Situation-Specific Theory from Autonomic Dysreflexia Nursing Diagnosis Based on Roy's Adaptation Model

Introduction: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a condition developed secondary to a spinal cord injury, which manifests with the loss of coordinated autonomic responses and cardiovascular control. For the care of the person, the nurse has the nursing diagnosis of AD, which allows the precise interpretation of the human responses of each individual. However, it is necessary to strengthen and update the diagnosis to the new disciplinary knowledge that evolved with nursing practice. For this, proposing a situation-specific theory is essential to explain the phenomenon of interest and guide practice. Objective: To construct a situation-specific theory for the nursing diagnosis of AD derived from the adaptation model of Sor Callista Roy. Materials and methods: Theoretical study developed in five stages: defining the approach to construct the theory, defining key concepts, developing a pictorial diagram, building propositions, and establishing causal relationships and evidence for practice. Results: The situation-specific theory included defining key concepts, developing a pictorial diagram, building propositions, and establishing causal relationships and evidence for practice. We described the concepts and their relationships through seven propositions and identified 19 ineffective behaviors and 43 environmental stimuli. Of them, 39 are focal, and four are contextual stimuli. Conclusions: This situation-specific theory offers a substantiated and comprehensive explanation of the human response to AD for supporting nursing care.

Introducción: La direflexia autónoma (DA) es una afección secundaria a una lesión en la médula espinal que se manifiesta en la pérdida de respuestas autónomas coordinadas y de control cardiovascular. Para el cuidado del paciente, las enfermeras cuentan con el diagnóstico de la DA, que permite interpretar adecuadamente las respuestas humanas de cada individuo. Sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer y actualizar el diagnóstico a los nuevos conocimientos disciplinarios que evolucionan con la práctica de la enfermería. Para esto es esencial una teoría de situación específica que explique el fenómeno de interés y guíe la práctica. Objetivo: Construir una teoría de situación específica para el diagnóstico en enfermería de la DA derivada de la adaptación del modelo de Sor Callista Roy. Materiales y métodos: Estudio teórico desarrollado en cinco etapas: definición del enfoque para construir la teoría, definición de los conceptos clave, desarrollo de un diagrama pictórico, construcción de las proposiciones y establecimiento de las relaciones causales y la evidencia para la práctica. Resultados: La teoría de situación específica incluyó la definición del enfoque para construir la teoría, la definición de los conceptos clave, el desarrollo de un diagrama pictórico, la construcción de las proposiciones y el establecimiento de las relaciones causales y la evidencia para la práctica. Se describen los conceptos y sus relaciones por medio de 7 proposiciones y se identificaron 19 comportamientos ineficaces y 43 estímulos ambientales. De ellos, 39 son focales y 4 contextuales. Conclusiones: Esta teoría de situación específica proporciona una explicación informada y completa de la respuesta humana a la DA para apoyar el cuidado en enfermería.

Introdução: a disreflexia autonômica (DA) é uma condição secundária à lesão da medula espinhal que se manifesta na perda de respostas autonômicas coordenadas e no controle cardiovascular. Para o atendimento ao paciente, os profissionais de enfermagem contam com o diagnóstico de DA que permite a interpretação adequada das respostas humanas do indivíduo. No entanto, há necessidade de fortalecer e atualizar o diagnóstico para o novo conhecimento disciplinar que evolui com a prática de enfermagem. Para isso, é essencial uma teoria situacional específica que explique o fenômeno de interesse e oriente a prática. Objetivo: Construir uma teoria situacional específica para o diagnóstico de enfermagem da DA derivada da adaptação do modelo de Sor Callista Roy. Materiais e método: estudo teórico desenvolvido em cinco etapas: definição da abordagem para construir a teoria, definição de conceitos-chave, desenvolvimento de um diagrama pictórico, construção de proposições e estabelecimento de relações causais e evidências para a prática. Resultados: a teoria específica da situação incluiu a definição da abordagem para a construção da teoria, a definição dos principais conceitos, o desenvolvimento de um diagrama pictórico, a construção de proposições e o estabelecimento de relações causais e evidências para a prática. Os conceitos e suas relações são descritos por meio de 7 proposições e foram identificados 19 comportamentos ineficazes e 43 estímulos ambientais. Destes, 39 são focais e 4 são contextuais. Conclusões: essa teoria específica da situação fornece uma explicação informada e abrangente da resposta humana à DA para apoiar a assistência de enfermagem.

