75%) for diagnostic group. The PS group, 79 (69.3%) were then categorized as systematic angioplasty having had a successful thrombolysis, and 35 (30.7%) were rescue angioplasty because they had a failed thrombolysis. There were no differences in MACE: 13 (9.5%) patients in PS and 27 (10.3%) patients in the PPCI (p = 0.806), there were no differences in the individual components of MACE. The rate of major bleeding was the same, 5 (3.6%) and 4 (1.5%) respectively (p = 0.173). The multivariate analysis did not show a relationship between MACE and the reperfusion strategy. Conclusions: The pharmacoinvasive strategy when compared to PPCI has a similar rate of primary and secondary endpoints. There is no increase in major bleeding therefore, it is an important strategy that offers a reperfusion therapy for patients with STEMI in a non-PCI capable hospital.(AU)

Resumen: Antecedentes: La intervención coronaria percutánea primaria (ICPP) es el tratamiento de elección en infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMCEST). El retraso relacionado con ICPP disminuye el beneficio. Buscando una reperfusión oportuna se implementa la estrategia farmacoinvasiva (EFI), que consiste en realizar trombólisis seguido de ICP entre 2 a 24 horas después. Objetivo: Comparar la seguridad y eficacia en pacientes sometidos a ICPP contra EFI en IAMCEST. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con IAMCEST sometidos a ICP emergente. El punto final primario son eventos cardiacos adversos mayores (ECAM), muerte, reinfarto, evento vascular cerebral y revascularización del vaso tratado, durante la hospitalización. Los puntos finales secundarios son la presencia de los componentes individuales del ECAM, y el sangrado mayor (BARC ≥ 3). Resultados: Se estudiaron 400 pacientes, 263 (65.8%) de ICPP, 114 (28.5%) a EFI y 23 (5.75%) angiografía diagnóstica. Del grupo EFI, 79 (69.3%) fueron angioplastia sistemática por trombólisis exitosa y 35 (30.7%) por angioplastia de rescate por trombólisis fallida. No se observó diferencia en la frecuencia de ECAM: EFI 13 (9.5%) contra ICPP 27 (10.3%) respectivamente (p = 0.806), tampoco hubo diferencia en los componentes individuales. No se observó diferencia en sangrado mayor, 5 (3.6%) vs 4 (1.5%), (p = 0.173). El análisis multivariado no relacionó la estrategia de reperfusión con los ECAM. Conclusiones: La EFI comparada con ICPP demuestra una tasa similar de ECAM, así como de sus componentes individuales. No se asocia con aumento de hemorragia mayor, concluyendo que ofrece el beneficio de una reperfusión oportuna sin aumento del riesgo en los hospitales que no tienen la capacidad para realizar ICPP.(AU)

Utilidad de la angiografía intracoronaria con microcatéter para evitar fenómeno de no reflujo en la angioplastia primaria / Utility of the intracoronary angiography with microcatheter to avoid no reflow phenomenon in primary angioplasty

Resumen Introducción La oclusión coronaria aguda, asociada a alta tasa de morbimortalidad en el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST), representa un desafío para el intervencionista cuando desconoce el importe de carga de trombo y las características distales a la oclusión (obstrucción microvascular (OMV), estenosis distal) que complican la angioplastia primaria (ACTP) y el fenómeno de no reflujo (FNR), el cual tiene una incidencia reportada de 20 a 40%. Objetivos Evaluar la eficacia de la angiografía distal con microcatéter al orientar una estrategia terapéutica individualizada con la finalidad de prevenir el FNR en oclusión coronaria aguda por IAMCEST en ACTP. Material y métodos Se incluyeron 70 pacientes con IAMCEST. Se realizó angiografía con microcatéter distal a la obstrucción y se eligió la estrategia terapéutica en la angioplastia de conformidad con hallazgos: estenosis, carga de trombo y OMV. Posteriormente se evaluó la incidencia de FNR al finalizar la ACTP. Resultados Reporte de 70 pacientes, la mayoría hombres (80%), clase Killip-Kimball I (95%), con afección de la arteria coronaria derecha en 57% de ellos y de la descendente anterior en 37%. Trombo distal presente en 47% de los pacientes estudiados, se observó en 21% de los casos que la longitud de obstrucción fue mayor de 30 mm, disección de las arterias también en 21%, OMV presente en 41% y 25% con estenosis distal. Estrategias terapéuticas utilizadas: se aplicó stent con fármaco en 81% de los pacientes, balón largo en 93% y trombolítico en 30%. Se observó una incidencia del FNR de 18.6%. Conclusiones En IAMCEST la técnica propuesta disminuye el FNR en comparación con lo reportado. La obstrucción > 30 mm es factor independiente de FNR, por lo que en estos casos recomendamos el uso de esta técnica y balón largo.

