O background familiar e sua influência no acesso ao Ensino Técnico Profissional / El trasfondo familiar y sus influencias en el acceso a la Enseñanza Técnica Profesional / The influence of family background on the access to Technical and Vocational Education

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma investigação acerca da influência que as variáveis de background familiar (escolaridade do pai, escolaridade da mãe e renda familiar) exercem sobre o desempenho de um estudante, candidato às vagas dos processos de seleção em uma instituição de Ensino Técnico Federal brasileira. A pesquisa consistiu em analisar a influência do background familiar, como determinante de desempenho do aluno, no acesso ao Ensino Técnico Profissional brasileiro. Para conduzir essa investigação foram utilizados dados secundários, totalizando 19.226 observações. Buscando alcançar o objetivo proposto, formulou-se um modelo conceitual composto por 3 hipóteses. Os resultados são apresentados em 3 etapas: etapa I - separação dos campi em clusters; etapa II - análise das regressões múltiplas; e etapa III - análise das regressões logísticas. As hipóteses 1 e 2 foram confirmadas e a Hipótese 3, refutada. Os resultados apresentaram um efeito positivo das variáveis renda familiar e escolaridade do pai, mas sem significância estatística para a variável escolaridade mãe.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una investigación acerca de la influencia que las variables de antecedentes familiares (escolaridad del padre, escolaridad de la madre y renta familiar) ejercen sobre el desempeño de un estudiante candidato a las vacantes de los procesos de selección en una institución de Enseñanza Técnica Federal brasileña. El estudio consiste en analizar la influencia del trasfondo familiar como determinante de desempeño del alumno en el acceso a la Enseñanza Técnica Profesional brasileña. Para conducir esta investigación, se utilizaron datos secundarios totalizando 19.226 observaciones. Buscando alcanzar el objetivo propuesto, se formuló un modelo conceptual compuesto por tres hipótesis. Los resultados se presentaron en tres etapas: etapa I - separación de los campi en clusters; etapa II - análisis de las regresiones múltiples y etapa III - análisis de las regresiones logísticas. Se han confirmado las hipótesis 1 y 2 y, H3, refutada. Los resultados mostraron un efecto positivo de las variables renta familiar y escolaridad del padre, pero sin significancia estadística para la variable escolaridad materna.

ABSTRACT This work investigates the influence of family background variables (father's schooling, mother's schooling, and family income) on the result of a student's application to access a Brazilian institution of technical and vocational education. The research used secondary data carried out 19,226 observations, and formulated a conceptual model with three hypotheses. The results were presented in three stages: I - separation of campuses into clusters; II - analysis of multiple regressions; and, III - analysis of logistic regressions. One of the hypotheses was rejected and two were confirmed, indicating that there is a positive effect of the variables family income and father's schooling, but no statistical significance for the variable mother's schooling.

Estudio TAMARA II. Tabaquismo en médicos de la República Argentina II / The tamara ii trial. smoking among physicians in argentina

background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and death. It is important to know the characteristics of smoking habits among physicians and their attitude toward patients who smoke. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of smoking among physicians in Argentina, the factors associated with tobacco consumption and their attitude toward their patients who smoke. Methods: An observational cross- sectional study was performed between June and December 2013 in Argentine physicians of dif-ferent specialties. Using a structured survey, the following variables were analyzed: associated cardiovascular risk factors, charac-teristics of tobacco consumption, smoking cessation training and the attitude toward the patient who smokes. results: 3,033 physicians were surveyed, ; 57% were men, and mean age was 41.3±12 years; 19.7% were current smokers and 21.7% were former smokers. The probability of being a smoker was higher among surgeons (OR 1.29) or physicians working at the emergency room (OR 1.41). Undergraduate and postgraduate tobacco cessation training was achieved by 36.6% and 40.8% of physicians, respectively. Young physicians, clinical specialties or private practice were associated with higher level of training. Tobacco cessation counseling was more frequent in physicians with higher level of training than physicians who smoked or surgeons. Former smokers presented higher prevalence of risk factors and cardiovascular events. Family history of smoking habit was more common in former smokers and current smokers. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among Argentine physicians is high. Different factors are involved in the probability of smoking, tobacco cessation training or the possibility of medical counseling. Higher level of training in smoking cessation must be provided.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y su relación con la hipertensión arterial en adolescentes / Cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with the hypertension in adolescents