Factors Related to Autonomic Dysreflexia during Intermittent Catheterization in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the occurrence and related factors of autonomic dysreflexia (AD) during intermittent catheterization in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods:Case control study was used in this study. Intermittent catheterization was performed on 44 SCI patients hospitalized from April, 2019 to April, 2020, The data of age, gender, time after injury, segment of injury, degree of injury, resting blood pressure, immediate blood pressure after catheterization, catheterization numbers, catheterization volume and duration of catheterization were collected. Descriptive analysis and binary Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the occurrence and related factors of AD. Results:Totally, AD happened in 26 (59.1%) patients. Urethral catheterization was done 1738 times, out of which AD accounted for 187 times (10.8%). The risk of AD increased with the time after injury and age (P < 0.05). The probability of AD was lower in T7 SCI and below than in T6 SCI and above (P = 0.002). Catheterization numbers, gender, degree of injury, catheterization volume and duration of catheterization were not influencing factors of AD (P > 0.05). Conclusion:It is necessary to have a full understanding for the occurrence of AD in patients with SCI during intermittent catheterization. For patients with SCI in T6 and above, long time after injury and elderly patients, routine monitoring of blood pressure during intermittent catheterization is recommended to detect and deal with AD in time.

Awareness of Autonomic Dysreflexia post Spinal Cord Injury in Surgeons / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To investigate the levels of knowledge on autonomic dysreflexia (AD) following spinal cord injury (SCI) from surgeons.Methods September 1st to 30th, 71 surgeons from seven departments were tested with the knowledge about AD with a questionnaire.Results Only 35％ of them gave the correct answer above 60％ of the items. The items that got respondence less than 60％ involved in those about causes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for AD. The respondence about knowledge of causes, clinical signs and symptoms, and treatment for AD was different among departments (F＞ 2.270, P ＜ 0.05). The respondence about knowledge of treatment for AD was different among the surgeons who had managed different numbers of SCI patients (F = 4.043, P ＜ 0.05). The knowledge of clinical signs and symptoms, and treatment was different among the surgeons with their self-reported knowledge level of AD (F = 5.519, P ＜ 0.01). There was no difference in knowledge for AD among the surgeons with different educational background, technological position and length of career (F ＜ 2.107, P＞ 0.05).Conclusion The knowledge about AD needs to improve in the surgeons.

Conceitos, manifestações clínicas e cuidados imediatos na disreflexia autonômica / Concepts, clinical manifestations, and immediate care in autonomical disreflexia / Conceptos, manifestaciones clínicas y cuidados inmediatos en la disreflexia autonómica

Objetivo: revisar a literatura a respeito da disreflexia autonômica e apresentar conceitos, manifestações clínicas e cuidados imediatos diante dessa síndrome. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada no período de maio a junho de 2018. Para a busca de dados foram utilizadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Medline. Resultados: foram selecionados quinze artigos publicados no período de 2013-2018, em português, espanhol e inglês, que contemplaram em seus títulos e/ou resumos/conteúdo o termo disreflexia autonômica e/ou reabilitação e/ou traumatismo da medula espinal e/ou seus respectivos unitermos, disponibilizados na íntegra. Quanto ao ano de publicação, observou-se que 33,33% dos artigos selecionados foram publicados em 2017; em relação ao idioma de publicação, a língua inglesa predomina em 73,33% deles; no que tange ao canal de publicação, a revista The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine apresenta 20% dos artigos escolhidos. Quanto às abordagens dos estudos, verificou-se a determinação de conceitos, manifestações clínicas e cuidados imediatos como temáticas mais apresentadas. Conclusão: foi possível observar que a disreflexia autonômica é uma síndrome de grandes limitações, fatores etiológicos e necessidades de cuidados especializados. Vale mencionar que há uma grande escassez de estudos sobre o tema.(AU)

Objective: to review the literature on autonomic dysreflexia and to present concepts, clinical manifestations and immediate care before this syndrome. Method: it is an integrative literature review, performed in the period from may to june 2018. Data search was performed using the SciELO, PubMed and Medline databases. Results: fifteen articles published in the period of 2013-2018 in Portuguese, Spanish and English were selected, which included in their titles and/or abstracts/contents the term autonomic dysreflexia and/or rehabilitation and/or spinal cord injuries and/ or their respective uniterms, available in full. As for the year of publication, it was observed that 33.33% of the articles selected were published in 2017; in relation to the language of publication, the English language predominates in 73.33% of them; with regard to the publication channel, The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine presents 20% of the articles chosen. Regarding the approaches of the studies, the determination of concepts, clinical manifestations and immediate care were the most presented themes verified. Conclusion: it was possible to observe that autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome of major limitations, etiological factors and specialized care needs. It is worth mentioning that there is a great shortage of studies on the subject.(AU)

