Biopsia estereotáctica cerebral guiada por tomografía: análisis de 65 casos / Stereotactic biopsy guided by tomography: analysis of 65 cases

Objetivo: analizar retrospectivamente las características demográficas, topografía lesional, resultados anatomopatológicos y complicaciones de una serie de 65 biopsias estereotácticas cerebrales guiadas por tomografía. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo de 65 pacientes sometidos a 65 biopsias cerebrales estereotácticas guiadas con tomografía, desde enero 2012 hasta diciembre 2016, en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín (Quito-Ecuador). Resultados: se analizaron 65 pacientes con edad promedio de 48 años (rango: 15 a 78 años); 42 pacientes fueron hombres (64,61%) y 23 mujeres (35,38%). 54 pacientes (83%) presentaron lesiones únicas y 11 (17%) múltiples. El porcentaje de resultados positivos fue de 80%; de los cuales, 76,92% correspondieron a patología tumoral, de ellos 69,23% fueron primarios del SNC y 7,69% fueron metástasis. Se registró 10,76% de complicaciones hemorrágicas asintomáticas y 9,23% de morbilidad registrada como transitoria. No se reportó infecciones del sitio quirúrgico ni infección post-operatoria relacionados con los cuidados de la salud. No registramos mortalidad. Conclusiones: la biopsia estereotáctica cerebral guiada por tomografía es una herramienta mínimamente invasiva, segura y eficaz para el diagnóstico anatomopatológico definitivo. La complicación más prevalente en esta serie fue la hemorragia post-biopsia; sin embargo, fue asintomática y no alteró la evolución de los pacientes; el resto de complicaciones correspondió a morbilidad transitoria. No registramos infección post-operatoria ni mortalidad.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze retrospectively demographic characteristics, lesion topography, anatomopathological results and complications of a series of 65 stereotactic brain biopsies. Materials and methods: 65 patients who underwent 65 CT-guided stereotactic brain biopsies were retrospectively analyzed from January 2012 to December 2016 at Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital (Quito, Ecuador). Results: 65 cases were reviewed. Patient age averaged 48 years (range: 15-78 years); 42 patients were men (64,61%) and 23 women (35,38%). 54 patients (83%) had single lesions and 11 (17%) had multiple lesions. The percentage of positive results was 80%; Malignancy accounted for 76,92% of biopsied lesions, of which 69,23% were primary tumor of CNS and 7,69% were metastases. There were 10,76% of asymptomatic hemorrhagic complication and 9,23% of transient morbidity. We do not document any surgical site-related infection or post-operative infection related to health care. No mortality was recorded. Conclusions: Stereotactic brain biopsy guided by tomography is a safe and effective minimally invasive tool for obtaining a definitive anatomopathological diagnosis. The most prevalent complication in this series was post-biopsy hemorrhage, however, it was asymptomatic and did not alter the clinical evolution of the patients; the rest of complications corresponded to transient morbidity. We do not register post-operative infection or mortality.

Stereotactic biopsy for intracranial lesions: clinical-pathological compatibility in 60 patients / Biopsia estereotáctica para lesões intracranianas: compatibilidade clínico patológica em 60 casos

OBJECTIVE: Image guided stereotactic biopsy (SB) provides cerebral tissue samples for histological analysis from minimal lesions or those that are located in deep regions, being crucial in the elaboration of therapeutic strategies, as well as the prevention of unnecessary neurosurgical interventions. METHOD: Sixty patients with central nervous lesions underwent SB from November 1999 to March 2008. They were followed up to 65 months. Preoperative diagnosis was based on clinical presentation and neuro-radiological features, pathologic diagnosis, clinical outcome. The compatibility of these findings with the pathologic diagnosis was analyzed. RESULTS: Considering diagnosis confirmation when inflammatory hypothesis were made, our accuracy was of 76 percent, with 94 percent of those cases having clinic-pathological correspondence after an average of 65.2 months of follow up. Considering diagnosis confirmation with the preoperative hypothesis of neoplasm, our accuracy was of 69 percent with 90 percent of these cases having clinic-pathological correspondence after an average of 47.3 months of follow-up. Morbidity rate was of 5 percent and mortality was zero. The diagnosis rate was 95 percent. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic biopsy represents a safe and precise method for diagnosis. Anatomic and histopathological analyses have high compatibility with long-term clinical outcome.

