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RESUMO A pesquisa social sobre doping e a luta contra ele cresceu nos últimos anos, porém sua distribuição é desigual. O objetivo é descrever como os interesses da WADA e do governo brasileiro para ter o laboratório preparado para os Jogos de 2016 afetaram a luta antidopagem. Adotamos procedimentos etnográficos para analisar a suspensão, descredenciamento e recredenciamento do LBCD (2013-2015). Com ajuda da sociologia pragmática, visualizaram-se associações e interesses dos atores. Especificamente, retratou-se como a WADA conseguiu pressionar o governo por meio do descredenciamento de 2013 e, a partir das ações e associações do governo, como ela foi flexível para recredenciar um laboratório em condições inadequadas, a fim de mantê-lo atuante para os Jogos de 2016.
ABSTRACT Social research on doping and anti-doping has grown in recent years. However, its distribution is uneven. The objective is to study how WADA and Brazilian government for having an operational laboratory affected anti-doping. We adopted an ethnographic approach to describe the processes of suspension, revocation and re-accreditation of LBCD (2013-2015). Using pragmatic sociology concepts, it is possible to identify actors' associations and interests. Specifically, the paper will show that WADA managed to pressure the government through the 2013 revocation - forcing it to act and to associate with other actors − but it was then flexible to re-accredit a laboratory in inadequate conditions, in order to have it operational for 2016 Games.
RESUMEN La investigación social sobre antidopaje ha crecido en los últimos años, sin embargo, la repartición es desigual. El objetivo es describir cómo los intereses de AMA y del gobierno brasileño de tener un laboratorio para los JJOO de 2016 afectaron la lucha antidopaje. Adoptamos métodos etnográficos para analizar los procesos de suspensión, desacreditación y reacreditación del LBCD (2013-2015). Es posible identificar las asociaciones e intereses de los actores. Específicamente, se relata cómo AMA logró presionar al gobierno con la desacreditación y que, tras las acciones y asociaciones posteriores del gobierno, cómo fue flexible a la hora de volver a acreditar el laboratorio en condiciones inadecuadas, a fin de mantener el laboratorio operativo para los Juegos.
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<b>Objective: We conducted a survey on the anti-doping consultation data among domestic athletes, including the number of monthly consultations, the fields targeted for consultation, and proportion (%) of consultations for medications that should be avoided or prohibited, in order to address relevant issues.<br><b>Methods: Data collected from the domestic athletes' anti-doping consultations with the pharmaceutical consultation committee of the Shiga Pharmaceutical Association in 2012 were analyzed.<br><b>Results: Most consultations occurred in March. Most (80%) of the consultations conducted within a year were sought by teams from schools, clubs, and competition associations, whereas 16% were sought by individual athletes. The remaining 4% were sought by medical institutions. The percentage of consulted ethical medications was unexpectedly high at 69%, while that of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs was 26% and that of "others," which comprised dietary and health supplements, was 5%. Among the medications consulted for, 25% were classified as "should avoid" and "prohibited" because of violations of the anti-doping code. Among the ingredients of the substances consulted for, most (75%) were classified as "others," followed by OTC drugs (38%) and ethical medicines (15%).<br><b>Conclusions: As the training environment greatly differs between domestic and international athletes, so should be the anti-doping activities. Thus, anti-doping activities suitable for domestic athletic meets should be promoted.
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El uso de glucocorticoides está prohibido en el campo deportivo durante las competencias si son administrados por vías sistémicas, para lo cual, WADA definió un nivel de reporte de 30ng/mL para los compuestos padre y sus metabolitos. En este trabajo ha sido desarrollada una metodología analítica para la determinación cualitativa de los principales metabolitos de algunos glucocorticoides sintéticos: Betametasona, Budesonida, Dexametasona, Metilprednisolona, Prednisolona, y Triamcinolona Acetónido, presentes en muestras de orina conservadas por el Laboratorio de Control al Dopaje de COLDEPORTES. La metodología incluyó una comparación entre la extracción de los analitos libres y conjugados con glucurónido (para determinar cuál de las dos fracciones era más útil en el análisis de estas sustancias), su separación por cromatografía liquida de alta eficiencia con ionización positiva y la detección por medio de trampa iónica (HPLC-MS-MS). Se seleccionaron los metabolitos mayoritarios a través de sus tiempos de retención, posteriormente se fragmentaron para obtener sus espectros y a través de la abundancia se determinó la cantidad presente en cada fracción (libre y conjugada). Se identificaron los seis glucocorticoides y un total de doce metabolitos, que permitirán hacer un rastreo más prolongado del consumo de las sustancias. Además se confirmó que las cantidades para la mayoría de los compuestos de interés, fueron más altas en la fracción libre de las muestras de orina, pero que no es posible eliminar el proceso de hidrolisis porque algunos metabolitos se excretan conjugados.
