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This study was aimed at identifying the bioactive components of the crude and stir-baked hawthorn for invigorating spleen and promoting digestion, respectively, to clarify the processing mechanism of hawthorn by applying the partial least squares(PLS) algorithm to build the spectrum-effect relationship model. Firstly, different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were prepared, respectively. Then, the contents of 24 chemical components were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effects of different polar fractions of crude hawthorn and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions were evaluated by measuring the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate. Finally, the PLS algorithm was used to establish the spectrum-effect relationship model. The results showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 24 chemical components for different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions, and the gastric emptying rate and small intestinal propulsion rate of model rats were improved by administration of different polar fractions of crude and stir-baked hawthorn aqueous extracts and combinations of different fractions. The bioactive components of crude hawthorn identified by PLS models were vitexin-4″-O-glucoside, vitexin-2″-O-rhamnoside, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid, while neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, rutin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, citric acid, quinic acid and fumaric acid were the bioactive components of stir-baked hawthorn. This study provided data support and scientific basis for identifying the bioactive components of crude and stir-baked hawthorn, and clarifying the processing mechanism of hawthorn.
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Animals , Rats , Spleen , Crataegus , Quinic Acid , Least-Squares Analysis , Vanillic Acid , Algorithms , DigestionABSTRACT
The study was conducted to develop baked cakes using different pretreated sweet potato peels powders (such as fresh, boiled and citric acid) with various concentration (5%, 10% & 20%) and to evaluate the changes of quality characteristics. Sweet potato peel powder was investigated for the different nutritional and physiochemical properties were boiling and pretreatment effects also evaluated. Fresh peel, 0.5% citric acid treated and boiled sweet potato peel powder was utilized as sample powder for the studies. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in fiber and ash content and Hunter color values between powders from fresh peeled, 0.5% citric acid treated and boiled sweet potato peels powders. However, fresh and boiled sweet potato peel powder had higher fiber content than treated. The highest amount of fiber content was found in cakes incorporated with 10% boiled treated sweet potato peels powders content highest fiber. Pretreated and boiled with citric acid samples were obtained overall acceptability in the hedonic rating test.
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OBJECT IVE To study the effects and potential mechanism of saltwater stir-baked Eucommia ulmoides on kidney-yang deficiency in rats. METHODS Ninety SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group （15 rats） and modeling group （75 rats）. Modeling group was given adenine intragastrically to establish kidney-yang deficiency model. After modeling，modeling group were randomly divided into model group ，positive control group （Guifu dihuang tablet 2.5 g/kg）， low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups of saltwater stir-baked E. ulmoides （1.5，3，6 g/kg），with 15 rats in each group. Administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically ，normal control group and model group were given normal saline intragastrically ，once a day ，for consecutive 8 weeks. The body weight of rats was measured before modeling and after medication. The score of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome was performed after medication. The levels of blood urea nitrogen （BUN），serum creatinine （SCR），testosterone（T）and cortisol （COR）in serum and superoxide dismutase （SOD）activity， malondialdehyde（MDA）level in renal tissue were detected. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed after HE staining. Relative expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor- 1 α（HIF-1 α）and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 （STAT5） mRNA in renal tissue were detected by RT-PCR. The relative expressions of HIF- 1α，STAT5 and phosphorylated STAT 5 （p-STAT5）protein and the ratio of gray values of p-STAT 5 and STAT 5（p-STAT5/STAT5）in renal tissue were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Before modeling ，there was no statistical significance in body weight of rats in each group （P＞0.05）. After medication， compared with model group ， pathological changes of renal tissue were all recovered in saltwater stir-baked E. ulmoides groups and positive control group ， while body weight ，the level of T in serum and SOD activity qq.com in renal tissue were all increase d significantly （P＜0.05）. The scores of kidney-yang deficiency syndrome ，levels of BUN ， SCR and COR in serum ，MDA level in renal tissue ，the relative expressions of HIF- 1α and STAT5 mRNA，the relative expressions of HIF- 1α，STAT5 and p-STAT 5 protein as well as p-STAT5/STAT5 were all significantly decre ased （P＜0.05）. The above effects of saltwater stir-baked E. ulmoides were in dose-dependent manner （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Saltwater stir-baked E. ulmoides can significantly relieve renal tissue damage in rats with kidney-yang deficiency ，decrease the levels of BUN ，SCR and COR in serum ，increase the level of T in serum ，the mechanism of which may be associated with anti-oxidative stress and inhibition of the expression of HIF- 1α and STAT5 protein.