OBJETIVO: A biopsia estereotáctica (BE) guiada por imagem propicia amostras de tecido cerebral para análises histológicas, sendo decisiva na estratégia terapêutica e prevenção de intervenções neurocirúrgicas desnecessárias. MÉTODO: 60 pacientes com lesões do sistema nervoso central foram submetidos à biópsia estereotáctica no período de novembro de 1999 a março de 2008. Foram analisados a acurácia do método, a capacidade de confirmar o diagnóstico clínico pré-operatório e o comportamento evolutivo com sua compatibilidade com o diagnóstico patológico. RESULTADOS: As três lesões mais freqüentes foram: neoplasias neuroepiteliais, processos inflamatórios e infecções. Considerando a confirmação diagnóstica quando pensava-se em lesão inflamatória, nossa acurácia foi 76 por cento, com 94 por cento destes casos tendo compatibilidade clínico patológica após média de 65,2 meses de acompanhamento. Considerando a confirmação diagnóstica com a hipótese pré-operatória de lesão neoplásica, nossa acurácia foi 69 por cento, com 90 por cento destes casos tendo compatibilidade clínico-patológica após média de 47,3 meses de acompanhamento. O índice de morbidade foi 5 por cento. A mortalidade foi nula e o índice de diagnóstico foi 95 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A biopsia estereotáctica é um método seguro e preciso para o diagnóstico. O exame anátomo-patológico possui alta compatibilidade com a evolução clínica dos doentes a longo prazo.

Estudo retrospectivo e analítico de biópsias estereotácticas / Retrospective study of stereotactic brain biopsies

Fundamento: A biópsia estereotáctica tem sido considerada técnica simples e sem complicações e com resultados satisfatórios para o diagnóstico. Neste estudo ficou evidente que nem sempre o procedimento é simples e pode apresentar riscos. Métodos: Foram analisados procedimentos (n=78) para biópsia estereotáctica de novembro de 2000 a setembro de 2007. As biópsias foram diagnósticas em 85,7% e não diagnósticas em 4%. Os procedimentos foram realizados em centro cirúrgico próximo à radiologia e à sala de patologia. Foi usado equipamento do tipo arco-alvo-centrado compatível com coordenadas cartesianas. Os fiduciais usados foram adequados somente para o equipamento de TC. A cânula de biópsia foi do tipo Nashold e as coordenadas foram calculadas no tomógrafo com programa computadorizado. Resultados: Pré-operatoriamente, observaram-se déficits motores e visuais em 35%, convulsões em 38% e alterações do nível de consciência em 27%. Foram incluídos nas biópsias pacientes com lesões expansivas intracranianas e as indefinidas. Foram excluídos os casos com discrasia sanguínea, tumores vasculares, intraventriculares e doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. As lesões expansivas predominaram no nível supratentorial e os homens foram mais afetados do que as mulheres: 64% e 36% respectivamente. O mais jovem tinha 16 anos e o mais velho 74. A lesão expansiva predominante foi o glioblastoma multiforme. Entre os diagnósticos da TC 1/3 não correspondeu à biópsia. Não houve morbidade e/ou mortalidade. Conclusão: O procedimento da biópsia estereotáctica não é isenta de risco, assim como de complicações. Em 1/3 dos casos o diagnóstico neuro-radiológico foi diferente do resultado da biópsia dificultando a conduta cirúrgica. O glioma predominante foi do tipo glioblastoma multiforme supratentorial em faixa etária mais alta e glioma de baixo grau nos mais jovens.

Background: Stereotactic biopsy has been considered simple and safe. In this paper it is shown that the stereotactic procedure is not always without risk. Methods: Procedures (n=78) for stereotactic biopsy were analysed from november 2000 to september 2007. Diagnosis was accurate in 85,7% and misdiagnosis was 4%. The isocentric stereotactic arc-centered system type was used with cartesian system of coordinates. Fiducials were adapted only for CT scanner. Biopsy probe Nashold was used. The coordinates were made within the tomographic machine. Results: The patients presented lesions causing motor déficits and visual disturbances in 35%, convulsions in 38%, and conscience level disturbances in 27%. Patients with tumours and undefined lesions were chosen. Patients with blood dyscrasia, vascular and intraventricular tumors, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease were excluded. The tumours were mainly supratentorial and men were more affected than women. The younger patient was 16 and the olderst 74 years old. Glioblastoma was the more frequent glioma. Among the cases, 1/3 diagnosed by neuroradiologists was different in relation to the pahological findings. No morbimortality was registered. Conclusions: Stereotactic biopsies are not always safe and with no risks. The neuroradiologic diagnosis were different in 1/3 of the cases in comparison to the pathological findings. The predominant glioma was the glioblastoma type for the older and low grade gliomas for the younger subjects.