Abstract Introduction The acute coronary occlusion associated with a high valuation of morbimortalidad in the acute infarction of the myocardium with elevation of the ST segment (STEMI), represents a challenge for the interventionist, due the unknown amount of thrombus load and its characteristics beyond the occlusion (microvascular obstruction (MVO), distal stenosis), which leads to complicate the primary angioplasty (PTCA) and to the no reflow phenomenon (NFP), which has an overall incidence reported from 20 to 40%. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of the distal coronary angiography with microcatheter, that leads to an individualized therapeutic strategy, with the purpose of prevent the NFP in the accute coronary occlusion in STEMI treated with PTCA. Material and methods 70 patients were included with STEMI. We performed coronary angiography with microcatheter distal to the obstruction, and the therapeutic strategy was chosen in accordance with findings: stenosis, thrombus amount or MVO. After the PTCA were performed, we evaluated the NFP incidence. Results Report of 70 patients, the majority men (80%), class Killip Kimbal I (95 %), with disease of the right coronary artery in 57%, and anterior descending coronary artery in 37%. Distal thrombus was present in 47% of the studied patients. An obstruction length of more than 30 mm was observed in 21% of the cases, also we observed dissection of the arteries in a 21%, MVO was presented in 41%, and distal stenosis in 25%. Used therapeutic strategies: It was applied medicated stent in 81% of the patients, long balloon in 93%, and thrombolytic therapy in 30%. We observed a NFP incidence of 18.6 %. Conclusions The diagnostic and therapeutic approach for STEMI that this study recommends, diminishes the NFP in comparison with reported. An obstruction > 30 mm is an independent factor for NFP, therefore in these cases we recommend use the described diagnostic approach and long balloon.

Beneficio de la implementación de un sistema de atención en red sobre las mujeres con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST / Benefit of the implementation of a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction network on women

Objetivo: El sistema de atención en red por infarto con elevación del segmento ST «Codi Infart¼ se implementó en Cataluña (España) en junio de 2009. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el beneficio de la instauración del Codi Infart para las mujeres atendidas en nuestra institución. Método: Las mujeres referidas para angioplastia primaria se dividieron en 2 grupos de acuerdo con el Codi Infart: grupo no-Codi Infart (enero de 2003 a mayo de 2009) y grupo Codi Infart (junio de 2009 a diciembre de 2012); y se compararon lugar de procedencia, periodos, tratamientos recibidos y tasa de eventos cardiovasculares mayores definida como muerte por todas las causas, reinfarto o accidente cerebrovascular durante el ingreso, a 30 y 180 días. Resultados: De una población total de 2,426 pacientes, 501 (20.7%) eran mujeres. De ellas, 186 mujeres (2,09 casos/mes) pertenecían al grupo no-Codi Infart y 315 mujeres (10,16 casos/mes) al grupo Codi Infart. El porcentaje de mujeres atendidas aumentó desde la introducción del Codi Infart(22.2% vs. 18.5%, p = 0.028). Además, inicialmente el grupo Codi Infart presentó mayor porcentaje de mujeres atendidas fuera de nuestra institución (84.1% vs. 16.7%, p < 0.001), y menores tiempos totales de isquemia (220 [155-380] vs. 272 [196-456], p = 0.003), pero no se detectaron diferencias en eventos cardiovasculares mayores a 180 días (14.2% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.692). Conclusiones: La instauración del Codi Infart permitió aumentar de manera notable la tasa y el porcentaje de mujeres con infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST tratadas mediante angioplastia primaria y reducir los tiempos totales de isquemia.

