Persistent bilateral atypical femoral fractures in an antiresorptive-naïve Singaporean Chinese patient with Graves’ Disease / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are rare adverse effects of bisphosphonate therapy. We report an unusual case of bilateral diaphyseal AFFs in an antiresorptive-naïve Singaporean Chinese female with Graves’ disease. She presented with complete right AFF requiring surgical fixation, and persistent left incomplete AFF for over four years. Femoral bowing, varus femoral geometry, and ethnic influence likely contributed to the AFFs’ formation. This case may provide insights into the pathogenesis of AFFs in high-risk Asian populations.

Osteonecrosis of the jaws in patients under osteoporosis treatment: a nine-year experience report

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to report the experience of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) in osteoporotic patients for nine years, and their associated initiating factors. Materials and methods: The numbers of invasive oral procedures (IOP) (tooth extraction, dental implant placement, and periodontal procedures) and removable prostheses performed from January 2012 to January 2021 were obtained from the digital records of a large public dental center. There were an estimated 6,742 procedures performed in patients under osteoporosis treatment. Results: Two cases (0.03%) of MRONJ were registered in nine years amongst patients with osteoporosis who had dental treatment at the center. From the 1,568 tooth extractions, one patient (0.06%) developed MRONJ. There was also one case from the 2,139 removable prostheses delivered (0.05%). Conclusions: The prevalence of MRONJ associated with osteoporosis treatment was very low. The protocols adopted seem to be adequate for the prevention of this complication. The findings of this study reinforce the rare frequency of MRONJ associated with dental procedures in patients submitted to the pharmacological management of osteoporosis. An integral analysis of systemic risk factors and oral preventive strategies may be considered regularly in the dental treatment of these patients.

Efectos antirresortivos y antimicrobianos de los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos en lesiones periapicales / Antiresorptive and antimicrobial effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in periapical lesion

Los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) son un grupo de fármacos que han sido comúnmente prescritos por sus propiedades antiinflamato- rias, antipiréticas y analgésicas, mismas que se deben a la inhibición de la formación de prostaglandinas. Este mecanismo ha sido ampliamente respaldado en la literatura; sin embargo, en la actualidad poco se co- noce sobre las propiedades adicionales de estos medicamentos como el efecto antirresortivo y antimicrobiano. La función antirresortiva se debe principalmente al bloqueo de la producción de prostaglandinas en específico la PGE2, que posee gran potencial osteoclastogénico, esencial para la aparición de lesiones periapicales; asimismo, la acción antimicrobiana de los AINE está relacionada con la afectación directa de la perpetuación de biopelícula, potencian la acción de los antibióticos, entre otros. Dichos efectos combinados podrían contribuir en la cura- ción de lesiones periapicales. El objetivo de este estudio es recopilar información actualizada sobre estas funciones agregadas de los AINE, con el fin de dar a conocer a los profesionales estos beneficios en la terapéutica de las lesiones periapicales (AU)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs that have been commonly prescribed for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties, which are due to the inhibition of prostaglandin formation. This mechanism has been widely supported in the literature; however, currently little is known about the additional properties of these drugs such as the antiresorptive and antimicrobial effect. The antiresorptive function is mainly due to the blockage of prostaglandin production, specifically PGE2, which has great osteoclastogenic potential, and is essential for the appearance of periapical lesions; likewise, the antimicrobial action of NSAIDs is related to the fact that they directly affect the perpetuation of biofilms, enhance the action of antibiotics, among others. These combined effects could contribute to the healing of periapical lesions. The aim of this study is to gather updated information on these added functions of NSAIDs, in order to inform professionals about these benefits in the therapy of periapical lesion (AU)

A Case of Antiresorptive Agent-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Successfully Treated with Hochuekkito / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We herein report a case of 91-year-old woman with antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) developed during treatment for osteoporosis with intravenous ibandronate. Although she was treated with several antibiotics and had an incision for the drainage of a pus discharge at a dental clinic for two months after the onset of ARONJ, the discharge persisted. We then added hochuekkito to her treatment, which resulted in a gradual decreased in pus discharge and decrease in wound size and the wound resolved after approximately one month. ARONJ is considered a refractory disease, however, it was successfully treated with hochuekkito in this patient. ARONJ is also a rare condition and to our knowledge, this is considered to be the first case of ARONJ, which has been successfully treated with Kampo medicine.

