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RESUMO: Este estudo de revisão sistemática teve como objetivo identificar as características de crianças com altas habilidades/superdotação. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos científicos sobre pesquisas empíricas, publicados no período de 2010 a 2019, com participantes com altas habilidades/superdotação, menores de 12 anos, e a avaliação de altas habilidades/superdotação deveria ter, pelo menos, um teste de inteligência associado a outros instrumentos. Os critérios de exclusão foram: nenhum grupo composto apenas por crianças com altas habilidades/superdotação, não apresentar resultados exclusivos às crianças com altas habilidades/superdotação ou o grupo de crianças com altas habilidades/superdotação ter participantes com dupla excepcionalidade, deficiência física ou sensorial. A busca dos artigos foi feita nas bases Scopus e Web of Science em janeiro de 2020 e SciELO.org em abril de 2020. Foram analisados 29 artigos, agrupados em cinco categorias. Os resultados são apresentados em síntese narrativa e confirmam o caráter heterogêneo das altas habilidades/superdotação. A maioria dos artigos explorou características da cognição e dos processos de identificação e avaliação das crianças. Dentre as principais limitações, estão a obtenção de artigos com autores repetidos e a obtenção incompleta dos artigos potencialmente relevantes. Esta pesquisa contribui para a visibilidade sobre as características de crianças com superdotação, com um enfoque geral e amplo.
ABSTRACT: This systematic review study aimed to identify the characteristics of gifted children. Inclusion criteria were: scientific articles on empirical research published in the period from 2010 to 2019, whose participants were gifted children under 12 years old, and the evaluation of giftedness should have, at least, one intelligence test associated with other instruments. The exclusion criteria were: no group consisting of only gifted children, no exclusive results presented to gifted children, or the group of gifted children have participants with double exceptionality, physical or sensory disabilities. The search for articles was made in Scopus and Web of Science databases in January 2020 and SciELO.org in April 2020. Twenty-nine articles were analyzed, grouped into five categories. The results are presented in narrative synthesis, and confirm the heterogeneous feature of giftedness. Most articles explored characteristics of children's cognition and identification and assessment processes. Among the main limitations are the obtaining of articles with repeated authors and incomplete obtaining of potentially relevant articles. This research contributes to the visibility of the characteristics of gifted children, with a general and broad focus.
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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre conocimientos y aptitudes en pacientes diabéticos sobre las complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus 2 en el servicio de endocrinología del Hospital Nacional PNP Luis N. Suárez el 2016. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. Se encuestaron a 110 pacientes diabéticos con un cuestionario para valorar los conocimientos (10 ítems con respuesta de selección múltiple) y otro para las aptitudes (tipo Lickert modificado). Los conocimientos se clasificaron como nivel alto, medio y bajo y las aptitudes como favorables, desfavorables e indiferentes según la Escala de Estanones. Se determinó la normalidad de las puntuaciones con la Prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y las asociaciones con chi cuadrado, p<0.05 y prueba de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La edad media fue 49.85±6.97 años, 74.5% sexo femenino, 75.5% con tiempo de enfermedad entre 1-5 años, 67.3% con buena adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. El nivel de conocimientos fue: alto 28.2%, medio 49.1% y bajo 22.7%; y las aptitudes fueron: favorables 23.6%, desfavorables 58.2% e indiferentes 18.2%. No existe relación entre conocimientos y aptitudes (p=0.247). Sólo se encontró asociación estadística entre conocimiento y tratamiento farmacológico (p<0.05). Conclusión: Los pacientes diabéticos tienen un nivel de conocimiento medio sobre sus complicaciones crónicas y sus aptitudes fueron predominantemente desfavorables. Es necesario realizar estrategias educativas para mejorar los conocimiento y las aptitudes de los diabéticos.
Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge and aptitude in diabetic patients regarding the chronic complications of diabetic mellitus 2 in the endocrinology service of National Hospital PNP Luis N. Saenz. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, transverse and correlational study. 110 diabetic patients were surveyed with a questionnaire to assess the knowledge (10 items with a multiple choice response) and another one for the skills (modified Lickert type). The knowledge was classified as high, medium and low level and the skills as favorable, unfavorable and indifferent according to the Estanones Scale. The normality of the scores with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and associations with chi-square, p <0.05 and Pearson's correlation test were determined. Results: The mean age was 49.85 ± 6.97 years, 74.5% female, 75.5% with disease time between 1-5 years, 67.3% with good adherence to pharmacological treatment. The level of knowledge was: high 28.2%, medium 49.1% and low 22.7%; And the skills were: favorable 23.6%, unfavorable 58.2% and indifferent 18.2%. There is no relation between knowledge and skills (p = 0.247). Only statistical association was found between knowledge and pharmacological treatment (p <0.05). Conclusion: Diabetic patients have an average level of knowledge about their chronic complications and their abilities were predominantly unfavorable. It is necessary to carry out educational strategies to improve the knowledge and skills of diabetics.
