Identification of B(A) subtype and analysis of bood transfusion strategiaes / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the serology and genotype identification method of B (A) subtype patients. 【Methods】 Test tube method (serology) was used to confirm the clinically difficult ABO blood group samples of 3 patients with ABO blood group; ABO blood group was genotyped by real-time PCR, and the ABO gene exon 1-7 was sequenced to determine the genotype. 【Results】 The forward and reverse blood typing result of three patients was B (A) subtype all with ABO genotype B/O2 and c.640A> G mutation on B allele of exon 7, which meets the characteristics of ABO * BA.04 genotype. 【Conclusion】 The combination of serological and genetic testing could identify difficult blood types such as ABO subtypes accurately and ensure the safety of clinical blood use.

DEA 1. 1 blood group frequency in dogs attended at the veterinary hospital of UFMT (Sinop/MT), risk of DEA 1 negative dog sensitization and occurrence of hemolytic transfusion reaction in a second blood transfusion / Frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1. 1 em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da UFMT (Sinop/MT), risco de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos e da ocorrência de reação transfusional hemolítica por ocasião de uma segunda transfusão de sangue

The goal of this research was to identify the frequency of the DEA 1.1 blood group in dogs from Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil, to help in the recruitment of compatible blood donors and recipients, and to assess the risk of transfusion reactions in previously sensitized dogs. Also, from the obtained results, to pick potential blood donors to compose a data bank. 195 adult dogs (1 to 4 years old), males and females, mongrel and purebred dogs were screened at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso. The DEA 1.1 blood typing was performed using commercially available immunochromatographic strip for DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, France). The results showed a general frequency of 65% for DEA 1.1 positive dogs (n = 126) and 35% for DEA 1 negative dogs (n = 69). The general risk of sensitization of a DEA 1 negative dog following a first transfusion with DEA 1.1 positive blood was 23%, while the risk of this sensitized recipient to receive DEA 1.1 positive blood in a second transfusion and to develop an acute hemolytic reaction was calculated to be 5%. The blood typing of the dogs allowed their classification as DEA 1 typed blood donors, in a preliminary data bank, and also ensured the safety of blood transfusions.

Objetivou-se identificar a frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1.1 em cães de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil, para auxiliar a seleção de doadores e receptores de sangue compatíveis e, adicionalmente, avaliar o risco de reações transfusionais em cães sensibilizados. Além disso, a partir dos resultados obtidos, selecionar potenciais doadores de sangue para compor um banco de dados. Um total de 195 cães adultos (de 1 a 4 anos de idade), machos e fêmeas, mestiços e puros, que nunca haviam recebido transfusões de sangue, foram triados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade do Mato Grosso. A tipagem sanguínea DEA 1.1 foi realizada utilizando-se ensaio imunocromatográfico comercialmente disponível para DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, França). Os resultados demonstraram uma frequência geral de 65% para cães DEA 1.1 positivos (n = 126) e 35% para cães DEA 1 negativos (n = 69). O risco geral de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos após uma primeira transfusão com sangue DEA 1.1 positivo foi calculado em 23%, enquanto o risco deste receptor sensibilizado receber sangue DEA 1.1 positivo em uma segunda transfusão e desenvolver uma reação hemolítica aguda foi calculado em 5%. A tipagem sanguínea dos cães permitiu sua inserção como doadores de sangue tipados para o grupo DEA 1 em um banco de dados preliminar e garantiu a segurança das transfusões de sangue.

Frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1.1 em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da UFMT (Sinop/MT), risco de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos e da ocorrência de reação transfusional hemolítica por ocasião de uma segunda transfusão de sangue / DEA 1.1 blood group frequency in dogs attended at the veterinary hospital of UFMT (Sinop/MT), risk of DEA 1 negative dog sensitization and occurrence of hemolytic transfusion reaction in a second blood transfusion