Objective: The ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction network "Codi Infart" was implemented in Catalonia (Spain) in June 2009. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the Codi Infart on women. Method: Women referred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention, were divided into two groups according to Codi Infart: Non-Codi Infart group (January 2003 to May 2009) and Codi Infart group (June 2009 to December 2012). Place of first medical contact, time intervals in diagnosis and treatment, treatments received and rate of major cardiovascular adverse events defined as all-cause death, reinfarction or stroke in-hospital, at 30 and 180 days were compared. Results: From a total population of 2,426 patients, 501 (20.7%) were women. One-hundred eighty-six women (2.09 cases/month) belonged to Non-Codi Infart group and 315 women (10.16 cases/month) to Codi Infart group. The percentage of women attended increased since the introduction of CI (22.2% vs. 18.5%, P = .028). In addition, the Codi Infart group had a higher percentage of women initially attended outside our institution (84.1% vs. 16.7%, P < .001), and lower total ischemia time (220 [155-380] vs. 272 [196-456], P = .003). However, no differences in 180-day major cardiovascular adverse events were detected (14.2% vs. 15.6%, P = .692). Conclusions: The implementation of the major cardiovascular adverse events allowed to increase the rate and the percentage of women with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention and reducing total ischemic time.

Angioplastia primaria en el infarto agudo de miocardio: predictores de eventos en el seguimiento a largo plazo / Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Long-Term Predictors of Adverse Events

Introducción: El infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) es una de las principales causas de muerte cardiovascular. Los tratamientos de reperfusión, aplicados dentro de las primeras horas del evento, han contribuido a disminuir significativamente esa mortalidad. No existen en nuestro país registros con seguimiento a largo plazo de pacientes con IAM tratados con angioplastia transluminal coronaria primaria (ATCP). Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados intrahospitalarios y el pronóstico alejado de pacientes sometidos a ATCP por IAM con supra-desnivel del segmento ST (IAMCST) y su relación con las principales variables clínicas y terapéuticas aplicadas en diferentes décadas (1993-2002 vs. 2003-2012). Material y métodos: Estudio observacional y retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMCST a los que se les realizó una ATCP en dos hospitales de comunidad entre los años 1993 y 2012. Resultados: Se incluyeron 851 pacientes ingresados consecutivamente entre los años 1993 y 2012. La edad promedio fue de 61 ± 12 años y la mediana de seguimiento fue de 7,8 años en el 85% de la población. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria total fue del 6% y del 1,6% excluidos los pacientes con shock al ingreso; las variables independientes asociadas fueron la edad (OR 1,06, IC 1,03-1,09; p < 0,001), el sexo femenino (OR 3,1, IC 1,5-6,2; p < 0,002), la diabetes mellitus (OR 3,9, IC 1,86-8; p < 0,001) y la enfermedad de tres vasos coronarios (OR 4,3, IC 2,1-8,6; p < 0,001); el flujo final TIMI 3 fue una variable predictora de menor mortalidad intrahospitalaria (OR 0,28, IC 0,08-0,11; p < 0,008). La mortalidad global en el seguimiento fue del 14,3% y los predictores independientes fueron la edad (OR 3,1, IC 1,8-5,5; p < 0,001), la diabetes mellitus (OR 2,3, IC 1,25-4,3; p < 0,007) y la clase C o D de la clasificación de Killip y Kimball (KK) al ingreso (OR 4, IC 1,7-9; p < 0,001); la utilización de stent se asoció con menor mortalidad global alejada (OR 0,35, IC 0,21-0,6; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes con IAMCST, la ATCP aplicada adecuadamente y una elevada tasa de seguimiento alejado permitió obtener resultados intrahospitalarios favorables que se mantienen en el largo plazo. La edad avanzada al momento del IAMCST, la diabetes mellitus, el sexo femenino y la presencia de lesiones significativas en más de un vaso epicárdico mayor fueron los predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria, mientras que los dos primeros (edad y diabetes mellitus) y el KK C o D fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad en el seguimiento. Los pacientes asistidos durante la segunda década mostraron una tendencia no significativa a menor mortalidad intrahospitalaria en comparación con los de la primera década.

Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular death. Reperfusion treatments performed within the first hours have contributed to produce a significant reduction in mortality. In our country, there are no long-term follow-up registries of AMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the in-hospital results and long-term outcome of ST-segment elevation AMI (STEMI) patients undergoing primary PCI and their correlation with the main clinical and therapeutic variables applied in different decades (1993-2002 vs. 2003-2012). Methods: We performed an observational and retrospective study of all STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI in two community hospitals between 1993 and 2012. Results: The study included 851 patients consecutively admitted between 1993 and 2012. Mean age was 61 ± 12 years and median follow-up was 7.8 years in 85% of the population. In-hospital mortality was 6% and 1.6% when patients with shock at admission were excluded. It was independently associated with age (OR 1.06, CI 1.03-1.09; p < 0.001), female sex (OR 3.1, CI 1.5-6.2; p < 0.002), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.9, CI 1.86-8; p < 0.001) and three-vessel disease (OR 4.3, CI 2.1-8.6; p < 0.001). Conversely, final TIMI grade 3 flow predicted lower in-hospital mortality (OR 0.28, CI 0.08-0.11; p < 0.008). During follow-up, overall mortality was 14.3% and the independent predictors were age (OR 3.1, CI 1.8-5.5; p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.3, CI 1.25-4.3; p < 0.007) and Killip and Kimball (KK) class C or D at admission (OR 4, CI 1.7-9; p < 0.001); stent implant was associated with lower overall long-term mortality (OR 0.35, CI 0.21-0.6; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this group of STEMI patients, the adequate use of primary PCI and the high rate of patients at long-term follow-up allowed the collection of favorable in-hospital and long-term results. Advanced age at the moment of STEMI, diabetes mellitus, female sex and multiple vessel disease were predictors of in-hospital mortality, while age, diabetes mellitus and KK class C or D were independent predictors of mortality during follow-up. Patients treated during the second decade showed a non-significant trend towards reduced in-hospital mortality compared with those of the first decade.

Infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST secundario a oclusión aguda del tronco principal de la coronaria izquierda no protegido / Acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation secondary to acute occlusion of the unprotected main trunk of the left coronary artery

La oclusión del tronco principal de la arteria coronaria izquierda (tPi) no protegido es poco observada durante la realización de angioplastia primaria en infarto agudo de miocardio, posiblemente en parte por la baja probabilidad de sobrevivir al evento el tiempo suficiente para llegar a un hospital. reportamos cinco casos de pacientes tratados con angioplastia primaria con presentación y evolución clínica diferentes, resaltando la asociacion con choque cardiogénico, su alta mortalidad y el papel de la reperfusión primaria.

Oclussion of the unprotected left main coronary artery (CFI) is rarely observed during primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction, possibly in part because of the low probability of surviving the event long enough to get to a hospital. We report fve cases of patients treated with primary angioplasty with different presentation and clinical evolution, highlighting the association with cardiogenic shock, high mortality and the role of primary reperfusion.

Shock cardiogénico / Cardiogenic shock / Choque cardiogênico

El shock cardiogénico (SC) es un cuadro clínico y hemodinámico severo, pero tratable y con razonable chance de recuperación. La literatura tradicional se ha focalizado en su alta mortalidad. Si bien, ello no deja de ser cierto, cada vez existe mayor evidencia de que una revascularización precoz permite a estos pacientes disfrutar de una sobrevida y una aceptable calidad de vida. En las últimas dos décadas, el tratamiento del infarto de miocardio ha experimentado un progreso constante. La mejor comprensión de la fisiopatología de los síndromes coronarios agudos, la introducción de nuevos fármacos y la aplicación de nuevas estrategias de revascularización miocárdica han permitido una reducción progresiva de la mortalidad por infarto en aquellos pacientes que son admitidos en un centro asistencial preparado para su evaluación, diagnóstico y tratamiento. A pesar de ello, la incidencia del SC postinfarto ha permanecido estable, con cifras que fluctúan entre el 5 y el 15% y es la primer causa de muerte intrahospitalaria en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). A pesar de que el SC se presenta en forma temprana en el contexto de un IAM, no es diagnosticado con suficiente rapidez y su compromiso hemodinámico usualmente es subestimado. La revascularización temprana arroja beneficios a cualquier nivel de riesgo y constituye un objetivo fundamental en el tratamiento de este grave y no tan infrecuente cuadro clínico.