Osteonecrosis asociada a pacientes con consumo de antirresortivos bajo tratamiento oncológico / Osteonecrosis associated to patients who take anti-resorptive drugs, undergoing oncologic treatment

La Asociación Americana de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial (American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons [AAOMS]): define el concepto de osteonecrosis maxilar asociada a drogas antirresortivas (MRONJ) como: «área ósea necrótica expuesta al medio bucal con más de ocho semanas de permanencia, en presencia de tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos en ausencia de radioterapia en cabeza y cuello¼. El objetivo de este artículo es asociar la enfermedad oncológica en relación con las drogas antirresortivas consumidas por pacientes, la prescripción de dichas drogas y el depósito de ellas en el organismo. Al mismo tiempo, la interacción médico-odontológico debe implementarse en favor de la salud de nuestros pacientes (AU)

American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons AAOMS defined Medication Related of the Jaw (MRONJ) as «necrotic bone area exposed to the oral environment with more than eight weeks of permanence, in the presence of chronic treatment with BPs, in the absence of radiation therapy to the head and neck¼. The objective of this article is associate oncology antiresorptives treatments prescribed by physicians, their prescription and body accumulation in patients whose are treated with them. Interdisciplinary dental and physician clinical treatments must be implemented in patient favours (AU)

Dental care for patients taking antiresorptive drugs: a literature review

Antiresorptive drugs (ARDs), such as bisphosphonates or denosumab, that prevent bone resorption are widely used in patients with osteoporosis or with cancer that has metastasized to the bones. Although osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a well-documented complication of ARD use, the benefits ARDs outweigh the complication. Thus, research has focused on finding ways to prevent or reduce the risk of developing ONJ. Dentists, as part of a multi-professional team, have a critical role in preventing ONJ. However, many dentists tend to hesitate to provide dental care to patients with ONJ, or tend to think that it is a problem to be dealt with by oral surgeons. This review gives an overview of ARD-related ONJ and provides the guidelines for dental care in patients taking ARDs to lower the risk of developing ONJ.

Management of Bone Fragility in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

@#Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) are recognised to have a higher risk of fragility fractures. With the increasing prevalence of DM2 in Singapore and an ageing population, the impact of DM2 on fragility fracture is expected to rise. The aim of this article is to review updated information on bone fragility and fracture risk in DM2 patients, to discuss the impact of diabetes treatment on bone metabolism, as well as the efficacy of anti-osteoporosis treatments for this population. An algorithm is proposed for the identification and management of DM2 patients at increased fracture risk.

PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS

Osteoporosis is a common problem encountered inprimary care. Mortality and long-term morbidity isassociated with almost all types of symptomaticosteoporotic fractures. Local data suggests thatosteoporosis remains undiagnosed and undertreated.Primary care physicians play a central role in closing thegap for osteoporosis treatment with the opportunity todiagnose, investigate, and treat these patients effectively.In this article, we explore different pharmacologicaloptions in the treatment of osteoporosis, including therole of calcium and vitamin D, antiresorptive agents,hormonal therapy, and anabolic treatment options.

Research progress on drugs in osteoporosis therapy / 药学实践杂志

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone metabolism disease characterized by a systemic impairment of bone mass ,strength ,and microarchitecture ,which will be result in increasing the propensity of fragility fractures .In recent years , OP becomes a worldwide health problem and a hotspot in medical research due to its increasing incidence .Anti-resorptive drugs inhibit osteoclast differentiation and maturation in order to reduce bone resorption ;Bone-anabolic drugs promote the bone for-mation function of osteoblast and reconstruct bone tissue ;Bone mineralization-acceleration drugs are the basic material for pre-vention and treatment of osteoporosis ,including calcium and vitamin D ;Strontium ranelate is the representative drug of un-coupling agents .In this paper ,the current progress of osteoporosis treatments were reviewed including these proposed drugs .

