ABSTRACT
La producción peruana de cacao representa aproximadamente el 2% de la producción mundial; con una contribución muy reconocida por la calidad y diversidad de sus sabores y aromas. De milenario origen amazónico y probada utilización de hace por lo menos 5200 años, este cultivo recién ha sido visible para el desarrollo agrario en las dos últimas décadas, cuando se le ha utilizado con relativo éxito en la sustitución de cultivos ilegales de coca ¿Y qué tanto está contribuyendo la academia a la cadena de valor del cacao? Con carácter exploratorio, se registró y analizó una muestra de 44 tesis que tenían como objeto de estudio el cacao, obtenido por sus autores en los centros de producción y parcelas de productores. La mayor parte de estas tesis (41) estuvieron destinadas a obtener títulos profesionales, dos para optar el grado de magister y uno para obtener el grado de doctorado. Estas tesis se realizaron en universidades de 13 departamentos del Perú, contando Lima con el mayor número de tesis (12). Once tesis abarcaron actividades de investigación del germoplasma para la transformación y/o la innovación del cacao, confiriéndole así valor agregado con potencial uso comercial. Estas investigaciones estuvieron relacionadas con cuatro sectores productivos con un claro potencial comercial en el mercado global de recursos genéticos. En ningún caso, las investigaciones se realizaron bajo la seguridad jurídica del sistema de acceso a recursos genéticos y participación justa y equitativa de beneficios del Protocolo de Nagoya, del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica.
The Peruvian production of cocoa represents, approximately, 2% of the world production, with a very recognized contribution because of the quality and diversity of its flavors and aromas. With a millenary Amazonian origin and proved utilization by at least 5200 years ago, this crop just became visible for the agrarian development in the last two decades, when it was used with relative success for the substitution of illegal coca crops. And how much is the academy contributing to the value chain of cocoa? A sample of 44 theses which cocoa obtained from production centers and farmers plots was their object of study, has been registered and analyzed in an exploratory way. 41 theses were to get professional titles, two for magister degree and one for doctorate degree. These theses were done in universities of 13 Department of Peru, where Lima reached the highest number (12). Eleven theses addressed germplasm research activities aimed to cocoa transformation and/or innovation, thus conferring added value with potential commercial use. These researches were related to four productive sectors with a clear potential in the global market of genetic resources. In any case, the studies were done under the legal certainty of the system of access to genetic resources and fair and equitable benefit-sharing of the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Se realiza un análisis empírico y actualizado de las solicitudes de patente en trámite ante la oficina colombiana de patentes y que requieren de contrato de acceso a recursos genéticos y/o productos derivados (CARG o PD). Se identifican 15 casos y a partir del análisis del trámite, se describen los principales mitos existentes sobre este tema, analizando para cada uno si se trata de afirmaciones ciertas o falsas. Se destaca que hay mejoras en los tiempos y número de contratos de acceso firmados por parte del Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MADS), que los solicitantes de patente y/o apoderados no están haciendo un correcto uso de la declaración juramentada o divulgación de origen sobre uso de recursos genéticos y/o productos derivados, y que aún se debe mejorar en la identificación de casos que requieren CARG o PD por parte de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio (SIC). Asimismo, se estudian las obligaciones adquiridas por los firmantes del CARG o PD y los beneficios monetarios y no monetarios acordados con el MADS, encontrando que mientras las obligaciones suelen ser estándar para todos los CARG o PD, los beneficios pactados tanto monetarios como no monetarios sí son distintos. Se enuncian estadísticas actualizadas de los contratos de acceso firmados. Se concluye identificando los principales temas y destinatarios que deben reforzarse en las capacitaciones de estos asuntos y los espacios para mejorar la interacción entre el MADS, la SIC y los usuarios e investigadores.
ABSTRACT An empirical and updated analysis is made of the patent applications that are processed in the Colombian patent office and that require a contract for access to genetic resources or derivatives (CARG or PD). 15 cases of this type of requests are identified and from the study of the process, the main existing myths on this subject are identified, analyzing for each one whether they are true or false statements. It is highlighted that there are improvements in the times and number of access contracts signed by the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development (MADS), that patent applicants and /or attorneys are not making a correct use of the sworn statement about the use of genetic resources or PD, and that still needs to be improved in the identification of cases that require CARG or PD by the Patent Office Superintendence of Industry and Commerce (SIC). Likewise, the obligations acquired by the signatories of the CARG or PD and the monetary and non-monetary benefits that the MADS is demanding are analyzed, finding that while the obligations are usually standard for all the CARG or PD, the agreed benefits, both monetary and non-monetary are different. It concludes by identifying the main topics and actors on which the training on these issues should be reinforced and the spaces to improve the interaction between the patents and environmental authorities.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este artículo es hacer una aproximación fenomenológica al denominado Mejoramiento Deportivo Postconvencional, encaminado a la prolongación del máximo performance; es decir, hacia la posibilidad de mantener un óptimo desempeño por más tiempo, superando el declive fisiológico natural y coartando, de cierta manera, el derecho de los atletas en formación de disfrutar de las ventajas que representa pertenecer a esta élite, en términos de honor, estatus, y de los crecientes estímulos económicos que ofrece el deporte profesional. Para ello, se hace una aproximación teórica al Mejoramiento Deportivo Postconvencional, definido como el uso de aditamentos biotecnológicos con capacidad de producir transformaciones corporales para aumentar el desempeño. Luego, se indagan los conceptos de límite y riesgo desde una perspectiva psicológica, dirigida a la idiosincrasia del deportista, y se analiza cómo se originan y sustentan las preferencias individuales y su evolución. Más adelante, se hace referencia a la participación de los beneficios, idea original del campo de la investigación biomédica y vinculada al deporte de rendimiento, dado que una parte de sus avances se aprovechan allí. Por último, se retoma el concepto de justicia para comprender la relación entre el deporte profesional, sus beneficios y la noción de frugalidad.
