ABSTRACT
Animal medicines have been called "medicine with affinity to flesh and blood" by doctors of all ages, which always act as an important branch of Chinese medicine. They have various types, extensive sources and long application history, with unique cli-nical effects in anti-coagulation, anti-thrombosis, anti-fatigue, immune regulation, anti-tumor, anti-convulsion and so on. Most animal medicines contain proteins, fatty acids, and trimethylamine oxides, which are prone to decomposition and produce substances such as biological amines, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, trimethylamine and ammonia with unpleasant odors. The stench produced by the combination of various odors can easily cause side effects such as nausea and vomiting, which would probably affect the drug compliance and clinical efficacy in patients, and block the development of high-quality animal medicines. At present, we have insufficient understanding on sources and formation mechanism of the stench of animal medicines, lacking development of taste-masking technology. Therefore, the universality, formation, vomiting mechanism, evaluation methods, and masking technology of stench of animal medicines were summarized in this paper, so as to deepen the recognition of stench, provide references for the development of animal medicines deodorization technology, enhance patients' compliance with animal medicines, and promote animal drugs to better serve public health in the new era.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Fatigue , Neoplasms , Taste , TechnologyABSTRACT
The human health is seriously affected by central nervous system(CNS) diseases, but the pathogenesis of CNS diseases is still not completely clear. Currently, the drugs used to treat CNS diseases are mainly receptor modulators and neurotransmitter inhibitors, which have serious side effects; and there are short of drugs for treating CNS diseases clinically. Studies suggest that animal medicines mainly include protein, polypeptide and small-molecule compounds, and have such pharmacological effects in calming, resisting convulsions and improving brain tissues. Plenty of studies suggest that animal medicines usually have a strong activity and good curative effect on these diseases, with a promising prospect in research and development of drugs treating CNS diseases. Based on systematic reviews of literatures, this paper summarizes active ingredients and main pharmacological effects of animal medicines in "extinguishing wind to arrest convulsions" for the CNS diseases, epilepsy and cerebral ischemia, and discusses their study value and application prospects. The results showed that the studies of protein and peptides were relatively simple, and some animal medicines were still blank. The authors believed that amino acids and small molecular compounds should be transferred to oligopeptide, advanced protein extraction and separation techniques shall be adopted for identifying the protein polypeptide composition structure and studying the efficacy, and the methods of biological technology were used to develop peptide biological products for the treatment of CNS diseases. This paper could provide ideas and reference for developing animal medicine products for the treatment of CNS diseases.
ABSTRACT
The DNA extraction method of animal medicine material is difficult and un-unified,which limits the application of molecular identification to identify animal medicines.In this study,based on the DNA extraction theory of SDS,we assessed the effects of three elements including different EDTA concentrations (0.025 mol·L-1,0.25 mol· L-1,and 0.5 mol· L-1) and whether containing NaCl and Triton X-100 in the lysis buffer on the quality of DNA extracted from different kinds of animal medicine.The optimized lysis buffer was used to extract DNA from 121 commercial animal medicines for original and species identification.The results showed that the lysis buffer of 1％ SDS,0.03 mol· L-1 Tris-HCl,0.25 mol· L-1 EDTA and 0.2 mol· L-1 NaCl had the optimum effect on DNA extraction.This lysis buffer can obtain DNA from animal medicine which is difficult to extract,such as Cicadae periostracum.The DNA extractions of 121 commercial animal medicines by optimized lysis buffer can satisfy the experimental requirements for molecular identification.All samples of commercial animal medicines can be accurately identified to the level of species.It was concluded that optimized lysis buffer can be used in the DNA extraction of different kinds of animal medicines except shells,secretions and processed products.This method provides technique support for the molecular identification of animal medicines.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the aflatoxins residue of animal medicines by immunoaffinity column HPLC method with post column photochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection, and to evaluate the feasibility of this method. The contamination status of aflatoxins in animal medicines was evaluated according to the determination data of aflatoxin contamination in animal medicines. Methods: After extraction by organic solvent and purification by immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins samples were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection after photochemistry derivation. The recovery rates of aflatoxins in animal medicines, especially the species easily contaminated by aflatoxin, were then determined by adding aflatoxin standard mixtures. Finally, aflatoxins in animal medicines were determined and the results were analyzed. Results: Recovery rates of aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 were from 70% to 120%. Twenty-four batches of six kinds in 64 batches of 16 kinds of animal medicines were contaminated by aflatoxins, and the contamination rate was 37.5%. Thirteen batches of four kinds of animal medicines exceeded the limit of Chinese Pharmacopoeia of (2015 Edition), and the rate was 20.3%. Conclusion: This method can be used to determine aflatoxins in animal medicines. Some species of animal medicines are likely to be contaminated by aflatoxins, so the aflatoxin control in those animal medicines should be put forward to ensure the safety of drug use.