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OBJECTIVE To analyze the changes of volatile co mponents in Olibanum and its processed products ，and to determine the contents of 4 components as octyl acetate. METHODS The volatile oil of Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were extracted. The components of volatile components were identified by GC-MS. The structure identification and data analysis of the chemical components with similarity ≥80％ were performed by using Xcalibur 4.0 software and NIST 2.0 mass spectrum database. The peak area normalization method was used to calculate the relative content of each component. GC method was adopted to simultaneously determine and compare the contents of limonene ，octyl acetate ，linalool and n-octanol in volatile components of Olibanum and its processed products. RESULTS Thirteen components were identified from volatile components of Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar ，mainly including alcohols ，olefins and esters；among them ，relative contents of octyl acetate in Olibanum ，fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were higher，which were 23.86％ ，37.80％ and 53.86％ respectively. The linear ranges of limonene ，octyl acetate ，linalool and n-octanol were 0.006 6-0.066 4，0.179 2 -1.792 0，0.003 7-0.037 0 and 0.032 8-0.328 0（r＞0.999 5）respectively；RSDs of precision，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were all less than 2％；average recoveries were 98.56％，100.02％，99.13％ and 98.66％，respectively（RSD≤2.16，n＝6）. Average contents of 4 components in Olibanum were 0.15％，16.27％，0.36％ and 2.26％，while those of fried Olibanum were 0.85％，17.58％，0.66％ and 3.47％，respectively；those of Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were 0.50％，19.75％，0.58％ and 3.34％，respectively. Compared with Olibanum ，average contents of octyl acetate ， linalool，n-octanol and limonene in volatile components of fried Olibanum and Olibanum stir-baked with vinegar were increased significantly（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with fried Olibanum ，average contents of limonene ，linalool and n-octanol were decreased significantly ，while those of octyl acetate were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS After fried and stir-baked with vinegar ，the volatile components in Olibanum are similar ，but the relative contents are different ，and the contents of octyl acetate and other components are increased.
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OBJECTIVE：To optimize the processing technology of Paeonia lactiflora stir-baked with wine ，and to investigate its in vitro anticoagulant effect. METHODS ：The weight coefficient of each index was determined and the comprehensive score was calculated with analytic hierarchy process （AHP），Criteria Importance Though Intercrieria Correlation （CRITIC）and AHP-CRITIC weighting method ，using the contents of oxypaeoniflorin ，albiflorin，paeoniflorin，benzoic acid and water-soluble extract as index. Box-Behnken response surface methodology was used to optimize the parameters of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine ，such as moistening time ，frying time and frying temperature. Then in vitro anticoagulant experiment was used to investigate the pharmacodynamics of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine prepared according to the optimal processing technology. RESULTS ：The weight coefficients of albiflorin ，oxypaeoniflorin，paeoniflorin，benzoic acid and water-soluble extract determined by AHP-CRITIC weighting method were 0.233 9，0.131 7，0.183 3，0.078 9，0.372 3，respectively；the optimal processing technology of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine included moistening time of 35 min，frying time of 20 min and frying temperature of 120 ℃. The results of in vitro anticoagulant test showed that P. lactiflora and P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine could significantly prolong the time of thrombin time ，prothrombin time ，activated partial thrombin time of plasma ；the effects of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine were significantly better than those of P. lactiflora （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimized processing technology of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine is stable and feasible. The in vitro anticoagulant effect of P. lactiflora stir-baked with wine prepared by this tehcnology is better than that of raw products.