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Resumen: Esta segunda parte se enfoca en la educación participativa (EPT), una forma radicalmente distinta de entender y practicar la educación en comparación con la educación pasiva. El núcleo de la EPT es desarrollar las potencialidades cognoscitivas inherentes a toda persona, que han sido secularmente mutiladas, relegadas, inhibidas o ignoradas. Se definen las bases epistemológicas y experienciales de la EPT: el concepto de crítica penetrante y creativa, la idea de conocimiento como elaboración propia del sujeto y la experiencia vital como objeto primario de reflexión y cognición. Con estas bases, se especifican los caracteres distintivos de la EPT que apuntan a la formación de sujetos con potencias cognoscitivas y creativas inéditas, capaces de aproximarse a un mundo hospitalario e incluyente. La última parte se dedica a la educación médica que, al adecuarse a la moda de las competencias profesionales, permanece dentro de la pasividad. Se enfatiza el papel clave de las aptitudes cognoscitivas metodológicas y prácticas (la aptitud clínica) en el progreso y superación de la educación y la práctica médicas. Finalmente, se argumenta sobre qué hacer y cómo hacerlo respecto a la educación, en la búsqueda de un mejor mundo a contrapelo de la degradación.
Abstract: Part II is focused on participatory education (PE), a distinctive way to understand and practice education in contrast to passive education. The core of PE is to develop everyone's own cognitive potentialities frequently mutilated, neglected or ignored. Epistemological and experiential basis of PE are defined: the concept of incisive and creative criticism, the idea of knowledge as each person's own construct and life experience as the main focus of reflection and cognition. The PE aims towards individuals with unprecedented cognitive and creative faculties, capable of approaching a more inclusive and hospitable world. The last part criticizes the fact that medical education has remained among the passive education paradigm. The key role of cognitive aptitudes, both methodological and practical (clinical aptitude), in the progress of medical education and practice is emphasized. As a conclusion, the knowhow of education is discussed, aiming towards a better world away from human and planetary degradation.
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Humans , Cognition/physiology , Competency-Based Education/organization & administration , Education, Medical/organization & administration , Aptitude/physiology , KnowledgeABSTRACT
Introducción: Los procesos de aprendizaje son técnicas de estudio utilizadas por los estudiantes con el objeto de lograr la excelencia académica. Las aptitudes vocacionales engloban aquellos ejes referentes a distintas profesiones en las que los estudiantes pueden desempeñarse. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transverso, con muestreo no probabilístico a criterio realizado en estudiantes del Colegio Nacional "Santa Rosa", del Departamento de San Pedro, matriculados en la educación media. Resultados: 58,7% fueron mujeres. Edad media fue de 17±1 años. Las aptitudes vocacionales con más respuestas positivas fueron aquellas del eje de servicio social, seguido por el eje científico. En cuanto a los procesos de aprendizaje, se encontró que los estudiantes se sienten bastante conformes con su técnica y lugar de estudio. Los problemas principales en su proceso de aprendizaje se encontraron en su estado físico y su plan de trabajo. Discusión: Se deben estudiar las aptitudes vocacionales que tienen los estudiantes de secundaria para ayudarlos y guiarlos en el proceso de selección de una futura carrera, así como para detectar precozmente problemas de aprendizaje, evitando así el bajo rendimiento académico y el abandono de la carrera.
Introduction: Learning processes are study techniques used by students in order to achieve academic excellence. Vocational skills encompass those axes related to different professions in which students can perform. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with non-probabilistic and at criterion sampling, of students of the "Santa Rosa" National School, Department of San Pedro, enrolled in secondary education. Results: 58.7% were women. Mean age was 17±1 years. The vocational skills with the most positive responses were those of the social service axis, followed by the scientific axis. In terms of learning processes, students were found to be quite comfortable with their technique and place of study. The main problems in their learning process were found in their physical state and in their work plan. Discussion: The vocational skills of high school students have to be evaluated to help and guide them in the process of selecting a future career, as well as to detect early learning problems, in order to avoid poor academic performance and dropping out of the career.
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La presente investigación se enfoca en la psicología del deporte y en especial en la psicología del arbitraje deportivo. Su objetivo fue tanto el estudiar y describir las aptitudes diferenciales: razonamiento espacial, verbal, y aptitud de velocidad y precisión perceptiva; los cinco grandes factores de personalidad: responsabilidad, amabilidad, extroversión, apertura mental y neuroticismo; como también, la relación entre ambas variables en árbitros de fútbol de la ciudad de La Paz, Bolivia. Se ha considerado importante indagar sobre las aptitudes diferenciales y la personalidad de dichos individuos por la función que los árbitros cumplen dentro del fútbol; tales como, el cumplimiento y la aplicación del reglamento, el cobro de faltas, las sanciones, el control de tiempo del partido y otros. Los resultados obtenidos no permiten aceptar la hipótesis planteada en la presente investigación, siendo la hipótesis nula la que se define como la seleccionada. Es decir, que no existe correlación entre las variables: aptitudes diferenciales, y años de experiencia profesional.