La biopsia estereotáctica en el diagnóstico de las lesiones cerebrales focales en sida / Stereotactic brain biopsy in the diagnosis of focal brain lesions in AIDS

Las lesiones cerebrales focales constituyen una complicación frecuente en los pacientes con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida). Durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1999 y mayo de 2007 se realizaron un total de 83 biopsias en pacientes con sida y lesiones cerebrales. Se incluyeron aquellos pacientes que no hubiesen respondido al algoritmo habitual de enfoque diagnóstico-terapéutico de estas lesiones. Todas las muestras obtenidas fueron sometidas a evaluación intraoperatoria para asegurar la obtención de material patológico y posterior análisis histopatológico y exámenes microbiológicos. De los 41 pacientes con lesiones cerebrales múltiples, 62 tenían localización supratentorial, en 4 eran infratentoriales y 17 mostraron ambas localizaciones. Cincuenta y un lesiones seleccionadas como blanco estereotáctico tuvieron refuerzo periférico del contraste. Se obtuvo material histopatológico en el 100% de los procedimientos. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el de leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva (LEMP) con 24 casos (29%), seguido del linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central (LPSNC) con 19 diagnósticos (23%) y de toxoplasmosis en 13 pacientes (15.7%). Se comprobó una relación significativa entre los diagnósticos histopatológicos y la localización de las lesiones y entre los diagnósticos histopatológicos y el comportamiento de las imágenes luego de la administración de la sustancia de contraste. El rédito diagnóstico alcanzó el 90.3% (75 biopsias). La morbiletalidad en esta serie fue de 2.4%. La biopsia cerebral estereotáctica permitió alcanzar el diagnóstico etiológico y adecuar el enfoque terapéutico en la mayoría de los pacientes de esta serie.

Focal brain lesions are frequent complications among HIV/AIDS patients. Between January 1999 and May 2007, 83 procedures of stereotactic brain biopsies in HIV/AIDS patients with focal cerebral lesions were carried out. The inclusion criteria were lack of response to current diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for brain lesions. All the samples underwent microscopic evaluation during surgery to assert valid material and delayed histopathological and microbiological examination. Forty one patient images demonstrated multiple brain lesions. Sixty two cases had supratentorial localization, 4 lesions were located beneath the tentorium and 17 showed both settings. Fifty one lesions presented peripheral enhancement after contrast computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 100% of useful samples recovery was achieved. Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) was the most frequent diagnosis (29%), followed by primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) (23%), and toxoplasmosis (15.7%). Statistically significant association was observed between histopathological diagnosis and lesion location and between those and peripheral ring enhancement images. The positive diagnostic rate of the invasive procedure was 90.3%. The morbidity/mortality rate was 2.4% in this series. In conclusion, the stereotactic brain biopsy ordered early during the patient’s evolution showed a good performance in order to achieve a prompt and accurate diagnosis and to guide the therapeutic scheme in these AIDS patients with focal brain lesions.

Linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central en pacientes inmunocompetentes / Primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients

El linfoma primario del sistema nervioso central ha sido informado con frecuencia en pacientes que padecen síndromes de inmuno deficiencia. Sin embargo ésta no es una condición necesaria para su presentación, dado que existen informes de la enfermedad en sujetos inmunológicamente competentes. En el presente trabajo se analizaron en forma retrospectiva, los expedientes de 22 pacientes inmunocompetentes con diagnóstico confirmado de linfoma primario encefálico, se revisó la literatura mundial, con el fin de analizar objetivamente las manifestaciones clínicas, comportamiento radiológico, aspecto histopatológico, dificul tades diagnósticas y terapéuticas, así como las consideraciones pro nósticas. El promedio de edad fue de 65 años y con una relación equitativa hombre/mujer. El tiempo de evolución del cuadro clínico fue de 80.4 días y estuvo dominado por cefalea y déficit neurológico focal. En cuatro pacientes se encontraron lesiones múltiples, mientras que en el resto se trataba de lesiones únicas con localización predominante en la región periventricular de los hemisferios cerebrales. Todos los pacientes fueron manejados inicialmente con esteroides y sometidos a toma de biopsia por estereotaxia. La variedad histológica más frecuente fue la de células grandes difusas y la totalidad de los casos reaccionaron positivamente a antígenos de células B en la inmunohistoquímica. Los 22 pacientes fueron tratados con radio terapia y 10 de ellos además con quimioterapia con metotrexato. La supervivencia promedio fue de 11 meses en los pacientes radiados y de 36 meses en los que se agregó quimioterapia.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma has been traditionally described in patients with immunodeficiency syndromes; however, there is an increasing number of immunocompetent patients with this type of tumor that have been reported recently. In this paper we have retrospectively analyzed 22 immunocompetent patients with a confirmed diagnosis of primary lymphoma of the brain. The mean age in this group was 65 years with a similar male/female ratio. The time of evolution of the clinical course was 80.4 days and it was mainly characterized by headache and focal neurological deficit. In four patients multiple lesions were observed, while the remaining presented single lesions mainly located in the periventricular area of the cerebral hemispheres. All patients were initially administered steroids and a stereotactic biopsy was performed. The majority of tumors were histologically classified as diffuse large cells and all of them showed a positive reaction to B cells antigens on immunohistochemistry. All patients were treated with radiotherapy and in 10 of them, chemotherapy with methotrexate was also indicated. The mean survival rate was 11 months among patients treated with radiotherapy alone and increased to 36 months when chemotherapy was added.