Objetivo: Revisar la literatura acerca de la disreflexia autonómica y presentar conceptos, manifestaciones clínicas y cuidados inmediatos ante este síndrome. Método: es una revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada en el período de mayo a junio de 2018. Para la búsqueda de datos se utilizaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Medline. Resultados: fueron seleccionados quince artículos publicados en el periodo 2013-2018, en portugués, español e inglés, cuyos títulos y/o resúmenes/contenido presentaba el término disreflexia autonómica y/o rehabilitación y/o traumatismo de la médula espinal y/o sus respectivos unitermos, disponibles en su totalidad. Se verificó que con respecto al año de publicación hubo un contingente mayor de publicaciones en el año 2017 (33,33%), en lengua inglesa (73,33%), mientras que la revista donde la temática fue más abordada fue The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine (20%). En cuanto a los enfoques de los estudios, se verificó la determinación de conceptos, manifestaciones clínicas y cuidados inmediatos como temáticas más presentadas. Conclusión: fue posible observar que la disreflexia autonómica es un síndrome de grandes limitaciones, factores etiológicos y necesidades de cuidados especializados. Vale mencionar que hay una gran escasez de estudios sobre el tema.(AU)

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Autonomic Dysreflexia after Spinal Cord Injury (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is an emergency commonly happened in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) above T6 and especially in chronic SCI patients. AD is usually triggered by stimuli below the injury level. Sudden elevated blood pressure is the main clinical symptom and cardiovascular and/or cerebral complication even death if effective treatments are not provided. Mechanisms contributed to AD possibly are dysfunction of supra spinal control, plastic changes of neurons and receptors. Preventive measures and managements such as removal of risk factor, adjustment of body position, and pharmacological treatment are now in use.

Patients with chronic high spinal cord injury can be safely treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation: cardiovascular function is unaffected / Pacientes com lesão crônica alta da medula espinhal podem ser tratados de forma segura com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular: a função cardiovascular não é afetada

OBJECTIVE: To identify changes in blood pressure and heart rate in individuals with chronic paraplegia undergone neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment. METHOD: Design: Observational prospective. Participants: Twenty individuals with chronic paraplegia (neurological level above T6) belonging to two different groups (G1 and G2) were submitted to an upper limb exercise test. G1 patients (n=13) had been treated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (25Hz, pulses of 300µs, 100V) for 2 years or more, at least once a week; G2 patients (n=7) did not receive neuromuscular electrical stimulation treatment; G3 individuals (n=6) were healthy volunteers. Procedures: Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured during four phases of the exercise test: at initial rest, during warmup, during the exercise itself, and at rest after the exercise. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed no statistical difference between groups. In the comparison between exercise phases, regardless of the group, systolic pressure was significantly higher and diastolic pressure significantly lower at the end of the exercise itself, when compared to all other phases. Resting heart rate was significantly lower in healthy controls vs. G1 and G2, which were not significantly different between themselves. Exercise increased heart rate in all groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the groups are normotensive and homogeneous in their results; heart rate was higher in both paraplegic groups compared to healthy controls, but no difference was found between treated vs. untreated groups. Thus, neuromuscular electrical stimulation is a safe and effective way to treat individuals with chronic paraplegia.

OBJETIVO: Identificar mudanças na pressão arterial e frequência cardíaca em indivíduos com paraplegia crônica tratados com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo observacional. Participantes: vinte indivíduos com paraplegia crônica (nível neurológico acima de T6) pertencentes a dois diferentes grupos (G1 e G2) foram submetidos a um teste de exercício de membros superiores. Os pacientes do G1 (n = 13) haviam sido tratados com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (25 Hz, pulsos de 300 µs, 100 V) por 2 anos ou mais, pelo menos uma vez por semana; os pacientes do G2 (n = 7) não receberam o tratamento com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular; os indivíduos do G3 (n = 6) eram voluntários saudáveis. Procedimentos: A pressão sanguínea arterial e a frequência cardíaca foram medidas durante quatro fases do teste de exercício: no repouso inicial, durante o aquecimento, durante o exercício e no repouso após o exercício. RESULTADOS: As pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os grupos. Na comparação entre as fases do exercício, independentemente do grupo, a pressão sistólica foi significativamente maior e a pressão diastólica significativamente menor no final do exercício, em comparação com todas as outras fases. A frequência cardíaca em repouso foi significativamente menor em controles saudáveis ​​versus G1 e G2, que não foram significativamente diferentes entre eles mesmos. O exercício aumentou a frequência cardíaca em todos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que os grupos são normotensos e homogêneos em seus resultados; a frequência cardíaca foi maior em ambos os grupos paraplégicos em comparação com controles saudáveis, mas nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os grupos tratados versus os não tratados. Assim, a estimulação elétrica neuromuscular é uma maneira segura e eficaz de tratar indivíduos com paraplegia crônica.