Relaciones metabólicas de la osteonecrosis de maxilares inducida por bifosfonatos: revisión

Los BFs son fármacos antirresortivos de elección en el tratamiento de una amplia gama de patologías osteolíticas como osteoporosis, enfermedad de Piaget, hipercalcemia asociada a metástasis ósea y lesiones óseas por mieloma múltiple, entre otras (Adober et ál., 2000). El uso vía oral, VO, de estos medicamentos reporta efectos adversos en el tracto digestivo: náuseas, dolor abdominal, pirosis, úlceras y estenosis esofágica (Jódar et ál., 2002). Desde 2003 también se han relacionado con una exposición ósea en los maxilares denominada osteonecrosis de maxilares inducida por bifosfonatos, ONMIB; particularmente en aplicaciones intravenosas, IV, de mayor biodisponibilidad (Marx et ál., 2003). En pacientes que consumen BFs los tratamientos odontológicos fuertes pueden desencadenar ONMIB (Barquero, 2016). Esta revisión se enfoca en procedimientos de acción de BFs que justifican su acción terapéutica y efectos adversos, entre ellos el desarrollo de osteonecrosis maxilar; también pretende llamar la atención sobre la necesidad de establecer protocolos de abordaje odontológico para pacientes que son tratados con BFs durante largos períodos.

Bifosphonates are antiresorptive drugs of choice in the treatment of a wide range of osteolytic pathologies, such as osteoporosis, Piaget's disease, hypercalcemia associated with bone metastasis and bone lesions due to multiple myeloma, among others (Adober et ál., 2000). The orally use of these drugs reports adverse effects in the digestive tract: nausea, abdominal pain, heartburn, ulcers and esophageal stenosis (Jódar et ál., 2002). Since 2003, they have also been associated with a bone exposure in the maxilla called bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of jaws; particularly in intravenous application with greater bioavailability (Marx et ál., 2003). In patients who consume BFs aggressive dental treatments can trigger osteonecrosis of the jaw (Barquero, 2016). The present review focuses on mechanisms of action of BFs that justify their therapeutic action and adverse effects, among them the development of osteonecrosis of jaw; also seeks to It also aims to draw attention to the need to establish dental protocols for patients who are treated with BFs for long periods.

Osteonecrosis mandibular relacionada con medicamentos: conceptos teóricos y prácticos actuales para el odontólogo general

La osteonecrosis mandibular relacionada con medicamentos (ONMRM), es un síndrome asociado al uso de fármacos antirresortivos (bifosfonatos), inhibidores de ligando RANK-L y de angiogénesis, administrados para el tratamiento de enfermedades como cáncer y osteoporosis. Objetivos: actualizar contenidos respecto a etiopatogenia y tratamientos de ONMRM, enfatizando el rol del factor "infección", y en la perspectiva de que el tratamiento, pueda ser implementado por el odontólogo general. Materiales y métodos: se realiza un scoping review mediante acceso a las bases de datos MEDLINE (Pubmed) y Cochrane library, de artículos publicados desde el año 2010 en adelante, en inglés y castellano, empleando palabras claves incluidas en los medical subject headings (MeSH). Conclusiones: La evidencia recogida demuestra que, teniendo en cuenta los factores de riesgo individuales, no existen en general contraindicaciones para llevar a cabo exodoncias, bajo específicos protocolos quirúrgicos, en pacientes con terapias antiresortivas o antiangiogénicas, ya que al parecer, el origen de la ONMRM se asocia a contaminación por biofilm, más que al uso o efecto de estos fármacos. En el caso del tratamiento de una ONMRM ya instalada, las terapias quirúrgicas resultan ser más eficaces que las paliativas en la remisión del cuadro.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a syndrome associated to the use of antiresorptive therapy (bisphosphonates), RANK-ligand inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors drugs, used for the treatment of cancer and osteoporosis among other diseases. Purpose: Update the knowledge on its etiopathogenesis emphasizing the role of infection, and in doing so, look for treatments that can be carried out by general practitioners. Materials and methods: A scoping review is performed through Medline (Pubmed) and Cochrane databases, of articles published from to 2010, in English and Spanish, including MeSH keywords such as "osteonecrosis of the jaw; "antiresorptive drug"; "bisphosphonates"; "Denosumab"; "surgical wound infection"; "dental extraction". Conclusions: The current evidence demonstrate that, taking into account individual risk factors, teeth extractions can be harmless performed in patients under antiresorptive or antiangiogenic interetherapies because the origin of MRONJ appears to be more related to biofilm contamination than with the use or effects of any specific drug. Once MRONJ is installed, surgical therapies prove to be more effective in the treatment and remission of these lesions.

Pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis

The objectives of this article are to review current pharmacologic approaches for the treatment of osteoporosis in Korea. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation are necessary for osteoporotic patients with inadequate calcium intake and low vitamin D nutritional status, which is a risk factor of osteoporosis. Several pharmacologic therapies are available for treatment of osteoporosis. Antiresorptive agents, bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, denosumab, estrogens, and tibolone are the basis of therapy. Antiresorptive medications reduce the rates of bone remodeling. Several drugs have shown their ability to reduce vertebral and/or nonvertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates that reduced bone loss and fragility are usually the mainstay of the treatment of osteoporosis. The recently registered denosumab shows similar anti-fracture efficacy by neutralizing receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, however, marked differences in reversibility can be observed between the two drugs. The anabolic agents, teriparatide, stimulates new bone formation, increases bone density, and reduces fractures. Other treatment options such as hormone replacement therapy, tibolone, raloxifene, and bazedoxifene are also reviewed in this article. Pharmacologic treatments of osteoporosis are associated with adverse effects, but the benefits generally far surpass the risks.

Comparación entre score de frax sin densidad mineral ósea y los criterios propuestos por la sociedad Argentina de osteoporosis para el uso de tratamiento antirresortivo en mujeres postmenopáusicas

Identificar pacientes con alto riesgo de fractura utilizando factores de riesgo clínicos podría reducir los gastos en salud derivados de la realización de una densitometría ósea. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el score de FRAX sin determinación de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) con los criterios propuestos por la Sociedad Argentina de Osteoporosis (SAO), para considerar el inicio de tratamiento antirresortivo. Realizamos un estudio observacional, transversal. Se incluyeron 330 mujeres postmenopáusicas entre 40 y 90 años de edad. Se determinó la cantidad de tratamientos indicados según se utilice la herramienta FRAX sin DMO, o los criterios de la SAO. Utilizando los criterios de la SAO, 85 (25.8%) pacientes recibirían tratamiento, mientras que si se utilizara la herramienta FRAX sin DMO, lo harían 15 (4.5%) pacientes (p = 0.0019). De los 67 pacientes con diagnóstico de osteoporosis por densitometría ósea, todas recibirían tratamiento utilizando los criterios de la SAO y solo 10 (15%) lo harían si utilizáramos el score de FRAX sin DMO (p = 0.011). La utilización del score de FRAX sin DMO reduce en forma significativa la cantidad de pacientes tratables en comparación con los criterios actuales de la SAO. En pacientes con diagnóstico de osteoporosis por DMO, el score de FRAX subestima los pacientes a tratar.

To identify patients at high risk of fracture using clinical risk factors could reduce health costs arising from the realization of a bone densitometry. The aim of this study was to compare the FRAX score without bone mineral density (BMD) with the criteria proposed by the Argentine Society of Osteoporosis (SAO) to consider starting antiresorptive treatment. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study where 330 postmenopausal women between 40 and 90 years of age were included. The number of treatments given if the FRAX tool without BMD had been followed was compared with the number of treatments indicated using the SAO criteria. Using the SAO criteria, 85 (25.8%) patients would initiate antiresorptive treatment compared with 15 (4.5%) using the FRAX without BMD (p = 0.0019). Among the 67 patients with a diagnosis of osteoporosis by BMD determination, all of them (100%) would have received treatment by using the SAO criteria compared with 10 (15%) using the FRAX score (p = 0.011). The use of FRAX without BMD significantly underestimates the number of patients who should receive antiresorptive treatment. In patients diagnosed with osteoporosis by BMD, the FRAX score underestimates the number of patients to be treated.