This research focuses on the psychology of sport and especially in the psychology of sports arbitration. Its aim was to study and describe both the differential skills: spatial reasoning, verbal, and fitness and perceptual speed precision; the big five personality factors: responsibility, kindness, extraversion, neuroticism and openness of mind; as well as the relationship between the two variables in football referees of the city of La Paz, Bolivia. It considered important to investigate differential aptitudes and personality of these individuals for the role that referees meet in football; such as compliance and enforcement of the regulation, charging high sanctions, the time control of the party and others. The results do not permit accept the hypothesis in this research, and the null hypothesis was defined and selected. That is, there is no correlation between the variables: differential skills and years of professional experience.
Esta investigação centra se sobre a psicologia do desporto e, especialmente, na psicologia da arbitragem desportiva. Seu objetivo era estudar e descrever as habilidades diferenciais: o raciocínio espacial, verbal, e fitness e precisão da velocidade perceptual; os cinco grandes fatores de personalidade: a responsabilidade, bonda de, extroversão, neuroticismo e abertura de espírito; bem como a relação entre as duas variáveis em árbitros de futebol da cidade de La Paz, Bolívia. Considerouse importante investigar aptidões diferenciais e personalidade destes indivíduos para o papel que os árbitros atender no futebol; tais como cumprimento e execução do regulamento, cobrando alta f, sanções, o controle de tempo do partido e outros. Os resultados não permitem aceitar a hipótese desta pesquisa, com a hipótese nula que é definido como o selecionado. Ou seja, não existe uma correlação entre as variáveis: habilidades diferenciais e anos de experiência profissional.
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The aims of this study were to detect biological maturity and certain athletic skills in boys aged 14 participating in competitive basketball, and to compare certain athletic skills of participants according to their biological maturity status. The participants were most talented Serbian basketball players (n= 49) who were divided into three groups according to their maturity status: early (n= 14), average (n= 24) and late maturing (n= 11). Biological maturity status of participants was assessed by technique developed by Mirwald et al. (2002). Nine tests of basic athletic skills: vertical jump, medicine ball throwing, run at 20, 30 and 50 m, agility t-test, zigzag agility drill, agility run 4x15 m, the line drill, as well as four basketball skills field tests (speed spot shooting, passing, control dribble and defensive movement) were applied. The results of this study showed that the three groups of subjects differed in applied variables (p <0.05). Average maturers achieved the best results in almost all variables, while late maturers achieved the worst results. Early maturers achieved the best results only in one variable - medicine ball throwing. Only harmonized chronological and biological age, i.e. chronological and biological growth and development, enable the best demonstration of motor abilities based on morphological characteristics.
Los objetivos fueron detectar la madurez biológica y ciertas habilidades atléticas en los varones mayores de 14 años que participan en el baloncesto competitivo, y compararlas en función de su estado de madurez biológica. La muestra se conformó con jugadores de baloncesto serbios de mayor talento (n= 49) que fueron divididos en tres grupos de acuerdo a su estado de madurez: temprana (n= 14), promedio (n= 24) y tardía (n= 11). El estado de madurez biológica de los participantes se evaluó mediante la técnica desarrollada por Mirwald et al. (2002). Se aplicaron nueve pruebas de habilidades atléticas básicas: salto vertical, lanzamiento de balón medicinal, carrera de 20, 30 y 50 m, prueba t de agilidad, agilidad en zig-zag, carrera en 4x15 m, línea de perforación, así como pruebas de campo de baloncesto de cuatro habilidades (velocidad de disparos punto, de paso, control de regate y movimiento defensivo). Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que los tres grupos de sujetos diferían en variables aplicadas (p <0,05). Los jugadores de maduración media obtuvieron los mejores resultados en casi todas las variables, mientras que los jugadores de maduración tardía alcanzaron los peores resultados. Los jugadores de maduración temprana lograron el mejor resultado en sólo una variable el lanzamiento de balón medicinal. Solamente el desarrollo cronológico armónico y la edad biológica, es decir, el crecimiento y el desarrollo cronológico y biológico, permiten la mejor demostración de las habilidades motoras basadas en características morfológicas.