Glucocorticoids use is prohibited on the sport during competitions when they are administered by systemic routes for which WADA defined a reporting level of 30ng/ml for parent compounds and their metabolites. In this paper has been developed an analytical methodology for the qualitative determination of the main metabolites of some synthetic glucocorticoids: Betamethasone, Budesonide, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone, Prednisolone and Triamcinolone Acetonide, present in urine samples preserved by the Laboratory of Doping Control of COLDEPORTES. The methodology included a comparison between the extraction of free and conjugated with glucuronide analytes (to determine which of the two fractions was more useful in the analysis of these substances), their separation by high performance liquid chromatography with positive ionization and detection using ion trap (HPLC -MS- MS). Major metabolites were selected by their retention times, later fragmented to obtain its spectra and through their abundance determine the amount present in each fraction (free and conjugated). There were identified the six glucocorticoids and twelve metabolites, that will allow to make a more extended screening of the consumption of these substances. Also it was confirmed that the amounts for most of the compounds of interest, were higher in the free fraction of the urine samples, but it is not possible to eliminate the hydrolysis process because some metabolites are excreted as conjugates.
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This study investigated the anti-doping policy promoted by the IOC historical sociologically focusing on the period from 1968 to 1999. Public opinion surrounding doping control has emerged as a large amount of drug possession by athletes who had participated in the 1952 Olympics was caught, as well as following the acident where an athlete had died during the competition as a result of doping. From 1960, as many doping cases in sports games were exposed, several international organizations proclaimed fight against doping in order to seek a preventive measure. In 1961, the IOC newly established a medical commission within the organization. It was decided to implement doping control and female sex testing at the same time for all athletes who participated in the 1967 Olympics, and they were implemented from 1968 winter and summer Olympic Games. In 1971, the provisions for the tests were prescribed as mandatory on the IOC charter. From 1989, the OCT system was introduced as a measure to overcome limitations of the detection during competition period. As political problems and limitations emerged, WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) was established in 1999 to professionally manage and push for doping control. Female sex testing policy contributed to preventing males from participating in female competition by deceiving their gender to some extent. However, it was abolished due to strong public condemnation such as women's rights issues, social stigma and pain, and gender discrimination debate. In 1984, a doping control center was established in Korea, which enabled drug use or doping in the sports world to emerge to the surface in our society. Korea Sports Council and KOC articles of association that supervise doping related matters of Korean athletes were revised in 1990. The action of inserting doping related issue in the articles of association was taken 20 years after the start of IOC doping policy. Beginning with two international competitions in the 1980s, Korean athletes experienced doping test directly, yet education about doping was limited. However, some national team level athletes tested positive on the doping test and underwent disciplinary action. In addition, athletic federation or leaders acquiesced athletes doping made secretly; this indicated that South Korea was also not free from doping. It was found that Korea world of sports showed very passive countermeasures and development process.
Subject(s)
Athletes , Athletic Performance , Doping in Sports/history , History, 20th Century , International Agencies/history , Policy Making , Republic of KoreaABSTRACT
<b>Objective: </b>Doping is strongly prohibited in sports. Sports pharmacist was born in 2010 in Japan, and the anti-doping activity is expected. On the other hand, doping by arising from a lack of knowledge about prohibited substances in athletes, so-called “unwilling doping” is developing into a social issue. In this study, we investigated the percentage of prohibited substances in all drugs and prescriptions in a general hospital, to collect information to prevent an unwilling doping.<br><b>Methods: </b>We constructed system to extract the drugs corresponding to prohibited substances in the prescription order entry system in Otaru Municipal Hospital, and we analyzed 3,306 prescriptions of 10 to 59 years old patients, from July to September 2010.<br><b>Results: </b>Thirteen point five percent of our hospital drugs met definition of the prohibited substance. The number of prescriptions including prohibited substance(s) was 350 (10.6%), and its category was different from each age-group and clinical department.<br><b>Consideration: </b>Because prohibited substances are included in approximately 10% of prescriptions, athletes are exposed to danger of becoming an unwilling doping. Pharmacist should be well informed about prohibited substances to prevent athletes from unwilling doping. And they should provide information promptly and adequately for athletes.