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Objective: To compare the differences of Gardeniae Fructus and its stir-baked preparation and screen out the differential markers, and provide reference for the establishment of quality standard. Methods: The whole and partial fingerprints of Gardeniae Fructus and its stir-baked prepared slices were established by HPLC-UV analysis. And the fingerprints were statistically analyzed using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principle component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), then the characteristic markers were screened out. And then content of 6-α-hydroxygeniposide, gentioside, geniposide, crocin I, and crocin II was determined. Results: A total of 15 peaks were acquired for Gardeniae Fructus and stir-baked Gardeniae Fructus respectively, 12 peaks of which were the common peaks. The similarity of whole and partial reference fingerprints of Gardeniae Fructus and its stir-baked prepared slices was 0.991 and 0.880, respectively, and partial fingerprint can successfully distinguished Gardeniae Fructus from its stir-baked prepared slices. HCA and OPLS-DA results showed that significant differences were observed between Gardeniae Fructus and stir-baked Gardeniae Fructus with peak 3, peak 5, peak 9 (geniposide), and peak 11 (crocin I), which being identified as the main differential markers. Contents of geniposide, crocin I and crocin II in Gardeniae Fructus were higher than those in stir-baked Gardeniae Fructus, while 6-α-hydroxygeniposide was lower. Conclusion: The composition was significantly different before and after stir-baked. The established partial fingerprints combined with multi-component determination method can effectively distinguish them. And the differential markers obtained by multivariate statistical analysis can provide reference for the selection of quality markers.
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Mylabris is a traditional Chinese medicine and ethnic medicine, which has significant effects on treatment of malignant tumors and dermatophytosis and so on. It has been recorded in most historical Chinese Pharmacopoeias. However, because of its hypertoxicity in the crud forms, Mylabris needs to be furtherly processed if it is taken orally. There are various methods about how to process it in previous Materia Medica Classics, whereas the most modern approaches are mainly using cleansing technology and stir-baked with rice technology. Moreover, the technologies stipulated by local processing regulations are different from the stipulations of pharmacopoeias. This research combs through the history evolution systematically in the processing of Mylabris, and analyzed the existential issues in modern research on it, so as to provide references for the processing and the quality control of Mylabris.
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To reveal the toxic mechanism of Kansui stir-baked with vinegar(VEK), conducta comparative study on the metabolites of fecal samples of rats before and after being treated with chemical constituents group B and C(VEKB/VEKC) extracted from VEK by metabolomics approach. The fecal samples of each group were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry(UFLC-Q-TOF-MS). Then the data was processed by principal component analysis(PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to screen and identify biomarkers relating to the toxicity of VEK. Besides, t-test was adopted for univariate statistical analysis, so as to study the changes of these biomarkers in drug groups before and after being treated with VEKB/VEKC and explore the effect of VEKB/VEKC on the metabolism of rat feces. Furthermore, the toxic mechanism of VEKB/VEKC was explored based on the results of the metabolic pathway analysis. The results displayed that compared with control group, the metabolism of fecal samples of VEKB and VEKC treated groups show obvious changes, and the VEKB treated group show more significant changes. A total of 16 potential biomarkers and 5 metabolic pathways relating to the toxicity of VEK were found and identified. And the toxicity of VEK might be associated with the disorder of such metabolic pathways as tryptophan metabolism, primary bile acid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, purine metabolism, and degradation of valine, leucine and isoleucine. This study provides a scientific basis for the clinical safety application of VEK.
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Animals , Rats , Acetic Acid , Biomarkers , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Euphorbia/chemistry , Feces/chemistry , Mass Spectrometry , MetabolomeABSTRACT
The specifications of Chinese herbal medicines naturally form and exist in the circulation and use of Chinese herbal medicines.Buyers and sellers negotiate price by quality. With the increasing demand for public health care,the cultivation,processing methods and circulation of Chinese herbal medicines have changed. Under the mode of pursuing output and short-term benefits,the traditional grade evaluation method has been difficult to apply to the current quality status of the pieces. Bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus is a genuine medicinal material in Jiangxi province. It is widely used,but the quality level of bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus on the market is not uniform. Quality constant method was used in this paper for grading the Chinese herbal slices of bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus. Sixteen batches of different quality samples were collected and tested,and finally,eleven qualified batches of them were chosen as researcher objects. The results showed that the relative quality constant ranged from 2. 52 to 5. 60. The relative quality constant was ≥4. 48 for first grade bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus,2. 80-4. 48 for the second grade pieces,and <2. 80 for the third grade pieces. The grades evaluation method for bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus established in this paper included both appearance and index composition. The results were objective,accurate,quantitative,applicable,and the method was simple to operate and easy to popularize. This study showed that the quality constant method could be applied to the grade evaluation of bran stir-baked Aurantii Fructus,providing a reference for the grade evaluation of fruit-type decoction pieces.