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Humans , Male , Adolescent , Age Factors , Athletic Performance/physiology , Basketball , Motor Skills/physiology , SerbiaABSTRACT
Aim: This work was aimed at determining the influence of nutritional status on physical aptitudes and cardiovascular profiles of children in rural and urban areas of North Cameroon. Experimental Design: The study was a cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Cameroon from February to March 2014. Methodology: Overall, 633 children aged 6-17 years were enrolled into the study. Demographic information was recorded. Weight, height, cardiovascular profiles [heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and physical aptitudes [six minutes walk (6MWT), broad jump (BJ), 30 m dash] were evaluated. Results: Prevalence values of malnutrition and hypertension were 3.3% and 0.31% respectively. HR was significantly higher in males (P<0.001), children aged 6-10 years (P=0.001) and those from urban areas (P<0.001) when compared with their respective counterparts. DBP was significantly higher in children aged >10years (P=0.01) and normonourished children (P=0.014) than their respective counterparts. SBP was higher in children aged >10 years than those aged 6-10 years and the difference was significant (P<0.001). The mean 6MWT and mean BJ were significantly higher (P<0.001) in children aged >10 years and those from rural areas (P<0.001) than their respective counterparts. The mean time taken to do the 30 m dash was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in children from rural areas (6.15±0.06 sec), than those from urban areas (5.86±0.22 sec). There was a negative correlation between the HR and mean BJ (P<0.001), HR and mean 6MWT (P <0.001), SBP and mean time for 30 m dash (P <0.001), DBP and 30 m dash (P<0.001) in the normonourished children. There was a positive correlation between HR and 30 m dash (P<0.001), SBP and BJ (P<0.001) as well as DBP and BJ (P<0.001) in normonourished children. Conclusion: A weak correlation was registered between the nutritional status, physical and cardiovascular parameters of the school children.
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Proponer pautas para identificar el capital cultural en las entidades de información. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo. Se utilizaron el análisis documental clásico y las entrevistas a través de las variables clima social, lazos de confianza, canales de comunicación, compromiso y sentido de pertenencia, condiciones de trabajo, competencias laborales, cultura organizacional, valores culturales, satisfacción, experiencia y liderazgo. Se mostraron las definiciones, perspectivas y elementos del capital cultural y se demostró su importancia en las entidades de información. Se realizó un análisis de las dimensiones que conforman el capital cultural. Se expusieron variables tales como actitudes, valores, aptitudes, capacidades, aprendizaje y cultura organizacional, que se operacionalizaron en indicadores e ítems donde se tomó como base de estudio el modelo Intellectus y los modos de identificar el capital cultural en entidades educativas y culturales. Resultados: el capital cultural se identificó a partir de elementos que tenían un carácter multidimensional y que se encontraban estrechamente relacionados. Las tres dimensiones que como aspectos esenciales del capital cultural influyeron en su creación y transmisión fueron la dimensión cognitiva, la dimensión estructural y la dimensión relacional. Estas tres dimensiones se interrelacionaron entre sí, lo que hizo posible que el capital cultural se generara, se desarrollara y se transmitiera a todos los niveles de la organización, tributando a mejorar las decisiones desde el punto de vista gerencial. Conclusión: el capital cultural se impuso como un elemento indispensable que marcó una diferencia entre las organizaciones a partir de las características de sus individuos...
Propose guidelines to identify cultural capital in information institutions. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted. Classic document analysis was used, as well as interviews based on the variables social climate, confidence ties, communication channels, commitment and sense of belonging, work conditions, work competences, organizational culture, cultural values, satisfaction, experience and leadership. Cultural capital definitions, perspectives and component elements were presented, as well as their importance for information institutions. An analysis was conducted of the dimensions of cultural capital. Variables such as attitudes, values, aptitudes, capacities, learning and organizational culture were operationalized through indicators and headings based on the Intellectus model and identification modes for cultural capital in educational and cultural institutions. Results: cultural capital was identified on the basis of multidimensional, closely interrelated elements. The cognitive dimension, the structural dimension and the relational dimension were found to play an essential role in the creation and transmission of cultural capital. These three dimensions were closely interrelated, making it possible for cultural capital to be generated, developed and transmitted to all levels in the organization, contributing to improve management decisions. Conclusions: cultural capital was found to be a crucial element in organizations, differentiating them on the basis of the characteristics of their members...