Objetivou-se identificar a frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1.1 em cães de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil, para auxiliar a seleção de doadores e receptores de sangue compatíveis e, adicionalmente, avaliar o risco de reações transfusionais em cães sensibilizados. Além disso, a partir dos resultados obtidos, selecionar potenciais doadores de sangue para compor um banco de dados. Um total de 195 cães adultos (de 1 a 4 anos de idade), machos e fêmeas, mestiços e puros, que nunca haviam recebido transfusões de sangue, foram triados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade do Mato Grosso. A tipagem sanguínea DEA 1.1 foi realizada utilizando-se ensaio imunocromatográfico comercialmente disponível para DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, França). Os resultados demonstraram uma frequência geral de 65% para cães DEA 1.1 positivos (n = 126) e 35% para cães DEA 1 negativos (n = 69). O risco geral de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos após uma primeira transfusão com sangue DEA 1.1 positivo foi calculado em 23%, enquanto o risco deste receptor sensibilizado receber sangue DEA 1.1 positivo em uma segunda transfusão e desenvolver uma reação hemolítica aguda foi calculado em 5%. A tipagem sanguínea dos cães permitiu sua inserção como doadores de sangue tipados para o grupo DEA 1 em um banco de dados preliminar e garantiu a segurança das transfusões de sangue.

The goal of this research was to identify the frequency of the DEA 1.1 blood group in dogs from Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil, to help in the recruitment of compatible blood donors and recipients, and to assess the risk of transfusion reactions in previously sensitized dogs. Also, from the obtained results, to pick potential blood donors to compose a data bank. 195 adult dogs (1 to 4 years old), males and females, mongrel and purebred dogs were screened at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso. The DEA 1.1 blood typing was performed using commercially available immunochromatographic strip for DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, France). The results showed a general frequency of 65% for DEA 1.1 positive dogs (n = 126) and 35% for DEA 1 negative dogs (n = 69). The general risk of sensitization of a DEA 1 negative dog following a first transfusion with DEA 1.1 positive blood was 23%, while the risk of this sensitized recipient to receive DEA 1.1 positive blood in a second transfusion and to develop an acute hemolytic reaction was calculated to be 5%. The blood typing of the dogs allowed their classification as DEA 1 typed blood donors, in a preliminary data bank, and also ensured the safety of blood transfusions.

Sistema de grupos sanguíneos AB em felídeos neotropicais e compatibilidade com gatos domésticos / AB blood group system in neotropical felids and compatibility with domestic cats

O principal sistema de grupos sanguíneos reconhecido para gatos é o AB. Os felinos apresentam anticorpos naturais contra o antígeno do tipo sanguíneo a que não pertencem, o que torna os testes de compatibilidade e as tipagens sanguíneas importantes na prevenção de reações transfusionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a tipagem sanguínea de oito gatos-mouriscos (Puma yagouaroundi), oito jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis), sete gatos-palheiros (Leopardus colocolo), sete gatos domésticos (Felis catus) da raça Persa e oito gatos domésticos sem raça definida (SRD), bem como realizar testes de compatibilidade entre os tipos sanguíneos iguais das diferentes espécies, para avaliar a possibilidade de transfusões interespecíficas. A técnica empregada para a tipagem foi a hemaglutinação em tubos de ensaio. A ocorrência do tipo sanguíneo tipo A foi de 100% entre as jaguatiricas, os gatos-palheiros e os gatos Persas e de 85,72% entre os gatos SRD. A ocorrência do tipo B foi de 100% nos gatos-mouriscos e de 14,28% nos gatos SRD. Considerando os testes de compatibilidade sanguínea, 87,5% (n=4) das jaguatiricas foram incompatíveis com os gatos domésticos, 100% (n= 6) dos gatos-palheiros foram compatíveis com os gatos domésticos e 100% (n= 4) dos gatos-mouriscos foram incompatíveis com os gatos domésticos do tipo B.(AU)

The blood group system recognized for cats is AB. Antibodies against other blood types occur naturally in cats, which makes the compatibility tests and blood typing important for preventing transfusion reactions. Wild felids need blood transfusions in cases of diseases and when run over on highways. The aim of this study was to perform blood typing of eight jaguarundies (Puma yagouaroundi), eight ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), seven pampas cats (Leopardus colocolo), seven domestic cats (Felis catus) of Persian breed and eight non-pedigree domestic cats (Felis catus), and test compatibility among the different species with the same blood types, to evaluate the possibility of performing interspecific blood transfusions. We conducted the study from August to December. We used haemagglutination in test tubes for typing. The occurrence of blood type A was 100% among ocelots, pampas cats and domestic cats of Persian breed, while non-pedigree domestic cats showed 85.72%. The occurrence of type B was 100% for jaguarundis and 14.28% for non-pedigree domestic cats. Regarding blood compatibility tests, 87.5% (n= 4) of the ocelots were incompatible with domestic cats; 100% (n=6) of the pampas cats were compatible with domestic cats, while 100% (n=4) of the jaguarundis were incompatible with type B domestic cats.(AU)