Introducción: cada día las crisis de aterosclerosis se manifiestan en personas de menor edad y está demostrada la importancia de conocer los principales factores que la originan, entre ellos la obesidad. En los niños y adolescentes cubanos el sobrepeso y la obesidad se han incrementado de manera notable. Objetivo: identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en adolescentes supuestamente sanos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en adolescentes supuestamente sanos de la secundaria básica "Protesta de Baraguá". La muestra estuvo constituida por 687 estudiantes. Se aplicó el modelo de recolección de dato primario del Centro de Investigaciones y Referencia en Aterosclerosis de La Habana. Se realizaron mensuraciones de peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura. Se evaluó el estado nutricional por percentiles de índice de masa corporal y circunferencia de la cintura. Las cifras de tensión arterial se clasificaron según los percentiles de tensión arterial ajustados para edad, sexo y talla. Resultados: se halló que 46 adolescentes (6,6 %) eran fumadores, la relación fue estadísticamente significativa en relación con el sexo; 96 (13,9 %) tenían sobrepeso y 64 (9,3 %) eran obesos; la circunferencia de la cintura mostró que 98 (14,2 %) tenían posible situación de riesgo y 56 (8,1%) eran francamente atípicos (percentil>97) ; 4 % de los adolescentes tenían tensión arterial alta En todos los casos predominó el sexo masculino. El antecedente familiar de obesidad se presentó en 73 (10,6 %) y la relación resultó estadísticamente significativa en varones. Conclusiones: predominó el hábito tabáquico, la hipertensión arterial, el sobrepeso, la obesidad y los antecedentes familiares de obesidad, en el sexo masculino y en las féminas predominaron los antecedentes familiares de hipertensión arterial y de diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: everyday atherosclerosis crises manifest in younger people and it is demonstrated the importance of knowing the main factors that cause it, including obesity. In Cuban children and adolescents, overweight and obesity have dramatically increased. Objective: to identify cardiovascular risk factors in supposedly healthy adolescents. Method: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in supposedly healthy adolescents from 12 to 15 years from a secondary basic school. The objective was identifying cardiovascular risk factor and their relationship with hypertension. The sample was constituted by 687 students. Data were registered in the primary data collection form of Havana Research and Reference Centre on Atherosclerosis. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were performed. Nutritional status by percentiles of body mass index and waist circumference were also evaluated. The blood pressure levels were classified according to the percentiles of blood pressure adjusted for age, sex, and height. Results: 46 adolescents (6.6 %) were found to be smokers, the relationship was statistically significant in relation to gender, 96 (13.9 %) were overweight and 64 (9.3 %) were obese; circumference waist showed that 98 (14.2 %) had possible risks, and 56 (8.1 %) were frankly atypical, 4% adolescents had high blood pressure. Male adolescents predominated in all parameters. Family history of obesity occurred in 73 (10.6 %) and the relationship was statistically significant in males. Conclusions: predominance of smoking, hypertension, overweight, obesity and family history of obesity prevailed in male adolescents males; whereas family history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus prevailed in female adolescents.

Factores ambientales y genéticos asociados a la esquizofrenia paranoide en el área de salud 28 de septiembre / Environmental and genetic factors associated to paranoid schizophrenia in

La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad con una marcada expresividad variable, que sugiere la existencia de factores etiológicos y procesos fisiopatológicos heterogéneos y donde se considera cada vez más la hipótesis de la interacción gen-ambiente como su principal modo de transmisión. Objetivo: determinar los posibles factores ambientales y genéticos asociados con en el debut de la esquizofrenia. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico observacional de casos y controles en el área de salud 28 de Septiembre del municipio Santiago de Cuba, durante el cuatrimestre enero-abril de 2011, que incluyó 40 casos con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia paranoide seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado por sexo y a 80 controles sin este diagnóstico. Se aplicó la prueba de chi cuadrado, se calculó la oportunidad relativa (odds ratio) y el intervalo de confianza. Resultados: el estado civil soltero resultó significativo al debut y en tres cuartas partes de los casos se constató algún acontecimiento estresante al inicio de la misma. Hubo asociación de los antecedentes familiares de la afección en los casos; se registró un mayor número de familiares de primer grado afectados en ambos grupos, más significativo en el grupo de los casos, lo que explica la agregación familiar de la afección más frecuentemente en las personas que padecen la enfermedad. Conclusiones: existió asociación de los antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad en los pacientes con esquizofrenia paranoide; hubo mayor porcentaje de personas afectadas en familiares de primer grado en ambos grupos; se observó agregación familiar de la enfermedad; los antecedentes prenatales aumentaron el riesgo de la enfermedad y los patrones premórbidos desde la niñez resultaron altamente significativos...