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a severe clinical and hemodynamic condition, but treatable and with reasonable chance of recovery. Traditional literature has focused on its high mortality. While it continues to be true, there is growing evidence that early revascularization allows patients to have greater survival and an acceptable quality of life. In the past two decades, the treatment of myocardial infarction has experienced steady progress. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes, the introduction of new drugs and new strategies for myocardial revascularization have allowed a progressive reduction in mortality from stroke in patients who are admitted to a hospital prepared for evaluation , diagnosis and treatment. However, the incidence of CS post infarction has remained stable, with values ranging between 5 and 15% and is the leading cause of hospital death in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although the CS is in the form early in the context of an AMI, it is not diagnosed quickly enough and hemodynamic compromise is usually underestimated. The early revascularization yields benefits at any level of risk and is a key aim in the treatment of this severe and not so uncommon clinical condition.

Choque cardiogênico (CC) é uma condição clínica grave e hemodinâmica, mas tratável e com razoável chance de recuperação. Literatura tradicional centrou-se na sua alta mortalidade. Enquanto ele continua a ser verdade, há evidências crescentes de que a revascularização precoce permite que os pacientes a desfrutar de uma sobrevivência e uma qualidade de vida aceitável. Nas últimas duas décadas, o tratamento do enfarte do miocárdio tem experimentado progresso constante. Um melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia das síndromes coronarianas agudas, a introdução de novos medicamentos e novas estratégias para revascularização do miocárdio têm permitido uma redução progressiva na mortalidade por acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes que estão internados em um hospital preparado para avaliação, diagnóstico e tratamento. No entanto, a incidência de CC pós infarto manteve-se estável, com valores variando entre 5 e 15% e é a principal causa de óbito hospitalar em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Embora o CC ocorre numa fase precoce no contexto de um IAM, não é diagnosticada com rapidez suficiente e seu compromisso hemodinâmico é geralmente subestimado. A revascularização precoce traz benefícios em qualquer nível de risco e é um objetivo fundamental no tratamento da este grave e não seja tão raro quadro clínico.

Persistencia del supradesnivel del ST postangioplastia primaria exitosa y morbimortalidad intrahospitalaria / Persistence of ST elevation after successful primary angioplasty and in hospital morbimortality

Introducción: en el contexto del infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMST), la renivelación del segmento ST es uno de los indicadores de reperfusión luego de una angioplastia primaria (ATC 1º) exitosa. La persistencia del supradesnivel del ST en pacientes en los que se logra la restauración adecuada del flujo coronario epicárdico se vincula a lesión microvascular. Método: se estudió de forma prospectiva a todos los pacientes a quienes se realizó ATC1° exitosa en las primeras 12 horas de un IAMST en el Centro Cardiovascular Casa de Galicia desde el 1 julio del 2009 hasta el 30 de setiembre de 2009. Se consideró como renivelación significativa del ST un descenso mayor o igual a 50% comparando el electrocardiograma (ECG) a 1 hora de la ATC con el ECG previo a la misma. El objetivo principal fue estudiar la asociación entre la persistencia del supradesnivel del ST y los eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores durante la internación. Resultados: se incluyeron 55 pacientes. Se observó persistencia del supradesnivel del ST en 27,3% (15). No encontramos asociación entre la no renivelación y los eventos por separado, pero sí entre la no renivelación y el end point combinado. La incidencia acumulada de eventos en pacientes que no renivelan es de 46,6% vs 17,5% en los que renivelan; RR 2,67 (IC: 95% 1,12-6,32), chi cuadrado (Mantel Haenszel) 4,80, p = 0,028. Conclusiones: la persistencia del supradesnivel del ST post ATC1° exitosa, tiene implicancia pronóstica en cuanto a complicaciones cardiovasculares intrahospitalarias de los pacientes con IAMST.

