Isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from burn patient and in vitro determination of antibacterial activity of honey against antibiotic resistance isolates

Background:Honey is a natural therapeutic agent which manifest antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria. Therefore, the current study was designed to isolate pathogenic bacteria from burn wound and also to determine the anti-bacterial traits of natural and processed honey against infectious agents.Methods:Wound samples were collected from burn unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and conventional cultural methods were applied to identify pathogenic microorganisms. A total of six samples including three each of natural and processed honey were tested for the determination of antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method.Results:Among ten wound samples highest load of total viable bacteria was recorded up to 3.7×106cfu/ml. The maximum load of Pseudomonas spp.and Staphylococcus spp.were found up to 1.6×104cfu/ml and 8.7×104cfu/ml respectively. Significant in vitroantimicrobial activity was found in all the samples. Natural honey showed a little bit more efficacy than processed honey. The samples exhibited antibacterial traits against Staphylococcus aureuswith a wide zone of inhibition and moderate zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas spp.when they are subjected to 100% concentered honey. E. coliand Klebsiella spp.were remained to be unaffected at 75% and 50% concentrated honey, while S. aureusand Pseudomonas spp.werefound to be sensitive at those concentrations.Conclusions:The in vitroefficacy of different types of honey tested against the bacteria dependent on the type of honey and the concentration at which it was administered. In our study 100% concentred honeywas more efficient in inhibiting all the tested isolates

Rotula aquatica Lour. inhibits growth and biofilm formation of clinically isolated uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Objective: To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Rotula aquatica Lour. (EFRA) against clinically isolated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Methods: In vitro antibacterial and anti-biofilm studies were employed. The antimicrobial activity of EFRA was assayed by the well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the active fraction were determined by Resazurin method. The time-kill kinetic assay, acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining, propidium iodide uptake assay, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were done to evaluate the efficacy of EFRA in killing uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The anti-biofilm activity was determined by 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay and specific biofilm formation assay. Results: The well diffusion assay of EFRA showed a very clear zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli BRL-17. The MIC and MBC of EFRA were 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill kinetic assay, fluorescence microscopic analysis, propidium iodide uptake assay, and SEM analysis displayed the effect of EFRA in killing the bacteria. The MTT assay and specific biofilm formation assay showed that EFRA prevented the formation of biofilms. Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that EFRA could prevent bacterial growth and inhibit its biofilm formation.

Rotula aquatica Lour. inhibits growth and biofilm formation of clinically isolated uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Objective: To evaluate the anti-bacteria! and anti-biofilm activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Rotula aquatica Lour. (EFRA) against clinically isolated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Methods: In vitro antibacterial and anti-biofilm studies were employed. The antimicrobial activity of EFRA was assayed by the well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the active fraction were determined by Resazurin method. The time-kill kinetic assay, acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining, propidium iodide uptake assay, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were done to evaluate the efficacy of EFRA in killing uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The anti-biofilm activity was determined by 3-[4,5- dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay and specific biofilm formation assay. Results: The well diffusion assay of EFRA showed a very clear zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli BRL-17. The MIC and MBC of EFRA were 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL, respectively. The time-kill kinetic assay, fluorescence microscopic analysis, propidium iodide uptake assay, and SEM analysis displayed the effect of EFRA in killing the bacteria. The MTT assay and specific biofilm formation assay showed that EFRA prevented the formation of biofilms. Conclusions: The results of the present study confirm that EFRA could prevent bacterial growth and inhibit its biofilm formation.

Rapid green synthesis of silver nano particles from Ziziphus mauritianaand antibacterial activity against human pathogens

A novel green source Ziziphus mauritiana fresh young leaves was opted to synthesize silver nanoparticles and analyze its antibacterial activity. The bioactive compounds present in the plant extracts reduced silver ions to NPs, indicated by change in colorfrom red to dark brown. In this study, we have successfully synthesized nanoparticles using Z.mauritiana aqueous leaf extract as a reducing agent and the reaction process of synthesized nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption peak showed maximum adsorption at 420 nm confirmed the silver nanoparticles synthesis. Further characterization was carried out by FTIR and the results recorded a downward shift of absorption the bands between 400 to 4000 cm-1indicates the formationof silver nanoparticles. Finally, the present research was exploited to study the antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles produced Z.mauritiana was studied using different pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonellasp., Proteus sp., Bacillus sp., Klebsiella pneumonia and E.colifrom the well diffusion results, the synthesized silver nanoparticles displayed the best antibacterial property as compared to the antibiotic has been reported in this paper. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the Z.mauritiana aqueous extract facilitate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and also exhibits antibacterial activity.