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<b>Objective: </b>The sports community has placed its great hope on pharmacist since the establishment of the Accredited Sports Pharmacist System. Thus, we constructed an anti-doping database for pharmacist so that pharmacist can support appropriate drug use and contribute to the sports community.<br><b>Methods: </b>The database was constructed by using Microsoft®Access 2007, based on our previously prepared anti-doping list.<br><b>Results: </b>686 prescription drugs and 268 ingredients for non-prescription drug were registered in the data base. It was able to retrieve the advisability of use for athlete, blood half-life and the other notes of the drugs easily and promptly.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>We confirm that pharmacist can provide drug information easily, promptly and from the viewpoint of pharmaceutics by utilizing the database including necessary information for anti-doping.
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This study was conducted to investigate relationships and gender differences in dietary supplement (DS) and oriental supplement (OS) prevalence as well as anti-doping awareness during training and the game period. Korea National Sport University athletes (343 male and 136 female) participated in this study and completed DS and OS practice and anti-doping awareness questionnaires. Forty-six percent of athletes used DS during the training period, and there was significantly higher DS use in females (53%) compared to males (43%) (P < 0.05). Twenty-eight percent of athletes used OS, and there was significantly higher OS use in females (35%) than males (26%) (P < 0.05) during the training period. The primary reason of DS use was to supply energy both in males (36%) and females (28%). The main reason for male athletes' OS use was to supply energy (41%). Meanwhile, the reasons for female athletes' OS use were to supply energy (23%), to maintain health (19%), and to improve recovery ability (20%), which showed a significant gender difference (P < 0.05). Athletes rated their perceived degree of satisfaction, perceived importance, and beliefs in efficacy of DS and OS use all over 50% during the training period, and no gender differences were detected. In a comparison between athletes educated about anti-doping (at least more than one time) and non-received athletes, DS and OS use during the training period was 2.30 (1.47-3.60) and 1.71 (1.03-2.82), respectively. DS and OS use immediately before the game period was 2.38 (1.50-3.80) and 3.99 (1.20-13.28), respectively. Elite athletes' anti-doping education was highly related to increased DS use during the training period and immediately before the game. Although elite athletes use various DS and OS during the training period and before the game period, doping education for elite athletes is related with DS and OS use during the training period and before the game.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Athletes , Dietary Supplements , Korea , Prevalence , Surveys and Questionnaires , SportsABSTRACT
<b>Objective</b>: In the Drug Informatics in Department of Pharmacy, Kitasato Institute Hospital (hereinafter “the hospital”), we have had question-and-answer sessions regarding doping agents (banned drugs) among doctors and other workers and prepared an Anti-doping Quick Reference List (hereinafter “the list”), facing an urgent need to provide precise information quickly.<br><b>Methods</b>: The list consists of drugs adopted by the hospital and over-the-counter drugs according to package inserts, interview forms, and other sources of information.<br><b>Results</b>: In the list, hospital and over-the-counter drugs are classified into three categories in terms of a doping test: (1) “Non-banned” (drugs that can be used), (2) “Banned” (drugs that cannot be used), and (3) “Suspected” (unclear drugs) with their half lives for elimination as an indicator of the disappearance time from the body and divided by medicinal effect. In addition, we indicated any drug for which the Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) application (hereinafter, TUE application) is required before use.<br><b>Conclusion</b>: The list prepared in this investigation offers many benefits, including precise and quickly available information on banned and non-banned drugs, ease in suggesting alternatives, and avoidance of failure in TUE application.
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This paper explores the existing gene doping problems of athletes in bioethical aspect,describes the development of gene doping,and points out that strengthening the anti-doping education,further improving legal system and strengthening an effective supervision and anti-doping research are main focus of anti-doping work currently.