Effects of Simulation with Problem-based Learning on Care for Patients with Autonomic Dysreflexia / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects on critical thinking, problem solving, communication, confidence in nursing performance and learning satisfaction after simulation with problem-based learning. METHODS: This study used a non-equivalent control group no-synchronized design. Forty junior baccalaureate nursing students were recruited conveniently and assigned to the experimental (n=20) or control (n=20) group using time difference. The experimental group participated in lecture and simulation with problem-based learning on care for patients with autonomic dysreflexia while the control group received lecture and traditional practices. RESULTS: The experimental group presented significant improvement in critical thinking (Z=−2.10, p=.036), problem solving (t=3.36, p=.002), communication (t=2.32, p=.026), confidence in nursing performance (Z=−2.20, p=.028) and learning satisfaction (Z=−3.42, p=.001) compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that simulation with problem-based learning is effective in improving critical thinking, problem solving, communication, confidence in nursing performance and learning satisfaction for nursing students.

Acute Onset of Intracerebral Hemorrhage due to Autonomic Dysreflexia

Autonomic dysreflexia is a clinical emergency syndrome of uncontrolled sympathetic output that can occur in patients who have a history of spinal cord injury. Despite its frequency in spinal cord injury patients, central nervous system complications are very rare. We report a man with traumatic high level incomplete spinal cord injury who suffered hypertensive right thalamic hemorrhage secondary to an episode of autonomic dysreflexia. Prompt recognition and removal of the triggering factor, the suprapubic catheter obstruction which led to hypertensive attack, the patient had a favorable functional outcome after the resorption of the hematoma and effective rehabilitation programme.

Implantación de estimulador de raíces sacras anteriores: experiencia e implicaciones del manejo anestésico / Implantation of sacral anterior roots stimulator: Experience and implications for the anesthetic management

Introducción: La vejiga neurogénica predispone a los pacientes con traumatismo raquimedular a incontinencia refleja, infecciones del tracto urinario, disreflexia autonómica y fallo renal, el cual es una de las principales causas de mortalidad. La neuromodulación de las raíces sacras anteriores es un tratamiento de la disfunción vesical. Es raro encontrar publicaciones en anestesiología sobre este procedimiento. Objetivos:Describir el comportamiento hemodinámico y los efectos adversos durante el intraoperatorio y post-operatorio inmediato en los pacientes que han recibido implantación de estimulador de raíces sacras anteriores. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes con traumatismo raquimedular crónico que han recibido implantación de estimulador de raíces sacras anteriores. Resultados: De 50 pacientes estudiados, el 34% tenían lesión torácica alta, un 58% tenía lesión espinal secundaria a herida por proyectil de arma de fuego, el 40% con antecedente de disreflexia autonómica, el 98% empleo de monitoría con línea arterial, el 90% de los pacientes presentó hipotensión y el 86% requirió manejo vasopresor, el 34% presentó bradicardia y el 88% requirió manejo con atropina. Conclusiones: La hipotensión y la bradicardia son los principales efectos adversos durante el manejo de estos pacientes pero con adecuada respuesta al tratamiento médico. Se deben realizar estudios que evalúen la asociación entre nivel de la lesión con bradicardia e hipotensión y la monitorización ideal durante este procedimiento.

