ABSTRACT
Brown adipose generates heat via oxidation of fatty acids by a mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent process. In addition, a subpopulation of cells within subcutaneous white adipose tissue, known as beige adipocytes, also plays a role in thermogenesis. The biogenesis of beige adipocytes is induced by thermogenic signals, such as chronic cold exposure. Recently, it has been reported that eosinophils, type 2 cytokines of IL-4/13, and alternatively activated macrophages control the thermogenic cycle of beige adipocytes. Alternatively, activated macrophages induce UCP1+ beige adipocytes through secretion of catecholamines. These results define the role of type 2 immune responses in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
Subject(s)
Adipocytes , Adipose Tissue, Brown , Adipose Tissue, White , Organelle Biogenesis , Catecholamines , Cytokines , Eosinophils , Fatty Acids , Homeostasis , Hot Temperature , Macrophages , ThermogenesisABSTRACT
Irisin is a newly discovered myogenic glycosylation of peptide which can promote expression of uncoupling protein in white fat cells, facilitate lipid droplet formation, increase mitochondrial density and oxygen consumption of fat cells, and results in the shift from white fat cells to brown fat cells and promotion of β cells regeneration, thus inhibiting the occurrence of obesity and insulin resistance. Meanwhile, Irisin can also increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor, activate genes involved in learning and memorizing, so as to improve cognition function. Furthermore, Irisin is also reported to mitigate aging by extending the length of telomeres. This paper reviewed the relationship between Irisin and type 2 diabetes in the elderly, hoping to provide reference for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes in the elderly.