Schizophrenia is an illnes that is marked by a variable expressiveness wihc suggests the existence of heterogeneus etiological factors and physiopathological processes. A hypothesis of gene-enviroment interaction is being considered as it main way of transmission. Objetive: to determine the possible enviroment and genetic factors associated with the illness onset. Methods: it carriedout an analytical-observational study of cases and controls on the area 28 de Septiembre of Santiago de Cuba during the four month period of january-april of 2011.It included 40 patients with a diagnosis of paranoic schizophrenia recorded on the Psychiatrist service selected randomly stratified by sex, as well as 80 controls without this diagnosis to determine the possible enviromental and genetic factors that could have influenced on the appearance of the disease. Chi square test was applied and the relative opportunity (odds ratio) by trist interval. Results: the civil status of single resulted significative at the appearing and three quarters of the cases studied presented a stressing went at the beginning of the disease. there was an asociation of the familiar antecedents of the affection in the cases. It was recorded a greater percentage affected persons in familiar of first degree in both groups difference that resulted to be more significative on the cases. It was also observed familiar addition of the affection more frequent on the cases than of the control. Conclusions: it was demonstrated that there is an association of the family antecedents of the illness in all the cases. There was more percent of affected people in first degree families in both groups. Family illness aggregation was observed. Prenatal antecedents increase the risk and pre-morbid patterns since childhood were hightly significant...

Estrategias de prevención y detección precoz del cáncer de colon y recto en individuos de riesgo promedio y alto riesgo / Strategies for colorectal cancer screening and prevention in average and high risk individuals

En los últimos años, se ha observado un aumento sostenido de la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal (CCR) en Chile, por lo que su prevención y detección precoz cobra cada vez más importancia. El riesgo de CCR de un individuo asintomático se determina considerando sus antecedentes familiares (AF). Personas sin AF tienen un riesgo promedio que aumenta después de los 50 años de edad, momento en que se sugiere iniciar exámenes preventivos anuales con Test de Sangre Oculta en Deposiciones inmunológico (TSODi), seguido de una colonoscopía al obtener un resultado positivo. Individuos con AF tienen un riesgo elevado y requieren una colonoscopía sin previo TSODi los más tardar a los 40 años. En el caso de una sospecha de un Síndrome de Lynch (SL) por criterios clínicos (Amsterdam/Bethesda) y/o estudio genético, el riesgo es alto lo que justifica una vigilancia estricta con colonoscopía anual a partir de los 25 años.

Over the past years, a sustained increase of mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC) has been observed in Chile. In this scenario, CRC screening and prevention are gaining more and more importance. Family history (FH) is essential to determine the CRC risk in asymptomatic subjects. Persons without any FH have an average CRC risk which increases after age 50 moment in which CRC screening should start with a yearly immunological fecal occult blood test (iFOBT), followed by colonoscopy in case of obtaining a positive result. Subjects with FH present an elevated CRC risk, and should under go colonoscopy without prior iFOBT at age 40 or earlier. If FH suggests the presence of a Lynch Syndrome (LS) by clinical criteria (Amsterdam/Bethesda) and/or genetic testing, the subject is at high risk, and a close surveillance with annual colonoscopies starting at age 25 is warranted.

Relaciones entre el clima social familiar y el desempeño en habilidades sociales en niños y niñas entre dos y tres años de edad / The relationship between social family climate and social skills performance in boys and girls between two and three years of age / Relação entre clima social familiar e desempenho nas habilidades sociais em crianças entre dois e três anos de idade

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar el clima social de un grupo de familias y su relación con el desempeño en habilidades sociales de 108 niños y niñas entre dos y tres años de edad. Se evaluó el clima social desde tres dimensiones: relaciones, desarrollo y estabilidad, y el desarrollo social mediante seis repertorios conductuales. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo correlacional. Para evaluar el clima social familiar se utilizó la Escala de clima social, y para evaluar las habilidades sociales, el Cuestionario de habilidades sociales. Se encontró que las familias cohesionadas, es decir, aquéllas que presentan una tendencia democrática caracterizada por espacios de comunicación, expresiones de afecto y un manejo de normas claras, son generadoras de un repertorio amplio de habilidades sociales; mientras que las familias con una estructura disciplinada, caracterizada por acciones autoritarias de los padres, se asocian con un nivel más bajo de desempeño social en los niños y niñas. Una situación similar se pudo evidenciar en las familias con una estructura sin orientación, caracterizada por el poco manejo de normas claras y una gran manifestación de afecto y satisfacción de los deseos de sus hijos e hijas.

This research aimed to study the social climate of a group of families and its relationship with social skills performance of 108 children between the ages of two and three. Social climate was assessed from three dimensions: relationships, development and stability; and social development through six social codes. The research was descriptive correlational. In order to assess the family social climate, the Social Climate Scale was used; and to assess social skills, the Social Skills Questionnaire was administered. Results showed that cohesive families, those with a democratic trend characterized by allowing communication spaces, using expressions of affection and managing clear standards generate a wide repertoire of social skills; whereas families with a disciplined structure, characterized by authoritarian actions of the parents, are associated with lower levels of social performance in boys and girls. A similar situation was evidenced in families with a structure without orientation, characterized by the limited amount of clear standards and a high expression of affection and satisfaction of their sons and daughters' desires.