Introduction: Neurogenic bladder predispose to patients with spinal cord injuria to reflex incontinence, urinary tract infections, autonomic dysreflexia and renal failure, which is one of the key causes of mortality. Neuromodulation of the anterior sacral roots is a treatment for bladder dysfunction. The anesthesiology publications about this procedure are very rarely. Objectives: To describe the hemodynamic behavior and the adverse events during the intraoperative and immediate postoperative period of patients undergoing implantation of the sacral anterior roots stimulator. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study of series of cases of patients with chronic spinal cord trauma implanted with the anterior sacral roots stimulator. Results: Out of 50 patients studied, 34% had an upper chest injury, 58% had a spinal injury secondary to a fire weapon bullet, 40% had a history of autonomic dysreflexia, 98% were had arterial line monitoring, 90% of the patients were hypotensive and 86% required vasopressors; 34% experienced bradycardia and 88% required atropine management. Conclusions: Hypotension and bradycardia are the major adverse events in the management of these patients, but they exhibit adequate response to medical treatment. Studies are needed to assess the association between the level of the injury versus the presence of bradycardia and hypotension and the ideal monitoring during the procedure.

Disreflexia autonômica e intervenções de enfermagem para pacientes com lesão medular / Autonomic dysreflexia and nursing interventions for patients with spinal cord injury / Disreflexia autonómica e intervenciones de enfermería para pacientes con lesión medular

O presente trabalho trata-se de estudo retrospectivo realizado em 2009 que objetivou identificar diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem para o cuidado de pacientes com lesão medular (LM). Os dados foram coletados de 465 prontuários de pacientes com LM em processo de reabilitação. Identificou-se o diagnóstico de enfermagem Risco para disreflexia autônomica em 271 (58,3%) prontuários, dos quais 80 pacientes desenvolveram disreflexia autônomica. Predominaram homens jovens, com idade média de 35,7 anos, sendo o trauma a principal causa da LM e o nível neurológico igual ou acima da sexta vértebra torácica. As intervenções de enfermagem foram organizadas em dois grupos, um voltado para a prevenção da disreflexia autonômica e outro, para seu tratamento. Desenvolveu-se um guia de intervenções para uso na prática clínica de enfermeiros reabilitadores e para inserção em sistemas de informação. Ressalta-se a importância da retirada do estímulo causador da disreflexia autonômica como terapêutica mais eficaz e como melhor intervenção na prática de enfermagem.

This retrospective study, performed in 2009, aimed to identify nursing diagnoses and interventions for the care of patients with spinal cord injury. Data were collected from the nursing records of 465 patients with SCI undergoing rehabilitation. The nursing diagnosis Risk for autonomic dysreflexia was identified in 271 clinical records (58, 3%). Approximately 80 patients developed autonomic dysreflexia, with a predominance in young men around 35.7 years old, who had experienced a trauma as the main cause of the injury. Their neurological injury level was at the sixth thoracic vertebra or above. Nursing interventions were arranged in two groups, one focused on prevention and the other on treatment. An intervention guide was developed and can be used by nurses in their clinical practice of rehabilitation and can be included into information systems. The removal of the stimulus which causes autonomic dysreflexia was identified as the most effective therapy and the best intervention.

Estudio retrospectivas realizado en 2009 objetivando identificar diagnósticos e intervenciones de enfermería para el cuidado del paciente con lesión medular (LM). Datos colectados de 465 historias clínicas de pacientes con LM en rehabilitación. Se identificó el diagnóstico de enfermería Riesgo para disreflexia autonómica en 271 (58,3%) historias clínicas; 80 de tales pacientes desarrollaron Disreflexia autonómica. Predominaron hombres jóvenes, media etaria de 35,7 años, constituyéndose el trauma como causa principal de LM y nivel neurológico igual o por sobre sexta vértebra torácica. Las intervenciones de enfermería se organizaron en dos grupos: uno orientado a prevención de la disreflexia autonómica y otro para su tratamiento. Se desarrolló una guía de intervenciones para uso en práctica clínica de enfermeros rehabilitadores y para incorporación a sistemas de información. Se destaca la importancia de retirar el estímulo que provoca la disreflexia autonómica como terapéutica más eficaz y como mejor intervención en la práctica de enfermería.

"Sinal de Lázaro": reflexo medular complexo na morte encefálica - relato de dois casos / Lazaru's sign: complex spinal reflex in brain death - report of two cases

São relatados dois casos de pacientes com diagnóstico de morte encefálica e que apresentaram movimentos complexos dos braços (sinal de Lázaro). Todos os critérios para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica estavam presentes nesses casos. Os eletroencefalogramas mostraram-se isoelétricos. No caso 1, o sinal foi deflagrado pela movimentação passiva da cabeça; no outro, logo após o início do segundo teste de apneia. A fisiopatologia provável é discutida, acompanhada de revisão da literatura. A presença do sinal de Lázaro não exclui o diagnóstico de morte encefálica e deve ser conhecido e entendido pelos profissionais envolvidos no diagnóstico de morte encefálica e também por aqueles dos serviços de procura e transplante de órgãos.