Introduction: in the context of acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation, the recovery of ST segment is a reperfusion indicator after a successful primary angioplasty (PCI). Persistent ST segment elevation in patients who achieved adequate restoration of epicardial coronary flow is related to microcirculation injury. Methods: we prospectively studied all patients who underwent successful PCI in the first 12 hours of an infarction with ST elevation in Casa de Galicia’s Cardiovascular Center since 1 July 2009 to 30 September 2009. It was considered significant a ST recovery greater than or equal to 50% comparing the electrocardiogram (ECG) 1 hour after PCI with ECG prior to it. The main objective was to study the association between persistent ST segment elevation and major adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization. Results: 55 patients were included. There was persistence of ST elevation in 27.3% (15). No association was found between ST persistence and events separately, but it was found association between the persistence and the combined end point. The cumulative incidence of events in patients without ST significant recovery is 46.6% versus 17.5% in those with ST recovery; RR 2,67 (CI 95% 1.12 to 6.32), Chi2 (Mantel Haenszel) 4.80 p = 0.028. Conclusions: the persistence of ST segment elevation after successful PCI has prognostic implication in terms of in-hospital cardiovascular complications in patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation.

Segurança dos stents farmacológicos no infarto agudo do miocárdio em lesões com trombos visíveis à angiografia / Safety of drug eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction in lesions with angiographically detectable thrombi

Objetivo: Demonstrar a segurança dos stents farmacológicos (SF) no IAM em lesões com elevado risco de trombose quando comparados aos stents convencionais. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo não-randomizado em queforam analisados, de forma consecutiva, 86 pacientes submetidos à angioplastia primária, no período de 01/01/2005 a 31/10/2006, que apresentavam lesões tipo B2 ou C e evidência de trombos à angiografia na lesão culpada, definidos como falha de enchimento visualizadaem mais de uma incidência. Foi comparada a ocorrência de trombose subaguda (TSA) e trombose aguda (TA) em um grupo de pacientes que usou SF (Grupo I) com um grupo que usou SC (Grupo II). As características dos dois grupos são: Grupo I: idade média 64,3±12,69 anos; 57,1% hipertensos; 37,1% diabéticos; 25,7% tabagistas; 51,4% dislipidêmicos; 74,2% do sexo masculino; 88,5% fizeram uso de antagonistas do receptor de IIb/IIIa ; nenhum caso de TA e apenas 1 caso de TSA. Grupo II: idade média 66,54±10,81; 57,1% hipertensos (p=0,19); 15,6% diabéticos (p=0,02); 35,2% tabagistas (p=0,35); 62,7% dislipidêmicos (p=0,29); 84,3% fizeram uso de antagonistas do receptorde IIb/IIIa (p=0,36); nenhum caso de TA e TSA. Resultados: Os grupos analisados foram homogêneos,não apresentando significância estatística para os elementos analisados à exceção do maior número de pacientes diabéticos no Grupo I. A diferença entre os grupos de trombose aguda ou subaguda não atingiu relevância estatística. Conclusão: O uso de SF no IAM em lesões com trombos visualizados à angiografia é seguro e não está associado a um aumento da incidência de trombose quandocomparado ao stent convencional.

Objective: To demonstrate the safety of drug eluting stents (DES) in AMI in lesions with high risk of thrombosis when compared to conventionalstents. Methods: Non-randomized prospective study of 86 consecutive patients submitted to primary angioplasty from January 1st 2005 to October 31st 2006 who presented type B2 or C lesions and evidence of thrombus in angioplasty in the affectedlesion, defined as a filling gap visualized in more than one incidence. The occurrence of subacute thrombosis (SAT) and acute thrombosis (AT) werecompared between a group of patients that used DES (Group I) and a group that used CS (Group II). The characteristics of both groups are: Group I: mean age 64.3±12.69 years; 57.1% hypertensive; 37.1% diabetic; 25.7% tobacco users; 51.4%dyslipidemic; 74.2% males; 88.5% used IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists; no cases of AT and only one case of SAT. Group II: mean age of 66.54±10.81years; 57.1% hypertensive (p=0.19); 15.6% diabetic (p=0.02); 35.2% tobacco users (p=0.35); 62.7%dyslipidemic (p=0.29); 84.3% used IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists (p=0.36); no cases of AT or SAT. Conclusion: The use of DES in AMI in lesions withthrombi visualized in angiography is safe and is not associated with an increase in the incidence of thrombosis when compared to conventional stent.