In Situ Gelling Hydrogel with Anti-Bacterial Activity and Bone Healing Property for Treatment of Osteomyelitis

BACKGROUND: Despite the development of progressive surgical techniques and antibiotics, osteomyelitis is a big challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The main aim of this study is to fabricate an in situ gelling hydrogel that permits sustained release of antibiotic (for control of infection) and growth factor (for induction of new bone formation) for effective treatment of osteomyelitis. METHODS: An in situ gelling alginate (ALG)/hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel containing vancomycin (antibiotic) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; growth factor) was prepared by simple mixing of ALG/HA/Na₂HPO₄ solution and CaSO₄/vancomycin/BMP-2 solution. The release behaviors of vancomycin and BMP-2, anti-bacterial effect (in vitro); and therapeutic efficiency for osteomyelitis and bone regeneration (in vivo, osteomyelitis rat model) of the vancomycin and BMP-2-incorporated ALG/HA hydrogel were investigated. RESULTS: The gelation time of the ALG/HA hydrogel was controlled into approximately 4 min, which is sufficient time for handling and injection into osteomyelitis lesion. Both vancomycin and BMP-2 were continuously released from the hydrogel for 6 weeks. From the in vitro studies, the ALG/HA hydrogel showed an effective anti-bacterial activity without significant cytotoxicity for 6 weeks. From an in vivo animal study using Sprague-Dawley rats with osteomyelitis in femur as a model animal, it was demonstrated that the ALG/HA hydrogel was effective for suppressing bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) proliferation at the osteomyelitis lesion and enhancing bone regeneration without additional bone grafts. CONCLUSIONS: From the results, we suggest that the in situ gelling ALG/HA hydrogel containing vancomycin and BMP-2 can be a feasible therapeutic tool to treat osteomyelitis.

Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Anisomeles Malabarica Leaf Extraction With Cotton Fabric

The aim of this study was to investigate the aqueous leaf extracts of Anisomeles Malabarica and synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract extract of plant parts to produce extremely secure silver nanoparticles in water. The results recorded from UV–vis spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared support the biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles. The maximum efficacy was observed in crude methanol, aqueous, and synthesized silver nanoparticles. The results shows that the leaf of methanol extracts of Anisomeles Malabarica and bio synthesis of silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of anti bacterial activity.

Investigation of Structural, Morphological, Magnetic Properties and Biomedical applications of Cu2+ Substituted Uncoated Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles

ABSTRACT In the present work, Cu2+ substituted cobalt ferrite (Co1-xCuxFe2O4, x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1) magnetic nanopowders were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method. The prepared powders were investigated by various characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer analysis (VSM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR). The XRD analysis reveals that the synthesized nanopowders possess single phase centred cubic spinel structure. The average crystallite size of the particles ranging from 27-49 nm was calculated by using Debye-scherrer formula. Magnetic properties of the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles are studied by using VSM. The VSM results shows the magnetic properties such as coercivity, magnetic retentivity decreases with increase in copper substitution whereas the saturation magnetization shows increment and decrement in accordance with Cu2+ substitution in cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. SEM analysis reveals the morphology of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles. FTIR spectra of Cu2+ substituted cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles were recorded in the frequency range 4000-400cm-1. The spectrum shows the presence of water adsorption and metal oxygen bonds. The adhesion nature of Cu2+ substituted cobalt ferrite magnetic nanoparticles with bacteria in reviewed results indicates that the synthesized nanoparticles could be used in biotechnology and biomedical applications.

Catalytic Reduction of P-Nitro Phenolusing Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and their Anti-Bacterial Activity.