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Citrus , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Reference Standards , Fruit , Chemistry , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Objective To establish an HPLC fingerprint of raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos for its quality control and samples differentiation. Methods An HPLC method has been developed for the fingerprinting and evaluation of 36 batches of raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos collected from different locations. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM (2012A edition) was used to evaluate the similarity of 36 batches. The difference between raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos was identified by chemical pattern recognition methods including hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA). Results A standard fingerprint containing 20 common peaks was constructed from 36 batches of raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos, and identified 10 of them. The similarity of all batches with reference fingerprint was between 0.723-0.984. The similarity of 16 batches of raw Farfarae Flos was between 0.862-0.998, and the similarity of 20 batches of honey baked Farfarae Flos was between 0.687-0.993. HCA, PCA and PLS-DA results demonstrated that there were obvious distinction between raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos. According to the VIP plot, ten constituents including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and tussilagone were primarily response for the discrimination. Conclusion The combination of HPLC fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition could provide a comprehensive reference for the quality control and quality evaluation of raw and honey baked Farfarae Flos.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish HPLC fingerprint of stir-baked Manis pentadactyla.METHODS:HPLC method was conducted.The determination was performed on Capcell Pak Mg Ⅱ S5 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1％ phosphoric acid solution (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm,and column temperature was 30 ℃.The sample size was 10 μL.Using oxyphenylaminopropionic acid as reference,HPLC chromatograms of 11 batches of medicinal materials were determined.TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2004 A edition) was used for common peak identification and similarity evaluation.RESULTS:There were 23 common peaks in 11 batches of stir-baked M.pentadactyla,with similarity＞0.90.After validation,HPLC chromatograms of 11 batches of medicinal materials were in good agreement with control fingerprints.CONCLUSIONS:Established HPLC fingerprint can provide reference for the identification and quality evaluation of stir-baked M.pentadactyla.
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The 24 h normal developing zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate the acute toxicity and the compounds of respective fractions were analyzed by UFLC-Q-TOF-MS simultaneously. Nine concentration groups with respective concentration and a blank control group were designed for each fraction to investigate their effect on survival rates of zebrafish embryos 96 h after drug administration, and calculate the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of different fractions to zebrafish embryos. The results showed that all of the fractions had acute toxicity to zebrafish embryos except VEKD, and the order was as follows: VEKB, VEKC, VEKA and VEKD. According to the results of UFLC-Q-TOF-MS, the chemical ingredients contained in VEKB and VEKC were mainly composed of ingenane-type and japhane-type diterpenoids, respectively. It could be speculated that japhane-type diterpenoids might be the active compounds with lower toxicity associated with the results of toxicity study, providing some references for the further research on effective material basis of Kansui stir-baked with vinegar according to the principle of "drastic medicine, no death risks".
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OBJECTIVE:To establish HPLC fingerprint of stir-baked Manis pentadactyla.METHODS:HPLC method was conducted.The determination was performed on Capcell Pak Mg Ⅱ S5 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1％ phosphoric acid solution (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm,and column temperature was 30 ℃.The sample size was 10 μL.Using oxyphenylaminopropionic acid as reference,HPLC chromatograms of 11 batches of medicinal materials were determined.TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2004 A edition) was used for common peak identification and similarity evaluation.RESULTS:There were 23 common peaks in 11 batches of stir-baked M.pentadactyla,with similarity＞0.90.After validation,HPLC chromatograms of 11 batches of medicinal materials were in good agreement with control fingerprints.CONCLUSIONS:Established HPLC fingerprint can provide reference for the identification and quality evaluation of stir-baked M.pentadactyla.