Subject(s)
Humans , Information Centers/organization & administration , Cultural Competency/organization & administration , Organizational Culture , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
La finalidad del presente trabajo fue comprobar las diferencias que pudieran existir en Memoria Prospectiva (MP) entre jóvenes, adultos y personas mayores; analizar las relaciones existentes entre variables de comprensión y fluidez verbal y la MP; y verificar la existencia de relaciones entre la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud y el rendimiento de la MP. A través de un diseño transversal, se trabajó con 270 participantes distribuidos en tres grupos de edad: jóvenes de 18 a 28 años; adultos de 45 a 55, y personas mayores de 60 a 80. Se evaluó a los participantes en relación con sus aptitudes de comprensión y fluidez verbal, así como en la percepción subjetiva de su estado de salud. Posteriormente se realizó un experimento donde se les presentaron párrafos de tres frases en la pantalla del computador y ellos tenían que reconocer palabras previamente acordadas, que indicarían su nivel de MP. Los resultados permitieron confirmar diferencias significativas en memoria prospectiva entre mayores y jóvenes. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre jóvenes y adultos. Se detectó la importancia de las aptitudes verbales y la influencia de la percepción subjetiva del estado de salud para tener un mejor rendimiento en estas tareas de laboratorio de MP.
The aims of this study were to verify the potential differences in prospective memory (PM) among young people, adults and the elderly; analyze the relationships between variables of comprehension and verbal fluency and PM; and finally, verify the existence of a relationship between self-reported health status and performance on PM. A cross- sectional design was used. The study involved 270 participants divided into three age groups: young people aged 18 to 28 years; adults 45 to 55, and seniors 60 to 80. Their comprehension and verbal fluency skills were assessed as well as their self-perceived health status. Subsequently, an experiment was carried out where participants were presented with paragraphs of three sentences on a computer screen and they had to recognize previously agreed words that would indicate their level of MP. The results established significant differences in prospective memory between adults and older people and between young people and the elderly. But no differences between youth and adults were found..The importance of verbal comprehension and verbal fluency in solving prospective memory experimental tasks was also significant. In addition, a better self-perception of well-being was linked to a higher performance in PM.
A finalidade do presente trabalho foi comprovar as diferenças que puderam existir na Memória Prospectiva (MP) entre jovens, adultos e idosos; analisar as relações existentes entre variáveis de compreensão e fluência verbal e a MP; e verificar a existência de relações entre a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde e o rendimento da MP. Através de um desenho transversal, se trabalhou com 270 participantes distribuídos em três grupos de idade: jovens de 18 a 28 anos; adultos de 45 a 55, e idosos de 60 a 80. Avaliaram-se os participantes em relação com suas aptidões de compreensão e fluência verbal, assim como na percepção subjetiva de seu estado de saúde. Posteriormente realizou-se um experimento onde foram apresentados parágrafos de três frases na tela do computador e eles tinham que reconhecer palavras previamente lembradas, que indicariam seu nível de MP. Los resultados permitiram confirmar diferencias significativas em memória prospectiva entre idosos e jovens. Porém, não se encontraram diferenças entre jovens e adultos. Detectou-se a importância das aptidões verbais e a influencia de a percepção subjetiva do estado de saúde para ter um melhor rendimento nestas tarefas de laboratório de MP.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Verbal Behavior , Memory, Long-Term , AgeismABSTRACT
Introducción: la lactancia materna es la única forma natural de alimentar al bebé, y una forma inigualable de facilitar el alimento ideal para su crecimiento y desarrollo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, para evaluar deseos, aptitudes y conocimientos sobre lactancia materna en el tercer trimestre de 114 gestantes del Policlínico "Mártires del 9 de Abril", de San José de las Lajas. Entre marzo de 2010 y de 2011 se valoraron sus historias de salud individual y familiar, y se aplicó a tal efecto un cuestionario con 22 preguntas. Resultados: la información se incorporó a una base de datos y se utilizó para el análisis el estadígrafo chi cuadrado, que se consideró significativo con p< 0,05. La totalidad de las gestantes deseaban amamantar. Dos terceras partes se consideraron aptas o muy aptas para hacerlo, y que poseían los conocimientos necesarios para lograrlo, pero solo algo más de la quinta parte demostró que los poseía. La mayoría de las futuras madres se encontraban entre los 20 y 35 años, el nivel de escolaridad más frecuentemente alcanzado fue el técnico o preuniversitario (en 60 de ellas, para el 52,6 %), y el 46,5 % de las gestantes mantenían una unión consensuada, el 40,3 % eran casadas, y 15 solteras (13,2 %), aspectos que, indiscutiblemente influyen en los resultados. Conclusiones: además de otros resultados alcanzados, la investigación arrojó que aunque la totalidad de las gestantes en su tercer trimestre deseaban lactar a su futuro bebé y las dos terceras partes se consideraban aptas o muy aptas para hacerlo y con conocimientos suficientes al respecto, solo algo más de la quinta parte demostró efectivamente poseerlos.