Bilateral Femoral Neck Insufficiency Fractures after Use of a Long-term Anti-resorptive Drug Therapy for Osteoporosis: A Case Report / 대한고관절학회지

A 78-year-old woman developed an insufficiency fracture on her right femoral neck without trauma after four years of treatment with a bisphosphonate. Her fracture was fixed by two screws and her anti-osteoporotic drug was changed from an anti-resorptive to an anabolic agent. Seven months later, however, she sustained similar insufficiency fracture on the left femoral neck and was treated with the same method. She developed right inguinal pain again approximately eight months after her right side operation. The results of imaging tests revealed that her insufficiency fracture was converted to complete fracture, and that the fracture gap had widened as well. Her right hip was revised with hemiarthroplasty. A histological exam of the fracture site revealed evidence of decreased bone healing. Long-term administration of anti-resorptive drug prevents bone healing and remodeling and can result in atypical fractures of the femoral neck. Osteosynthesis was difficult to accomplish despite the application of proactive fixation. Therefore, more rigid fixation and careful postoperative treatment should be considered.

Medicação antirreabsortiva e antiangiogênica na Odontologia: fatores de risco, tratamento da MRONJ e informações recentes / Antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapies in Dentistry: risk factors, MRONJ-medication and recent information

O objetivo desta revisão foi atualizar o conhecimento básico sobre medicações antiangioênicas e antirreabsortivas, além dos bifosfonatos, e discutir condutas clínicas, protocolos de tratamento e gerenciamento da osteonecrose que podem ser adotados para benefício dos pacientes na Implantodontia. Devido à ocorrência de novos casos de osteonecrose após o uso de medicações antiangiogênicas e antirreabsortivas, a American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) sugeriu a mudança de nomenclatura Bronj (Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) para MRONJ (Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw). O tipo de medicação e a indicação da mesma (câncer, mieloma múltiplo, osteoporose/osteopenia) devem ser levados em consideração no manejo dos pacientes. Há controvérsias sobre a suspensão das medicações (Drug Holiday) e testes que predigam o risco de MRONJ. Novas pesquisas realizadas em cobaias procuram determinar o efeito do alendronato ministrado sistemicamente, após a cirurgia, sobre a osteointegração de implantes, neoformação óssea e reabsorção de enxerto ósseo. Outra abordagem de pesquisa sobre bifosfonatos aplicados sobre a superfície dos implantes, com o objetivo de melhorar a osteointegração, está sendo realizada em humanos e em cobaias. A constante atualização dos profissionais de saúde se faz necessária para tratamentos mais eficientes e com menor risco aos pacientes.

The objective of this review is to update the basic knowledge about antiangiogenic and antiresorptive medications, in addition to bisphosphonates and discuss clinical procedures, treatment protocols and management of osteonecrosis, which can be adopted for the benefit of patients seeking dental implant treatment. Due to the occurrence of new cases of osteonecrosis after using antiangiogenic and antiresorptive medications, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) suggested changing Bronj nomenclature (Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) to MRONJ (Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw). The type of medication and treatment indications (cancer, multiple myeloma, osteoporosis/osteopenia), should be taken into consideration for patient management. There is controversy about the suspension of medications (Drug Holiday) and tests to predict the risk of MRONJ. New animal model studies try to determine the effects of alendronate as systemically administered, after implant surgery, on bone formation and bone graft resorption. Other studies at human and animal investigate the role of bisphosphonates as biological coatings at implant surfaces to improve osseointegration. Continuing dental education is mandatory to provide more efficient treatments with less risk to patients.