The objective of this article is to make a phenomenological approach to the so-called Postconventional Sports Improvement, aimed at prolonging the maximum performance; that is, towards the possibility of maintaining optimal performance for longer, overcoming the natural physiological decline and affecting, in a certain way, the right of athletes in training to enjoy the advantages of belonging to this elite, in terms of honor, status, and the growing economic stimuli offered by professional sport. To do this, a theoretical approach is made to post-conventional Sports Improvement, defined as the use of biotechnological attachments with the ability to produce bodily transformations to increase performance. Then, the concepts of limit and risk are investigated from a psychological perspective, aimed at the idiosyncrasies of the athlete, and analyzed how individual preferences and their evolution originate and sustain. Later, reference is made to profit sharing, the original idea of the field of biomedical research and linked to performance sport, as some of its advances are exploited there. Finally, the concept of justice is retaken to understand the relationship between professional sport, its benefits and the notion of frugality.
O objetivo deste artigo é o de abordagem fenomenológica o chamado Melhoria Sports pós-convencional, que visa alargar o máximo de desempenho; isto é, a possibilidade de manter um ótimo desempenho por mais tempo, superando o declínio fisiológico natural e limitando, de certa forma, o direito de atletas em formação para aproveitar as vantagens de pertencer a esta elite, em termos de honra, status, e aumentando os incentivos econômicos oferecidos pelo desporto profissional. Para isso, uma abordagem teórica para a Melhoria Sports pós-convencional, definida como o uso de adjuntos biotecnológicos capazes de produzir transformações corporais para aumentar o desempenho é. Em seguida, os conceitos de limites e de risco são investigados a partir de um ponto de vista psicológico, conduziu às idiossincrasias do atleta, e analisados como se originam e sustentar preferências e evolução individuais. Mais tarde, ele está se referindo à partilha de benefícios, ideia original do campo da pesquisa biomédica e associada ao desempenho esporte, como parte de seu progresso presa lá. Finalmente, o conceito de justiça é retomada para compreender a relação entre o desporto profissional, seus benefícios e a noção de frugalidade.
Subject(s)
Athletic Performance , Sports , Bioethics , EfficiencyABSTRACT
The three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefit sarising from the utilization of genetic resources.The Nagoya Protocol significantly advances the CBD's third objective by providing a strong basis for greater legal certainty and transparency for both providers and users of genetic resources.In June 2016, the Chinese government approved the accession to the Nagoya Protocol. The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol is bound to greatly influence the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as its development relies on medical biological genetic resources.Both the protection and access of medical biological genetic resources and its related traditional knowledge and the introduction, breeding, biosynthesis and the extraction and modification of effective components of medicinal organism are with the prescribed scope of the Nagoya Protocol. In this study, we simply introduce the background and main contents of the Nagoya Protocol in first. We then explore the relationship between the Nagoya Protocol and the TCM.We also analyze the positive effects on the TCM for China to be one of the parties of the Nagoya Protocol and finally make some proposals for better implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.This study has certain reference significance to the resource economy and management of TCM.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , China , Conservation of Natural Resources , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Reference StandardsABSTRACT
Various forms of benefits may be obtained from biomedical research,including proven most effective prevention,diagnosis and treatment methods,progeny,derivative and compound produced by the human tissue of subjects,and the research data obtained with the forms of patents or trade secrets.Because the subjects participate in the research and thus take the risks,provide human tissues for the study and the genetic information or medical information attached to human tissue and so on,benefit-sharing rights of subjects can be defended from the two angles of retributivism and utilitarianism.Benefit-sharing rights of subjects can be realized through various ways such as autonomous negotiation,ethical review,statutory sharing,or judicial review.
ABSTRACT
Will the Convention on Biological Diversity put an end to biological control? Under the Convention on Biological Diversity countries have sovereign rights over their genetic resources. Agreements governing the access to these resources and the sharing of the benefits arising from their use need to be established between involved parties. This also applies to species collected for potential use in biological control. Recent applications of access and benefit sharing principles have already made it difficult or impossible to collect and export natural enemies for biological control research in several countries. If such an approach is widely applied it would impede this very successful and environmentally safe pest management method based on the use of biological diversity. The International Organization for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants has, therefore, created the "Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing". This commission is carrying out national and international activities to make clear how a benefit sharing regime might seriously frustrate the future of biological control. In addition, the IOBC Commission members published information on current regulations and perceptions concerning exploration for natural enemies and drafted some 30 case studies selected to illustrate a variety of points relevant to access and benefit sharing. In this article, we summarize our concern about the effects of access and benefit sharing systems on the future of biological control.