Leucocitosis y su asociación con eventos cardiovasculares adversos en sujetos con infarto y elevación de ST sometidos a intervención coronaria percutánea / Leucocytosis associated with higher incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in myocardial infarcts

En la fase aguda de un infarto miocárdico los leucocitos se han relacionado con eventos cardiovasculares mayores adversos, (ECMA) esta asociación en pacientes llevados a reperfusión mecánica no se ha determinado con exactitud. Se estudió prospectivamente si existe asociación entre reperfusión mecánica, leucocitos y ECMA. En 5 años se ingresaron 271 pacientes con infarto agudo; 93 con < 10,000/µL leucocitos (8,300 ± 1,254/µL) y 178 tuvieron > 10,000/µL (13,810 + 3,192/µL, p 0.0001). No se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos en las variables demográficas. El grupo con leucocitosis tuvo la mayor incidencia de flujo TIM I 0 - 1, (89% vs 75%, p 0.004) y ECMA hospitalarios (32% vs 14%, p 0.001) y en el seguimiento (5% vs 2%, p 0.04). La regresión logística que incluyó: edad > 60 años, diabetes, infarto anterior o inferior extenso, flujo TIMI (0, 1 y 2), choque cardiogénico, leucocitosis y neutrofilia tuvo mayor relación con mortalidad (p = 0.0007, RM 1.40, IC 95% 0.410-4.841). La regresión múltiple con leucocitosis y neutrofilia tuvo la correlación más fuerte para ECMA (mortalidad, r = 0.34 y choque, r = 0.27) y flujo TIMI basal subóptimo (r = 0.20). Conclusión: Los resultados establecen una asociación entre leucocitosis, trombosis y EMCA y extienden este conocimiento a la fase aguda y en el seguimiento de un infarto con elevación del ST llevado a ICP Estos hallazgos podrían considerarse como una evidencia más de la interacción entre disfunción endotelial (inflamación-aterotrombosis) y enfermedad cardiovascular.

In acute phase leukocytes has been related with higher incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events, (MACE) this evidence in AMI ST elevation after mechanical reperfusion is poor. We study prospectively this group to relationship among mechanical reperfusion, leukocytes and MACE. Two groups were considered < 10,000/µL or > 10,000/µL; 271 patients had full inclusion criteria in a 5 year period; 93 had < 10,000/µL leukocytes. (8,300 ±1,254/µL) and 178 > 10,000/µL (13,810 + 3,192/µL, p 0.0001). We did not observe any difference between both groups regarding demographic characteristics. At beginning leukocytosis group had higher flow TIMI 0 - 1 incidence (89% vs 75%, p 0.004) and in - hospital major cardiovascular adverse events (32% vs 14%, p 0.001) and in follow- up (5% vs 2%, p 0.04). Logistic regression model include > 60 years - old, diabetes, extensive anterior or inferior infarction, TIMI flow 0, 1, or 2, cardiogenic shock, leukocytosis and neuthrophilia, had close relationship with mortality (p = 0.0007, RM 1.40, IC 95% 0.410 -4.841). Multiple regression that include leukocytosis and neuthrophlia had stronger correlation with major cardiovascular adverse events (mortality, r = 0.34 and cardiogenic shock, r = 0.27) and abnormal TIMI flow (r = 0.20). Conclusion: Our results confirm close relationship among leukocitosis, thrombosis and major cardiovascular adverse events and extend this knowledge to acute phase and follow- up in acute myocardial infarction ST elevation under percutaneous coronary intervention. These results could be considered as evidence that connecting between endotelial dysfunction (inflammation-atherothrombosis) and cardiovascular disease.