Pharmacological management of osteogenesis

Osteogenesis and bone remodeling are complex biological processes that are essential for the formation of new bone tissue and its correct functioning. When the balance between bone resorption and formation is disrupted, bone diseases and disorders such as Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, osteoporosis and fragility fractures may result. Recent advances in bone cell biology have revealed new specific targets for the treatment of bone loss that are based on the inhibition of bone resorption by osteoclasts or the stimulation of bone formation by osteoblasts. Bisphosphonates, antiresorptive agents that reduce bone resorption, are usually recommended as first-line therapy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Numerous studies have shown that bisphosphonates are able to significantly reduce the risk of femoral and vertebral fractures. Other antiresorptive agents indicated for the treatment of osteoporosis include selective estrogen receptor modulators, such as raloxifene. Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody, is another antiresorptive agent that has been approved in Europe and the USA. This agent blocks the RANK/RANKL/OPG system, which is responsible for osteoclastic activation, thus reducing bone resorption. Other approved agents include bone anabolic agents, such as teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone that improves bone microarchitecture and strength, and strontium ranelate, considered to be a dual-action drug that acts by both osteoclastic inhibition and osteoblastic stimulation. Currently, anti-catabolic drugs that act through the Wnt-β catenin signaling pathway, serving as Dickkopf-related protein 1 inhibitors and sclerostin antagonists, are also in development. This concise review provides an overview of the drugs most commonly used for the control of osteogenesis in bone diseases.

Diagnosis and treatment of Paget's disease of bone: a mini-review / Diagnóstico e tratamento da doença de Paget dos ossos: uma minirrevisão

Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic progressive disorder of bone metabolism that may go undetected for many years, and endocrinologists should be alert to its clinical signs and promptly diagnose and treat PDB before it results in irreversible complications, such as deformity, fracture or neurological sequelae. Most commonly, PDB is suspected upon the incidental finding of elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels or a radiographic abnormality in an otherwise healthy individual above 55 years of age. Some of these individuals may have symptoms such as bone pain or enlargement with increased warmth. In general, a basic laboratory evaluation of bone metabolism, plain radiographies of affected bones and bone scintigraphy are sufficient to corroborate the diagnosis. Antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates is the mainstay of treatment of symptomatic PDB, and intravenous zoledronic acid has emerged as an effective and safe treatment option, leading to sustained remission and improved quality of life. It is extremely important, though, to ensure calcium and vitamin D sufficiency before and during treatment in order to prevent hypocalcemia. The benefit of treating all asymptomatic patients is not clear, but treatment is warranted if the pagetic lesion is located in a site where progression to fracture, deformity, or compression would significantly impair the patient quality of life. This mini-review focuses on important aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of PDB.

A doença de Paget dos ossos (PDB) é uma doença progressiva e crônica do metabolismo ósseo que pode passar despercebida por muitos anos. Os endocrinologistas devem ficar alertas aos seus sinais clínicos e diagnosticar e tratar a PDB imediatamente, antes que ela gere complicações irreversíveis, como deformidade, fratura ou sequelas neurológicas. Mais comumente, suspeita-se da PBD após o achado incidental de níveis elevados de fosfatase alcalina no soro, ou anormalidades radiográficas em indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis com mais de 55 anos de idade. Alguns desses indivíduos podem apresentar sintomas, como a dor ou aumento ósseo com temperatura aumentada. Em geral, a avaliação laboratorial básica de metabolismo ósseo, radiografias simples dos ossos afetados e cintilografia óssea são suficientes para corroborar o diagnóstico. O tratamento antirreabsortivo com bifosfonatos é o principal tratamento da PDB sintomática, e o ácido zoledrônico intravenoso passou a ser uma opção de tratamento segura e eficiente, levando à manutenção da remissão e à melhora da qualidade de vida. É extremamente importante, entretanto, garantir níveis adequados de cálcio e vitamina D antes e durante o tratamento para se evitar a hipocalcemia. O benefício de se tratar todos os pacientes assintomáticos não está claro, mas o tratamento é recomendado se a localização da lesão pagética sugerir progressão para fratura, deformidade ou compressão que comprometam a qualidade de vida. Esta minirrevisão concentra-se em importantes aspectos do diagnóstico e tratamento da PDB.