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Objective:To establish the quality standard for Xiao'er Hanting granule. Methods:Astragali Radix,Rhizoma Atrac-tylodis Macrocephalae (baked) and Saposhnikoviae Radix were qualitatively identified by a TLC method. The contents of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside in the preparation were determined by an HPLC method. The chromatographic column was Cosmosil C18(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm);the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2% methanoicacid(16 :84); the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min-1; the detection wavelength was 260 nm. Results:Astragaloside A in Astragali Radix was detected by the TLC method,and Rhizoma Atractylodis Mac-rocephalae (baked),Saposhnikoviae Radix and saposhnkoviae standard crude drug had the same clear spots without any negative inter-ference. The linear range of calycosin- 7-O-β-D-glycoside was 0.061-0.613 μg(r =0.999 9). The average recovery was 99.4% (RSD=1.29%,n=6). Conclusion:The method is accurate,rapid,stable and reliable with good reproducibility,which is suitable for the quality control of Xiao'er Hanting granule.
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Objective To study compatibility rule of herb-pair in rhubarb after compatibilities with fructus aurantii Immaturus,Chinese goldthread rhizome,moutan cortex,peach seed and kansui radix stir-baked with vinegar, and to observe its anti-inflammation and acute toxicity. Methods Mice were gavaged by 15,30 g?kg-1 rhubarb and rhubarb, rhubarb frutus aurantii immaturus rhizoma coptidis, radix et rhizoma rhei peony, rhubarb, semen persicae and rhubarb extracts from euphorbia kansui, respectively, in the morning and evening once, for 7 d.The effects of five different compatibility of Rhubarb on acute inflammation were observed in the mouse paw swelling induced by carrageenan. The classical method were used to determine acute toxicity of rhubarb and the contents of five different compatibility of rhubarb. Results Compared with the control group, the contents of five different compatibility of rhubarb with high and low dosage groups(30,15 g?kg-1 ) could inhibit the paw edema in mice,reduce NO and MDA production and enhanced activity of SOD in mice inflammatory tissue. The LD50 was not determined. Calculated by crude drug content, the MLD of rhubarb compatibilities with fructus aurantii immaturus, Chinese goldthread rhizome,moutan cortex,peach seed and kansui radix stir-baked with vinegar were 145.33,142.30,117.53,103.45, 113.09,182.36 g?kg-1 respectively, which were respectively equal to 581,569,470,418,452 ,729 times of people, s daily dried medicinal herb dosage. Conclusion The five different herb-pair have anti-inflammation effects after compatibility of Rhubarb, and it got best effects when rhubarb compatibility with kansui radix stir-baked, the next were rhubarb compatibility with Chinese goldthread rhizome and moutan cortex. It was basic security and low toxicity of herb-pair in rhubarb after compatibilities.
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Objective:To establish the quality standard for Sinapis Semen( stir-baked) formula granule. Methods:TLC was used to identify Sinapis Semen; an HPLC method was applied in the content determination of Sinapine thiocyanate in Sinapis Semen ( stir-baked) formula granule with Hibar Purospher STAR C18 (250 mm × 4. 6 mm,5 μm ) column and with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0. 08 mol·L-1 potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10 ∶90) at the flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1 ,the column temperature was 35℃ and the detection wavelength was set at 326 nm. Results:The characteristic spots of Sinapis Semen( stir-baked) formula granule were clearly detected by the established TLC chromatography. Sinapine thiocyanate had a good linear relationship within the concentra-tion range of 0. 012 2-3. 912 3μg(r=0. 999 9). The average recovery was 100. 4% (RSD=0. 6%, n=6). The water content, dis-solution and particle size of Sinapis Semen formula granule all met the related requirements. Conclusion:The methods are simple and accurate with good reproducibility,which can be used to control the quality of Sinapis Semen( stir-baked) formula granule.
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Objective: To compare the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix in cancerous ascites model rats. Methods: Furosemide was taken as positive control drug, and the cancerous ascites model rats were respectively orally administered with powder of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix and their alcohol and water extract for 7 d. The amounts of urine and ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chlorideion, and pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, ALD, and ADH in serum were investigated. Results: Compared with model group, the amount of urine of each medication administration group significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01), the amount of ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chlorideion, and pH value (P < 0.01), and the contents of PRA, Ang II, ALD, and ADH in serum all showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05, 0.01). Among them, the groups which were administered with powder of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix were the most significant, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: The powders of crude and vinegar stir-baked Kansui Radix have a remarkable effect on expelling water retention with drastic purgative, and they could improve the symptom of cancerous ascites model rats.