In this work, we reporta simple and green approach method for the green synthesis of stable silver nano particles (AgNPs) using syzigium cumini leaf extract. Leaf extract acts as both reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform electron microscopy(FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), zeta Potential and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by a peak of 439- 441nm.The influence of reaction time on the synthesis of nanoparticles were studied. Zeta potential value -14.1shows a moderate stable of silver nanoparticles with Syzigium cumini leaf extract. The TEM image clearly shows the synthesized silver nanoparticles shape is spherical and the average size is 13 nm. Synthesized nanoparticles had significant anti-bacterial activity and it also shows good catalytic activity on the reduction of para nitro phenol (4- NP) to para amino phenol (4-AP).

Activities of different types of Thai honey on pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases, tyrosinase enzyme and generating free radicals

BACKGROUND: Honey is a natural product obtained from the nectar that is collected from flowers by bees. It has several properties, including those of being food and supplementary diet, and it can be used in cosmetic products. Honey imparts pharmaceutical properties since it has antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Thai honey were investigated in this study. RESULTS: The honey from longan flower (source No. 1) gave the highest activity on MRSA when compared to the other types of honey, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 12.5% (v/v) and minimum bactericidal concentration of 25% (v/v). Moreover, it was found that MRSA isolate 49 and S. aureus were completely inhibited by the 50% (v/v) longan honey (source No. 1) at 8 and 20 hours of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the honey from coffee pollen (source No. 4) showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid compounds by 734.76 mg gallic/kg of honey and 178.31 mg quercetin/kg of honey, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the honey obtained from coffee pollen was also found to be the highest, when investigated using FRAP and DPPH assay, with 1781.77 mg FeSO4•7H2O/kg of honey and 86.20 mg gallic/kg of honey, respectively. Additionally, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme was found that honey from coffee flower showed highest inhibition by 63.46%. CONCLUSIONS: Honey demonstrates tremendous potential as a useful source that provides anti-free radicals, anti-tyrosinase and anti-bacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria causing skin diseases.

Effect of Different Extraction Techniques of Persicaria odorata Extracts Utilizing Anti-bacterial Bioassay.

Persicaria odorata is a common plant and well known in Malaysia as “Daun kesum” that is commonly used in cuisines and has various medicinal properties. This study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity and the extraction technique that produce the most active plant extract. The leaves were extracted using decoction, maceration assisted by ultra-sonication and percolation with soxhlet extractor to produce the respective extracts. All extracts were tested against four bacterial strains which included gram positive and gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion method. In this research gentamicin 10 μg were used as the antibacterial standard. The antimicrobial activity of the active extract was evaluated quantitatively using three different concentrations. The result from this study shows that Persicaria odorata leaves have high potential to be used as natural antibacterial agent against some bacterial infections depending on the method used to extract the active ingredient. The results shows that the extract obtained with percolation with soxhlet technique shows the best antibacterial activity followed by maceration with ultrasonication. Decoction extracts shows the weakest antibacterial activity. The extract obtain from both maceration with ultra-sonication and percolation using soxhlet extractor show significant (P=0.05) antimicrobial activity against all four bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella spp.).

Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected traditional Chinese medicinal herbs

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate in vitro antimicrobial activities of selected 58 ethno-medicinal plant extracts with a view to assess their therapeutic potential.@*METHODS@#A total of 58 traditional Chinese medicinal plants were carefully selected based on the literature review and their traditional use. The antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants were tested against fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus), yeast (Candida albicans), gram-negative (Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). The activities were tested at three different concentrations of 1.00, 0.10 and 0.01 mg/mL. The data was analysed using Gene data Screener program.@*RESULTS@#The measured antimicrobial activities indicated that out of the 58 plant extracts, 15 extracts showed anti-fungal activity and 23 extracts exhibited anti-bacterial activity. Eight plant extracts have exhibited both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities. For instance, Eucommia ulmoides, Polygonum cuspidatum, Poria cocos and Uncaria rhyncophylla showed activity against both bacterial and fungal strains, indicating their broad spectrum of activity.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results revealed that the ethanol extracts of 30 plants out of the selected 58 possess significant antimicrobial activities. It is interesting to note that the findings from the current study are consistent with the traditional use. A clear correlation has also been found between the antimicrobial activity and the flavonoid content of the plant extracts which is in agreement with the literature. Hence, the results presented here can be used to guide the selection of potential plant species for the isolation and structure elucidation of novel antimicrobial compounds in order to establish the structure-activity relationship. This in turn is expected to lead the way to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents for therapeutic use.