Introduction: breastfeeding is the only natural way of feeding the baby and an unparallel form of providing him with the ideal food for adequate growth and development. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the desires, the aptitudes and the knowledge about breastfeeding of 114 women in their third trimester of pregnancy from "Martires del 9 de Abril" polyclinics in San José de las Lajas. From March 2010 to March 2011, their individual and family health histories were assessed through a 22-interrogation questionnaire. Results: data were introduced in a database and chi square statistic was used for statistical analysis, the level of significance was p< 0,05. All the participants expressed their desire to breastfeed their offspring. Two thirds were considered prepared or well-prepared to do so, with the required knowledge to attain this objective; but just over one fifth did prove that they had it. Most of the future mothers aged 20 to 35 years; the schooling was mostly technician or high school education (60 for 52.6 %); the marital status of 45.6 % was cohabitation, 40.3 % were married and 13.2 % (15) were singles. These are aspects that undoubtedly influence the results. Conclusions: in addition to other results, the research study yielded that even though all the pregnant women in their third trimester expressed their desire of breastfeeding their future baby and two thirds considered themselves prepared or well-prepared to do so, with enough knowledge in this regard, just one fifth did prove that they really had the necessary preparation and knowledge.
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La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en la ciudad de Asunción, con 610 participantes de ambos sexos cursantes del 9no grado de colegios públicos de la capital. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva correlacional y el instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue la versión 5 del Test de Aptitudes Diferenciales. Se analizaron los datos con Paquete EstadÃstico para Ciencias Sociales.El levantamiento de datos a partir de la aplicación del test permitió la elaboración y configuración de tablas normativas que reflejan las caracterÃsticas de la población en cuanto al área estudiada, diferenciadas en género, y edad.
This research was carried out in the city of Asunción, with 610 participants of both sexes who were students of the 9th grade of public schools of the capital.The research is of a descriptive correlational type and the tool used for the gathering of the data was the fifth version of the differential aptitude test. The data was analyzed with Statistic pack for social science.The survey data from the application of the test allowed the elaboration and configuration of normative tables that reflect the characteristics of the population regarding the study area, differences in gender and age.
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El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar los efectos de un programa de intervención pedagógica en las aptitudes cognoscitivas de una muestra de estudiantes del nivel de transición de Barranquilla y Ciénaga. Bajo un diseño pre-experimental se realizó un pretest y un postest de las aptitudes cognoscitivas de los alumnos de transición pertenecientes a colegios oficiales de zonas de bajos recursos. La medición se realizó por medio del Test de Aptitudes Cognoscitivas, el cual es una prueba que explora cuatro aptitudes: vocabulario, conceptos relacionados, concepto diferente y conceptos cuantitativos en niños de preescolar y primaria. El análisis de resultados se realizó con el estadístico T de Students. En general los datos obtenidos y los análisis estadísticos realizados indican que la intervención realizada en las instituciones tanto de Ciénaga como de Barranquilla arrojó resultados positivos en la mayoría de las instituciones intervenidas.
The study aimed to determine the effects of an educational intervention program on cognitive skills of a sample of students in the transition level of Barranquilla and Ciénaga. A pre-experimental design was carried out with a pretest and a posttest of cognitive skills of students in public schools transition belonging to low-income areas. The measurement was performed by the Cognitive Abilities Test, which explores four skills: vocabulary, concepts, quantitative concepts and different concept in children of preschool and primary education. The analysis of results was performed using the Student T Test Statistic. In general the data and statistical analysis obtained by the study indicate that the intervention made in the institutions in Barranquilla and Ciénaga showed positive results in most of the institutions intervened.
ABSTRACT
A esquistossomose também conhecida como "Doença do Caramujo" e "Barriga d'água" é considerada, ainda nos dias atuais, como um importante problema de saúde pública, uma vez que há uma ampla distribuição geográfica de focos de contaminação e uma larga relação de fatores ambientais e sociais que possibilitam a sua transmissão, e dificultam as ações de controle. É relevante identificar a representação da esquistossomose para pacientes positivos com o intuito de entender o processo pelo qual as pessoas constroem o conhecimento e dão significado à prevenção da doença, partindo do princípio de que a realidade vivida é uma representação e, nesta representação, os atores sociais se movem e direcionam suas vidas. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no município de Santa Amélia, localizado na região norte do estado do Paraná, Brasil, e buscou conhecer o significado da esquistossomose para os pacientes positivos. Utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica em pesquisa qualitativa a construção do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) que consiste numa forma qualitativa de representaro pensamento de uma coletividade, agregando em um discurso-síntese os conteúdos discursivos de sentidos semelhantes emitidos por pessoas distintas. Os discursos revelam que 56% dos sujeitos entrevistados compartilham da falta de conhecimento além do acúmulo de informações errôneas sobre esquistossomose pelos pacientes positivos desta doença. Por refletir a realidade dos próprios atores sociais, os resultados obtidospoderão subsidiar a (re) construção de práticas mais adequadas na relação homem-saúde-ambiente.