O objetivo desta pesquisa descritiva correlacional é estudar o clima social de um grupo de famílias e sua relação com o desempenho em habilidades sociais de 108 crianças entre dois e três anos de idade. Estabeleceram-se três dimensões para avaliar o clima social: relacionamentos, desenvolvimento e estabilidade. No desenvolvimento social se observaram seis repertórios comportamentais. Para avaliar o clima social familiar se aplicou a Escala de clima social; para avaliar as habilidades sociais, o Questionário de habilidades sociais. Verificou-se que as famílias coesas, ou seja, mostrando uma tendência caracterizada por espaços democráticos de comunicação, expressões de afeto e aplicação de regras claras geram um amplo repertório de habilidades sociais. Enquanto as famílias com uma estrutura disciplinada caracterizada por ações autoritárias dos pais estão associadas a crianças com menor nível de desempenho social. Uma situação semelhante foi evidente em famílias sem orientação, caracterizada pela aplicação limitada de regras claras e uma grande demonstração de afeto e satisfação dos desejos de seus filhos.

Antecedentes familiares y sintomatología en mujeres con Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria / Family Eating Disorders antecedent and symptomatology in women with an Eating Disorder (ED)

Los objetivos fueron: 1) detectar la presencia de antecedentes familiares de sintomatología alimentaria en una muestra de pacientes mexicanas con trastorno alimentario, y 2) de que forma influyen dichos antecedentes en la patología de este trastorno. La muestra estuvo formada por n=44 mujeres. Los resultados mostraron que el 40% reportó antecedentes de trastorno alimentario en la familia. Fue en este mismo grupo que se detectó mayor puntaje en el total del EAT-40 así como en los factores: motivación para adelgazar, evitación de alimentos engordantes, preocupación por la comida, obsesiones y compulsiones, y conductas compensatorias, al compararlo con el grupo sin antecedentes familiares de trastorno alimentario. Este hallazgo permite concluir que la magnitud de la sintomatología es mayor cuando existen antecedentes entre la familia.

The purposes of study were: 1) To detect the family eating disorders in mexican patients with eating disorders and 2) In which ways this family antecedent affects its development in this pathology. The sample was formed by n= 44 women. The results showed that 40% reported family eating disorders antecedent. It also revealed that this group has the highest EAT-40 total, and in the factors: motivation to loose weight, avoidance of fattening food, constant concern about food, obsessions and compulsions, and compensatory behaviors, compared to the group that doesn't present family eating disorder antecedent. This discovery allows concluding that the magnitude of the symptomatology is bigger whit the presence oh this antecedent.

Frequência de antecedentes familiares e análise de queixas em crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem / Frequency of family antecedents and analysis of complaint in children with learning disabilities

Considerando que as dificuldades de aprendizagem nos pais representam fator de risco para a ocorrência nos filhos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento dos antecedentes familiares de crianças com queixas de dificuldades escolares. Participaram 76 crianças de ambos os sexos (57 meninos e 19 meninas) com idade média de 8,7 anos, encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Neuro-Dificuldades de Aprendizagem - DISAPRE/UNICAMP para realização de avaliação multidisciplinar. Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos registros de anamnese com os pais e analisados descritivamente. Houve prevalência do sexo masculino (72%). As idades variaram entre 5 e 13 anos, com prevalência de crianças na faixa etária de 8 anos (26,3%) e estudantes do Ensino Fundamental (80,26%). Houve relatos de antecedentes familiares com dificuldades de aprendizagem em 78,9% dos casos analisados. Com relação ao grau de parentesco dos antecedentes, em 36% dos casos os pais apresentavam dificuldades escolares, seguidos pelos tios (24%), irmãos (19%), primos (16%) e avós (5%). As queixas apresentadas envolveram oito categorias de dificuldades: aprendizagem, atenção e/ou memória, fala, sociais, orgânicas, psicológicas e motoras.

As learning disabilities in parents represent a risk factor for its occurrence in children, the present work aimed at doing a survey of the family antecedents of children with complaints of difficulties at school. A number of 76 children (57 boys and 19 girls) with average of 8.7 years of age participated in the research; all of them were sent to the Laboratory of Learning Disabilities - DISAPRE/UNICAMP - for multidisciplinary evaluation. The data were obtained from the children's registers provided by parents and analyzed descriptively. There was prevalence of boys (72%). The ages varied between 5 and 13 years old, with prevalence of children aged 8 years old (26,3%) and basic school students (80,26%). Family antecedents with learning disabilities were reported in 78,9% of the cases. In relation to the position in family line of the antecedents, in 36% of the cases parents were the ones with difficulties at school, followed by uncles (24%), siblings (19%), cousins (16%), and grandparents (5%). The complaints involved eith categories: learning, attention and/or memory, speech, social, organic, psychological, and motor difficulties.