Antibacterial properties of auraptene and oxyprenylated naturally occurring benzoic and cinnamic acids / Propiedades antibacterianas del auraptene y acidos benzoicos y cinámicos oxi-prenilados naturales

The in vitro anti-bacterial activity of auraptene and four prenyloxycinnamic and benzoic acids was evaluated against a panel of three bacterial strain. All compounds were shown to be active as inhibitory agents of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

La actividad antibacteriana in vitro del auraptene y de cuatro ácidos preniloxycinámicos y benzoicos ha sido evaluada sobre un grupo de tres distintas cepas bacterianas. Todos los compuestos mostraron ser activos como agentes inhibitorios del crecimiento del Staphylococcus Aureus.

Synthesis, Cytotoxic and Anti-bacterial studies of some novel derivatives of N'-[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-yl]-2-(quinolin-8-yloxy) acetohydrazide.

An efficient method for preparing chalcones, commencing from acetohydrazide and substituted aromatic aldehydes, have been developed. The reaction of acetohydrazide with substituted aldehydes in the presence of ethanol to yield chalcones 4(a-j) and further the compounds thus obtained were identified by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data and have been screened for their anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity. All the compounds shown significant anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus, B. Subtilis, S. typhi and E. coli and potent anti-fungal activity against A. Niger and C. Albicans. Further moderate activity against carcinoma cells.

Phytochemical and anti-bacterial activity of epidermal glands extract of Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lev

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the morphology, biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica (C. parasitica) (L.) H. Lev.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Morphological studies on epidermal glands were carried out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope. To prepare the extract, the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone. For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Detailed micromorphological, phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. showed its intraspecific variation in antibacterial activity. The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species. The epidermal glands were orange-coloured, stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2 µm × 45 µm, and distributed on the undersurface of costa, costules and veins in croziers, young and mature leaves. Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers. The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids in it.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica (L.) H. Lev. have several bioactive compounds and such rare morphovariant should be conserved in nature. The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.</p>

Screening of Quercus infectoria gall extracts as anti-bacterial agents against dental pathogens.

Background and Objectives: A number of bacteria have now become antibiotic-resistant. This increases the importance of ayurvedic drugs. We report, here, the activity of different extracts (petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water) of Quercus infectoria galls against dental pathogens - Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus (designated) and Streptococcus sanguis (isolated). Materials and Methods: The cup-plate method was used in anti-bacterial activity of the extracts at concentration of 200 mg/ml against dental pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of most effective extracts against the most susceptible bacteria were determined using a two-fold serial micro dilution method. Results: Methanolic extract showed maximum anti-bacterial activity against all the bacteria. The most susceptible bacteria were S. sanguis followed by S. aureus, S. mutans, S. salivarius and L. acidophilus. The MIC values showed that methanolic extract was more effective than water extract. Conclusion: The plant has the potential to generate herbal metabolites. The crude extracts demonstrating anti-dental caries activity could result in the discovery of new chemical classes of antibiotics. These chemical classes of antibiotics could serve as selective agents for the maintenance of human health and provide bio-chemical tools for the study of infectious diseases.

Medical Aromatherapy / 日本補完代替医療学会誌

Medical aromatherapy, a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to cure diseases or to diminish symptoms by using essential oils, is widely applied to the areas of nursing or medical care. Since the varied pharmacological effects of essential oils are anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic, medical aromatherapy is used for the treatment of gynecological and obstetrical disorders, skin troubles, upper respiratory infections and psychosomatic diseases, and for pain control and stress management. The methods of aromatherapy include inhalation, oral administration, aromatic bathing and massage. Massage is most effective in inducing relaxation. Because aromatherapy is only complementary to mainstream medicine, the combination of aromatherapy with western medicine and other CAM therapies can realize an ideal integrative medicine.<br>