Comparison of two different workflows of crossmaching by full-automatic blood grouping instrument / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To provide an optimal working process for crossmatching by full-automatic blood typing instrument.Methods Two workflows were applied to crossmatch test by full-automatic blood typing instrument.One was diluting red blood cells of donor samples to concentrate of 1%,the other was detecting directly the donor′s packed red blood cells.Compared consistency and processing time of the two different workflows.Results Cross match results of two workflows were consistent well(U=0,P>0.05).The average processing times before testing and undergoing testing were not significantly different(t=0.692,t=0.562,P>0.05),whereas the average processing times after testing and throughout testing were significantly different(t=146.485,t=67.053,P<0.05).Conclusion The workflow of diluting donor′s sample before testing saved processing time and better suits hospital having a large quantity of specimens.

Evaluation of the Automated Immunohematology Analyzer DAYMATE M

BACKGROUND: An automated immunohematology analyzer, DAYMATE M (DAY Medical, Switzerland), has been recently developed. The potential of this analyzer to improve test results has been evaluated. METHODS: A total of 300 blood samples from Seoul St. Mary's hospital and Incheon St. Mary's hospital were tested for ABO and RhD typing. In addition, 336 antibody screening test (AST) samples and 82 patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were included. AST results by DAYMATE M were compared with those obtained by a manual method using DS-Screening II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) and red blood cells from Selectogen (Ortho-Clinical diagnostics Inc., USA). RESULTS: Of the 300 patients enrolled, 87, 73, 79, and 61 had type A, B, O, and AB blood, respectively. The concordance rate was 99.9% for cell typing and 97.0% for serum typing. One discordant case was classified as type B instead of AB, and six discordant serum-typing cases were type A, but classified as type AB. Among the 336 AST samples, the concordance rate was 93.2%. From 136 positive cases, six were discordant. Within the 82 HSCT-treated patients, the concordance rate for ABO blood typing was 92.2%. Among the six discordant cases, DAYMATE M typed four cases as donor type where the standard method typed them as the recipient blood type. CONCLUSIONS: The DAYMATE M automated immunohematology analyzer performs reliably for ABO and RhD typing, as well as for ASTs and on samples from patients treated with HSCT.

Improvement of fluid supplementation system for automatic blood typing and cross matching instrument / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To improve the design of the fluid supplementation system of Johnson & Johnson automatic blood typing and cross matching instrument to optimize its working flow.Methods Two polyethylene funnels were placed at the cabinet door to execute drainage,which had the height being 14.6 cm,diameter of the wide mouth being 15 cm,protective lip made of hardboard and volume being 700 ml.Each funnel was connected with a 21-mm-diameter drainage tube whose end was put into a flask full of 0.9％ saline or distilled water respectively.Results The velocity was enhanced efficiently for fluid supplementationn,surface pollution due to liquid splash was avoided,and working comfort and efficiency were increased greatly.Conclusion The improved fluid supplementation system gains advantages in low cost,no pollution and convenience,and thus is worthy promoting practically.

Improvement of fluid supplementation system for automatic blood typing and cross matching instrument / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To improve the design of the fluid supplementation system of Johnson & Johnson automatic blood typing and cross matching instrument to optimize its working flow.Methods Two polyethylene funnels were placed at the cabinet door to execute drainage,which had the height being 14.6 cm,diameter of the wide mouth being 15 cm,protective lip made of hardboard and volume being 700 ml.Each funnel was connected with a 21-mm-diameter drainage tube whose end was put into a flask full of 0.9％ saline or distilled water respectively.Results The velocity was enhanced efficiently for fluid supplementationn,surface pollution due to liquid splash was avoided,and working comfort and efficiency were increased greatly.Conclusion The improved fluid supplementation system gains advantages in low cost,no pollution and convenience,and thus is worthy promoting practically.