Two patients' case were reported with encephalic death and who presented complex arm movements (Lazarus'sign). All the criteria for the encephalic death diagnosis were present in these cases. The electroencephalograms were isoelectrical. In case 1, the sign was started by the head passive move; in the other, immediately after the second apneoa test. The probable physiopathology is discussed, followed by literature review. The presence of the Lazarus'sign doesn't exclude the encephalic death diagnosis and must be known and understood by the professionals involved in the encephalic death diagnosis and also by the people in the services of organs search and transplantation.

Three cases of delivery in pregnant women with spinal cord injury / 대한산부인과학회지

Effective rehabilitation and assisted reproductive technology may increase the number of women considering pregnancy who have spinal cord injuries. It is important that obstetricians caring for these patients are aware of the specific problems related to spinal cord injuries. Autonomic dysreflexia is the most significant medical complication found in women with spinal cord injuries, and precautions should be taken to avoid stimuli that can lead to this potentially fatal complication. Women with spinal cord injuries may give birth vaginally, but when cesarean delivery is indicated, adequate anesthesia is needed. We report three cases of delivery in patients with spinal cord injury.

Autonomic Dysreflexia (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a condition of abnormal sympathetic response,which generally occurs in patients with the spinal cord injury (SCI) at levels of T6 and above.AD usually occurs owing to the excessive reaction of the sympathetic nervous system to the adverse stimulus.Since AD can result in fatal complications,such as epilepsy,apnea,heart infarction,acute intracranial hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage,the diagnosis and treatment of AD is very important.This article simply introduces the morbidity,pathogenesis,causative factor,clinical manifestation and treatment of AD by reviewing recent literatures.

Epidural Analgesia in the Parturient with Spinal Cord Injury: A case report / 대한마취과학회지

Autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome of uninhibited sympathetic spinal reflexes in response to stimuli below the level of injury in the patients with high spinal lesions. During labor, it can cause uteroplacental vasoconstriction resulting in fetal distress or devastating maternal complications including retinal hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident and hypertensive encephalopathy. Neuraxial blockade has proven to be an effective method to attenuate or prevent it. We present a case detailing the use of epidural analgesia in managing the delivery of a quadriplegic parturient with a history of autonomic dysreflexia.

Effectiveness of Captopril for the Management of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injuries

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of captopril comparing with nifedipine for management of hypertensive urgencies in autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD: Twenty-four patients with SCI above T6 were documented and treated with drug therapy in this study whose systolic blood pressure (SBP) was at or above 150 mmHg despite the use of nondrug management during an autonomic dysreflexia episode. They were divided into two groups; captopril group (n=12) and nifedipine group (n= 12). Captopril group was administered captopril 25 mg sublingually and nifedipine group was administered nifedipine 10 mg sublingually. Diastolic blood pressure(DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate and side effects were monitored after administration. RESULTS: Mean DBP and SBP at baseline and 15, 30, 60 minutes after captopril were significantly decreased (p<0.05). There were no significant side effects such as reactive hypotension. The administration of nifedipine also successfully reduced mean SBP and DBP after 15, 30, 60 minutes (p<0.05), but some side effects were reported such as reactive hypotension, tarchycardia and headache. CONCLUSION: For the management of hypertension in autonomic dysreflexia, captopril appears to be one of the safe and effective methods in patients with SCI.

Detrusor and Blood Pressure Responses to Dorsal Penile Nerve Stimulation during Hyper-reflexic Bladder Contraction in Patients with Cervical Cord Injury

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effect of dorsal penile nerve (DPN) stimulation on detrusor pressure (Pdet) and blood pressure (BP) during hyper-reflexic contractions of the bladder in patients with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). METHOD: The subjects were eight male patients with cervical SCI who had symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia. During water-cystometry, BP was monitored using an intra-arterial catheter into the radial artery, and was recorded simultaneously with the Pdet. Electrical stimulation was applied to the DPN, using surface electrodes each time a bladder contraction was detected. Baseline BP and BP at the first and the last hyper-reflexic contractions of bladder were measured with Pdet, respectively. RESULTS: As Pdet increased, the BP increased in all cases. The reflex contractions of the bladder were effectively suppressed by DPN stimulation, and as the Pdet decreased during stimulation, radial arterial pressure also decreased immediately and significantly. CONCLUSION: DPN stimulation can lower both Pdet and the elevated BP.