Also known as "snail disease" or as "water belly", schistosomiasis is still considered an important public health problem in Brazil. Control of the disease is difficult given the wide geographical distribution of contamination sources, and the complex interplay of environmental and social factors that promote the transmission of the disease and impede the control actions. As such, it becomes relevant to identify the representation and significance of schistosomiasis for patients tested as positive for the disease, aiming at a fundamental understanding of the process that leads to knowledge and give meaning to the prevention of disease, assuming that the lived reality is a representation and this representation the social actors move and direct their lives. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the social meaning of schistosomiasis for disease-positive individuals, and was conducted at Santa Amelia Township, in the northern region of Parana state, Brazil. This research adopted the Discourse of the Collective Subject (DCS) technique, which consists of a qualitative way to represent the thoughts of a group by merging similar speech contents uttered by interviewed individuals into a single synthetic declaration. The resulting declarations show that 56% of the DCS-interviewed individuals share a lack of knowledge beyond the accumulation of wrong information on schistosomiasis. Because they reflect the reality of the social actors themselves may help the (re) construction of best practices in human-health-environment.
Subject(s)
Schistosomiasis , Schistosomiasis/transmission , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Public Health , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
El estudio tiene por objetivo identificar perfiles aptitudinales y estilos de pensamiento en distintos grupos de carreras universitarias y encontrar factores predictores de rendimiento académico sobre la base de un amplio conjunto de variables cognitivas, socio-demográficas y culturales. Se presentan resultados correspondientes a una muestra de 298 estudiantes universitarios cursantes en cuatro facultades disímiles en cuanto a sus áreas disciplinares (Cs. Exactas, Ingeniería, Cs. Sociales y Psicología). Se administraron las pruebas de Matrices Progresivas (Raven), cinco pruebas integrantes del DAT-Forma T, el Inventario de Estilos de Pensamiento (Sternberg) y una Escala de Autoevaluación de Aptitudes. Se han podido definir perfiles diferenciales para la mayoría de las habilidades y competencias cognitivas estudiadas. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas por carreras en la escala de autoevaluación de aptitudes y en los estilos de pensamiento. La conjunción de razonamiento verbal, habilidad de cálculo y razonamiento abstracto se muestra como un buen predictor de rendimiento académico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aptitude , Students/psychology , Psychology, Educational , Thinking , Aptitude Tests , Intelligence TestsABSTRACT
El presente estudio explora las relaciones entre nivel socioeconómico, género y tipo de centro educativo preescolar y el desempeño cognitivo de niños preescolares (N = 323) de Lima (Perú), con una prueba multidimensional de aptitudes. Con la aplicación de la técnica multivariada de análisis de perfiles se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas y de moderada magnitud del efecto en los puntajes cognitivos, debidas a la ubicación del centro educativo; no se detectaron diferencias que se atribuyan al género y al tipo de centro. Se trabajó en base a tres hipótesis: La primera es la hipótesis de igualdad de niveles, en la que se examinan las diferencias que en promedio existen entre los dos grupos. La segunda es la hipótesis de igualdad de la dispersión, que examina si las variables de respuesta (puntajes en las subescalas) tienen la misma respuesta en promedio. Y la tercera, la hipótesis de paralelismo, que prueba si el patrón de elevaciones en el perfil es similar entre los dos grupos. Los resultados fueron evaluados con respecto a la consistencia interna y a la definición del nivel socioeconómico (ubicación geográfica). Se discuten las diferencias halladas en el aspecto socioeconómico y relacionándolas con la bibliografía sobre el tema y la utilidad de la batería multidimensional de aptitudes para niños preescolares. Es importante destacar que el estudio reporta información normativa acerca del desempeño de los niños preescolares, en lo que respecta al género y ubicación de los centros educativos y su carácter correlacional y la magnitud del efecto de los resultados.