Poderá a Convenção em Diversidade Biológica por um fim no Controle Biológico? Baseando-se na Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, os países têm soberania sobre seus recursos genéticos. Acordos que governam o acesso a tais recursos e o compartilhamento dos benefícios provenientes do seu uso precisam ser estabelecidos de comum acordo com as partes envolvidas. Isto também é aplicável a espécies coletadas com uso potencial em controle biológico. Recentes aplicações dos princípios de introdução e compartilhamento dos benefícios têm tornado difícil, ou mesmo impossível, coletar e exportar inimigos naturais em muitos paises para pesquisas em controle biológico em muitos países. Como esta é uma medida amplamente utilizada, tais procedimentos poderão impedir este bem sucedido e ambientalmente seguro método de manejo de pragas, baseado no uso da diversidade biológica. A Organização Internacional para Controle Biológico de Plantas e Animais Nocivos (IOBC) criou a "Comissão em Controle Biológico e Introdução e Benefícios Mútuos" para estudar o assunto. Tal comissão está desenvolvendo atividades nacionais e internacionais para esclarecer como o regime de compartilhamento de benefícios pode prejudicar seriamente o futuro do controle biológico. Além disto, membros da Comissão da IOBC publicaram informações sobre regulamentos atuais e suas opiniões relacionadas à exploração de inimigos naturais, listando cerca de 30 casos para ilustrar os pontos relevantes para a introdução e compartilhamento de benefícios. No presente artigo, é sumarizado o ponto de vista dessa comissão na IOBC sobre os efeitos dos sistemas de introdução e compartilhamento para o futuro do Controle Biológico.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To put forward the tentative idea of the application of the access and benefit-sharing regime in the field of Chinese medicine.METHODS:The existing problems of protecting biological diversity in the field of Chinese medicine and what problems the access and benefit-sharing regime could solve were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Our preliminary idea for applying access and benefit-sharing regime in the field of Chinese medicine is to set up a special department for negotiation,identify the rights and subject,construct registration system and informed consent procedure,improve the source disclosure system and add the benefit-sharing regulation.
ABSTRACT
A implementação, em nível nacional, da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, especialmente dos artigos 8j e 15, que tratam respectivamente do conhecimento tradicional e do acesso aos recursos genéticos e da repartição dos benefícios provenientes da sua utilização, tem gerado intenso debate quanto ao seu impacto sobre a pesquisa. No Brasil vigora atualmente a Medida Provisória 2.186-16/01 (MP) que instituiu as regras para o acesso a e a remessa de componentes do patrimônio genético e o acesso a conhecimentos tradicionais associados. Essa norma previu a criação da autoridade nacional competente o Conselho de Gestão do Patrimônio Genético (CGEN) no âmbito do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, o qual iniciou suas atividades em abril de 2002. Em 2003, com o novo governo, a implementação da MP buscou atender, na medida do possível, as demandas de setores da sociedade, editando atos que esclareceram conceitos básicos para sua implementação, diminuindo a burocracia para a aplicação da norma e dando maior transparência às ações do CGEN. Entretanto essas ações estão limitadas pelo texto legal vigente, assim foi elaborado um anteprojeto de lei para, após sua análise pela casa Civil, ser encaminhado pelo Executivo Federal ao Congresso Nacional. A retomada do processo legislativo, iniciado em 1995 e interrompido em 2000 com a primeira edição da referida MP, dará a sociedade uma nova chance para que participe da discussão dessa matéria, agora com mais conhecimento de causa.
The nationwide enforcement of the Convention on Biological Diversity, particularly articles 8j and 15 which address respectively traditional knowledge and access to genetic resources and distribution of the benefits deriving from it's utilization, has generated an intense debate regarding it's impact on research. Today, in Brazil, Provisional Measure 2.186-16/01 (MP), which established the rules for the access and sending of genetic patrimony components and the access to associated traditional knowledge, is in effect. This norm foresaw the creation inside the Ministry of the Environment of a national competent authority the Genetic Heritage Management Council (CGEN), whose activities began in April 2002. In 2003, with the new government, enforcement of the MP tried to address, as far as possible, the demands of sectors of society, publishing acts that clarify concepts which are fundamental for it's enforcement, reducing bureaucracy in the application of the norm and giving greater transparency to the actions of the CGEN. However, as these actions are limited by the legal text in force, a preliminary draft was made for a law to be sent by the Federal Executive Government to the National Congress, after being analyzed by the competent government department. Taking up again the legislative process, began in 1995 and interrupted in 2000 with the first edition of the above MP mentioned, society will have a new opportunity to participate in the discussion of this matter, with deeper understanding.