Medicamentos para o tratamento da osteoporose: revisão / Drugs for the management of osteoporosis: a review

A osteoporose caracteriza-se por reduzida massa óssea e deterioração microarquitetural do tecido ósseo, o que aumenta a fragilidade óssea e, portanto, a suscetibilidade a fraturas. A osteoporose é um importante problema de saúde pública, que leva a um maior risco de fraturas espontâneas e traumáticas. Na Índia, as fraturas osteoporóticas afetam ambos os sexos e podem ocorrer em idades mais precoces do que nos países do ocidente. Embora sem números precisos, mas com base nos dados disponíveis e na experiência clínica, estima-se que 36 milhões de indianos possam ser afetados pela osteoporose em 2013. Isso estaria associado a um custo enorme e a um consumo considerável de recursos da saúde. Terapias farmacológicas que reduzem de fato o número de fraturas através da melhora da massa óssea acham-se hoje disponíveis no mercado. Atualmente, a maioria dos medicamentos comercializados reduz a perda óssea através da inibição da reabsorção óssea, mas as terapias novas podem aumentar diretamente a massa óssea, como é o caso do paratormônio. As atuais alternativas de tratamento incluem bisfosfonatos, calcitonina, moduladores seletivos do receptor de estrogênio e inibidores da via RANK, sendo que níveis suficientes de cálcio e vitamina D são necessários. Novíssimos agentes tendo os osteoclastos como alvo, tais como a catepsina K e a Src quinase, estão sendo desenvolvidos. As terapias centradas nos osteoblastos incluem os agentes que atuam através da via de sinalização Wnt-β catenina, tais como os inibidores de Dkk-1 e antagonistas de esclerostina. Um maior conhecimento se faz necessário para melhorar as intervenções farmacológicas e as escolhas terapêuticas nesse campo.

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass with micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhance bone fragility, thus increasing the susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis is an important public health problem leading to an increased risk of developing spontaneous and traumatic fractures. In India osteoporotic fractures occur more commonly in both sexes, and may occur at a younger age than in the western countries. Although exact numbers are not available, based on available data and clinical experience, 36 million Indians may be affected by osteoporosis by 2013. This would be associated with enormous costs and considerable consumption of health resources. Pharmacological therapies that effectively reduce the number of fractures by improving bone mass are now available widely in markets. At present most drugs available in the markets decrease bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption, but the upcoming therapies may increase bone mass by directly increasing bone mass as is the case of parathyroid hormone. Current treatment alternatives include bisphosphonates, calcitonin, selective estrogen receptor modulators and inhibitors of RANK pathway but sufficient calcium and vitamin D are a prerequisite. Newer osteoclast targeted agents like cathepsin K and c-src kinase are under clinical development. The therapies which target osteoblasts include the agents acting through the Wnt-β catenin signaling pathway like Dkk-1 inhibitors and sclerostin antagonists. To further improve pharmacological interventions and therapeutical choices in this field, improvement of knowledge is very necessary.

Gorham's Disease Involving the Shoulder Joint: A Case Report / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Gorham's disease is a rare vanishing bone disease characterized by massive osteolysis and replacement with numerous wide engorged capillaries. The exact nature and effective treatment modalities for this condition are as yet unclear. A fifty-years old female, who had unexplained destruction of the left shoulder joint, was diagnosed as having Gorham's disease according to histopathological (capillary tissue aggregation) and immunopathological (immunoreactions with IL-1alpha and IL-6) studies. Although we treated her with antiresorptive medication and radiotherapy, which are current treatment modalities, the destructive process progressed. We report upon this case and provide a review of its literature.

Recent Advances in the Drug Therapy of Osteoporosis / 영남의대학술지

Osteoporosis is one of the most important public health problems facing the aging population. Drug therapy for osteoporosis can be divided operationally into two main categories: drugs that inhibit bone resorption, and thus reduce bone turnover, and those that stimulate bone formation, exerting an anabolic effect. Antiresorptive agents such as estrogens, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates are most effective in the prevention of osteoporosis. Formation-stimulating agents such as sodium fluoride or monofluorophosphate, parathyroid hormone fragments, and anabolic steroids are of potential value in the treatment of established osteoporosis, where bone mass s already low and benefit from antiresorptive drug is likelyto be small. Recently, raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has become available in various countries for clinical use in the treatment of involutional osteoporsis . This paper will review the use of these drugs in postmenopausal woman.