The present study explores the relationship between socioeconomic level, gender and type of pre-school education center, and cognitive development in 323 pre-schoolers in Lima (Perú), using a multidimensional aptitude test. By applying the multivariate technique, we found statistical significant differences and medium size effects on the cognitive scores due to the educational center location, whereas gender and type of educational center differences were not found. The results were considered taking into account reliability levels and also according to the definition of socioeconomic levels. The differences found are discussed based on other articles as well as on the usefulness of the multidimensional aptitude tests for pre-schoolers. The sample consisted of 323 children of 5 years old, 167 boys and 156 girls, who go to both private and public pre-schools in a district of Lima. The proportion of public pre-school students (67.2%) was double the amount of private pre-school students (32.8%). Moreover, the private pre-schools had been recently formed (4 to 5 years before) and had children from families with a medium or medium to low socioeconomic level. In order to assess general and relevant aspects of pre-school learning, we applied a pre-school diagnostic test (De la Cruz, 1991), which can be used at a pre-school level (4-5 year-olds). This test contains the following areas: Verbal concepts, Quantitative concepts and Auditive memory, Visual perceptual aptitude and Visual-motor coordination. It is a potentia test because the time varies from one student to another so as to allow every child to answer every item. Furthermore, it is also a maximum performance test because the student tries to obtain the best possible score. We contacted several educational centers (private and public) from three different districts in Lima which accepted to participate in this study. The time of application of the test varied considering: individual skills, the number of children in the collective application, the presence of a teacher's aide for the collective application, and the attitude and motivation of the students. We used MANOVA to analyze profiles, a post hoc univariate contrast, and effect size estimations such as Cohen's d. Our study was based on three hypotheses: The first hypothesis was on the equality of levels (variability between subjects) that explores the differences that exist between both groups separately. As a result, we found no correlation between test performance and gender or school location. However, when considering type of school (public or private), we did find significant differences in one scale: Auditive memory, which was higher in public schools. The second hypothesis was the equality of dispersion (within-group differences), to identify if the answer variables have the same answers on average. We found similarities regarding school conditions (public or private); but there were small differences between gender and school location. The third hypothesis was regarding parallelism, which tests whether the pattern of elevations on the profile is similar between the two groups or not. We did not find important statistical dispersions and the effect size was small. The results coincide with other studies on the correlation between gender and socioeconomic level, and cognitive development. Among some of the limitations of our study, we list the following: for example, we used the school location to determine the children's socioeconomic level. Therefore, there were also extreme scores (outliers), which could vary the central tendency estimations and the dispersion. However, they were not trimmed, since in a previous unreported analysis without these data, researchers found only minimum changes. We also had occasional difficulties in applying the tests, due to the children's disposition to participate as well as their reaction concerning the test situation, which could have added random error on the results. However, we presume their negative reactivity was reduced because of the playful manner in which the tests were presented. The results of our research shed normative information regarding the performance of preschoolers due to gender and location of their educational centers. It is important to emphasize correlations as well as effect size of the results so as not to reach erroneous conclusions.
ABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de construir, validar y aplicar un instrumento para evaluar las aptitudes clínicas de los médicos residentes de urgencias en el manejo de pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral. Se realizó un estudio observacional, autorizado por el comité de investigación en el que se evaluaron los 31 residentes de los tres grados de la especialidad de Urgencias de una de las sedes del Distrito Federal. Para la construcción del instrumento se emplearon tres casos clínicos reales de pacientes con enfermedad vascular cerebral. La validez del contenido se obtuvo por consenso 4 de 4 por expertos en urgencias e investigación educativa. Se realizó una prueba piloto en médicos internos de pregrado. La consistencia se determinó con la prueba de Kuder-Richardson. El instrumento validado se aplicó en una única sesión a ex profeso, y se determinaron las respuestas esperadas por azar a través de la prueba de Pérez-Padilla. Se utilizó un análisis estadístico no paramétrico. La versión final del instrumento se constituyó por 153 ítems distribuidos en 10 indicadores. La consistencia resultó de 0,92. La puntuación máxima fue de 124 y la mínima de 44. Se obtuvieron 25 respuestas esperadas por azar. El análisis estadístico no encontró diferencias entre los grados académicos. La mayoría de los residentes se ubicaron dentro del rango intermedio (41,93 %) y alto (25,80 %). En la mayoría de los indicadores los residentes de tercer año obtuvieron mejores calificaciones. Se concluyó que el instrumento construido tiene una adecuada confiabilidad. El proceso educativo en esta sede parece promover un proceso de reflexión y crítica por parte de los residentes.
The present paper was aimed at constructing, validating and applying an evaluation instrument for measuring clinical capacities of emergency residents in the management of patients suffering from a cerebrovascular disease. An observational study was made, under the authorization of the Research Committee, in which 31 residents of the three grades of Emergency specialty from one of the Federal District health institutions were tested. For the construction of the evaluating instrument, three real clinical cases of patients with cerebrovascular disease were taken. The contents was validated by consensus of 4 emergency and educational research experts. A pilot test was carried out with intern physicians. Consistency was determined by Kuder-Richardson test. The validated instrument was applied in a single session on purpose, and expected answers were determined by chance through Pérez-Padilla test. A non-parametric statistical analysis was also used. The final version of the instrument was made up of 153 items distributed into 10 indicators. Consistency was 0,92. The maximum score was 124 and the minimal was 44. Twenty five expected answers by chance were reached. The statistical analysis did not find any difference between academic grades. Most of the residents were within the intermediate (41,93 %) and high (25,80 %) ranges. In the majority of indicators, 3 rd year residents had better qualifications. It was concluded that the constructed instrument has suitable reliability. The educational process in this hospital seems to promote a process of reflection and criticism on the part of the residents.