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Objective: To study the effects of different extracts of Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar (KRV) on the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative in cancerous ascites model rats. Methods: The cancerous ascites model rats were respectively ig administered with KRV powder, ethanol extract, aqueous extract, and ehanol and aqueous extract of KRV (340 mg/kg) for 7 d. The amounts of urine and ascites, the levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, and pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum were investigated. UPLC-QTOF MS technology was used to explore the components differences in various extracts of KRV. Results: Compared with the control group, the amount of urine in model group was significantly reduced (P<0.05), the ascites generated, and the urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum were all significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model groups, the treatment groups showed decreasing trend in ascites; The amounts of urine in positive groups, powder groups, ethanol and aqueous extract groups showed a significant increase (P<0.05); The level of urinary sodium of water extraction groups showed significant decrease (P<0.05); The levels of urinary sodium, potassium, chloride ion, pH value, and the contents of PRA, Ang II, and ALD in serum of positive groups, powder groups, ethanol extract groups, and ethanol and aqueous extract groups all showed a significant decrease (P<0.05, 0.01). Diterpenes were inspected in the alcohol extract and alcohol and aqueous extract, fewer in the aqueous extract. Conclusion: Powder groups and ethanol and aqueous extract groups of KRV have remarkable effect on expelling water retention with drastic purgative, and there is no significant difference between the two groups, which could provide the basis for clinical medication of KRV that is made into the pill and powder. Diterpenes in KRV may be the active components on the function of expelling water retention with drastic purgative.
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Objective: To explore the scientific basis for Farfarae Flos baked with honey. Methods: NMR-based metabolomic approach combined with PAC, OPLS-DA, and univariate analysis was used to investigate the differences between the raw Farfarae Flos (RFF) and Farfarae Flos baked with honey (HFF). Results: Forty metabolites were identified in the NMR spectra, and the multivariate statistical results showed that RFF and HFF could be clearly separated. The levels of 1-O-ethyl-β-D-glucoside, β-glucose, sucrose, and α-glucose were higher and those of valine, aspartate, and threonine were lower in HFF compared with RFF. In light of secondary metabolites, RFF contained more chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid whereas HFF contained more tussilagone and rutin. Conclusion: The results reveal the chemical differences between RFF and HFF in a holistic way, and lay the foundation for the scientific explanation of Farfarae Flos processing.
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Objective: To study the mechanism of attenuation by stir baking with vinegar on effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Kansui Radix on mice gastrointestinal permeability. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into blank control, Kansui Radix, and Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar groups. The gastric and intestinal tissues were removed from mice after ig administration for 7 d and were observed by the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The expression of E-cadherin and VCAM-l was examined by immunohistochemical techniques. Results: Using TEM, the arrangement and karyon morphology of gastric glandular epithelium cells were irregular with the uneven electronic of cytoplasm and lots of lysosomes in Kansui Radix group; The morphology of the gastric epithelial cells was irregular with some abnormal mitochondrions in the cytoplasm in Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar group; The intestinal mucosa cells were covered with short microvilli with well-connected intercellular junctions, but the tight junctions on the near-surface were short in Kansui Radix group; The arrangement and morphology of intestinal epithelial cells were fairly uniform with few and short microvilli and intact mitochondrion in Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar group. Using immunohistochemical techniques, compared with the control group, Kansui Radix could decrease the expression of E-cadherin and increase the expression of VCAM-l (P < 0.05, 0.01). While compared with Kansui Radix group, Kansui Radix stir-baked with vinegar could obviously increase the expression of E-cadherin (P < 0.05, 0.01) and decrease the expression of VCAM-l (P < 0.05, 0.01). Conclusion: Stir-baking with vinegar can attenuate the Kansui Radix-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. The mechanism may be that it can improve the morphology of mice gastrointestinal mucosal cells, reduce the membrane permeability, and decrease the stimulating effect of Kansui Radix.