Influence of propofol on spinal cord transected rat vascular reactivity / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To observe the reactivity of spinal cord transection (SCT) rat abdominal aorta to ?-AR agonists and the infuence of propofol on vascular reactivity, so as to explore the mechanism of autunomic dysreflxia. Methods The rats were divided into sham-operated group and SCT group. 4 weeks after transection of the fourth thoracic spinal cord, the rats were killed, then abdominal aorta rings were adopted to assay their sensitivity to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, clonidine and propofol in isolated organ perfusion system. Results Compared with the rats in sham-operated group, the abdominal aorta reactivity of SCT rats to noradrenaline and clonidine was significantly higher (P

Effect of Terazosin for the Treatment of Autonomic Dysreflexta in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Autonomic dysreflexia represents one of the most serious medical emergencies in the care and rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injury. We evaluated the effect of terazosin for the prevention of symptoms due to autonomic dysreflexia in patients with spinal cord injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of terazosin was evaluated in 20 spinal cord injury patients with autonomic dysreflexia. All patients received terazosin as the only medication for the autonomic dysreflexia. Baseline measurements of blood pressure, the autonomic dysreflexia severity score and autonomic dysreflexia frequency score were recorded before terazoxin medication. Follow-up measurements were taken at 1 week, 1 month and 3 month after medication. All the data were statistically evaluated and the following results were obtained. RESULTS: The majority of patients(95%) had manifested headache and sweating. The autonomic dysreflexia severity score after terazosin medication decreased from an average of 9.0+/-0.6 at baseline to 6.8+/-0.7, 5.2+/-0.7 and 4.9+/-0.6 at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months repectively(p=0.001). And the autonomic dysreflexia frequency score after terazosin medication decreased from an average of 2.4+/-0.5 to 1.2+/-0.4 at 3 months. CONCLUSION: Tetazosin appears to be effective in preventing symptoms due to autonomic dysreflexia.

Clinical Features of Autonomic Dysreflexia in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Autonomic dysreflexia is a syndrome characterized by severe hypertension, headache, sweating that is seen in spinal cord injury population. It can be a life-threatening problem if not promptly recognized and treated. Since the most common cause is bladder distention, it is essential that the urologist sh6fild be familiar with this syndrome. Two hundred ninety four patients with spinal cord injury were reviewed for the prevalence rate and clinical manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia. The time of onset post-injury, precipitating causes, presenting symptoms and management were analyzed. 42 patients (34.4%) of 122 patients with lesion above T6 level exhibited autonomic dysreflexia. The majority of patients (61.9%) had manifested signs and symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia within the first year. The precipitating causes were bladder distention (69.0%), bowel distention (23.8%) and urinary tract infection (7.1%). The presenting symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia were headache (88.1%), sweating (88.1%), hot flushing (28.6%), chest discomfort, hyperpnea and spasm. The management of autonomic dysreflexia include prompt bladder erupting, bed rest and appropriate bowel preparation. In conclusion, prompt recognition and appropriate management of autonomic dysreflexia are essential to prevent life-threatening sequelae.

Expression changes of alpha adrenergic receptors in heart and mesenteric artery in autonomic dysreflexia rats after spinal cord transection / 第二军医大学学报

Objective:To investigate the changes of alpha adrenergic receptors(?-AR) mRNA expression in heart and mesenteric artery in autonomic dysreflexia(AD) rats after spinal cord transection,so as to explore the possible mechanism of AD.Methods: The spinal cord of rats was exposed and the fourth thoracic spinal cord was transected;4 weeks later,rats' rectum was stimulated by self-made catheter and those with a mean arterial blood pressure increased by more than 15 mmHg(1 mmHg=(0.133) kPa) were chosen as AD group(n=16).Heart and mesenteric arteries along with their branches were harvested.mRNA expression of ?_(1A)-,?_(1B)-,?_(1D)-,?_(2A)-,?_(2B)-and ?_(2C)-AR was quantified by real time PCR and the result was compared with that in sham-operated group(the fourth thoracic spinal cord was exposed but not transected).Results: Compared with sham-operated group,rats in AD group had a lower expression of ?_(1A)-AR mRNA(P