One case with anti-S antibodies causing problems in cross-matching blood / 天津医药

Anti-S antibody is rare and irregular antibody in MNS blood group system. One patient was found positive when doing antibody screening experiment before coronary artery bypass grafting. This is the first case of serum IgG-anti-S in our laboratory. S-antibody screening test and irregular antibody identification are important before blood transfusion, which can reduce the transfusion reaction.

Analysis of related detections before blood transfusion in tumor patients / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the detection situation and distribution of blood typing positive and negative disagree and irregular antibody positive in blood transfusion related tests in tumor patients ,and to make comparative analysis with the data of non‐tumor patients .Methods The results data in 16 760 patients with blood preparation in our hospital from November 2011 to June 2015 were selected and divided into the tumor patients group and the non‐tumor patients group .Among them ,the results of blood typing positive and negative disagree and positive in the irregular antibody screening test were statistically analyzed .Results 27 cases were ABO blood type positive typing inconsistent with reverse typing ,the occurrence rate of the tumor patients group was 0 .65% ,which of the non‐tumor patients group was 0 .08% ;the irregular antibody positive was in 49 cases ,in which 18 cases were in the tumor patients group with the occurrence rate of 0 .74% ,31 cases were in the non‐tumor patients group witht e occurrence rate of 0 .22% ,showing that the occurrence proportion of blood typing positive and reverse inconsistency and irregular antigen posi‐tive was higher than that of the non‐tumor patients group ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) ,31 cases in the non‐cancer group ,the positive rate is 0 .22% .18 cases in cancer‐group with 0 .74% incidence rate .It shows that the proportion of posi‐tive in cancer patients was higher than non‐cancer patients (P<0 .05) .The main influencing factors affecting blood typing problems in the tumor patients group and non‐tumor patients group were the antibody weakening ,followed by autoantibody ,etc .the reasons for the irregular antibody screening positive in the two groups were mainly the specific antibodies .Conclusion The disease charac‐teristics of tumor patients are easier to cause ABO blood type positive and reverse inconsistency and irregular antibody screening positive .In the work ,more attention should be paid to the detection results for avoiding the missed detection ,increasing the identifi‐cation ability and ensuring the blood transfusion safety .determination is more often in cancer patients about Tests about blood transfusion ;This should be relate to character of phymatosis .Much concern should be given to related test of cancer patients′blood transfusion ,avoiding omissions ,and improve the safety of blood infusion .

Current Status of Pretransfusion Tests and Equipments in Small and Medium Sized Hospitals in Korea / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: The appropriate procedures and equipment for the pretransfusion test are fundamental to a safe blood transfusion. The present study aimed to assess the current status of procedures and equipment for pretransfusion tests at small- and medium-sized medical institutions, as well as to use this basic raw data to better manage blood transfusions at these institutions. METHODS: Offline and online questionnaire surveys were performed at institutions that used between 24 and 1,000 units of blood products in 2014. A total of 338 institutions participated, and the survey results were subsequently analyzed. RESULTS: Among 307 institutions where on-site ABO blood typing was performed, 15.0%, 2.1%, and 43.5% did not conduct ABO serum typing, RhD typing, and irregular antibody screening tests, respectively, and 12.8% only conducted the saline phase for crossmatching. Moreover, among 338 institutions, only 66.7% of blood banks had centrifuges, 84.5% had 37℃ incubators, 41.1% had slide view boxes; in addition, 66.1% and 18.6% had refrigerators and deep freezers, respectively, for blood storage. CONCLUSION: Certain small- and medium-sized institutions did not have the essential equipment required to operate as blood banks. Moreover, they also needed to improve their testing procedures. To address these issues, the initiation of systematic training programs and the employment of institutional strategies are necessary to enhance testing procedures and equipment, respectively.

A Case of the False-negative D Phenotype in a Neonate with a Strongly Positive Direct Antiglobin Test Rest

Accurate D antigen blood typing is needed owing to the clinical importance of the Rh blood group. We describe a female infant who was suspected to suffer from Rh incompatible hemolytic disease of the newborn, and who showed a strong positive direct antiglobin test (DAT) result and false red blood cell (RBC) agglutination in D typing. Using chloroquine dissociation of IgG, we confirmed that the antibodies coating her RBCs were of anti-D type. D typing with 0.8% RBC suspensions in saline using saline gel cards showed 2+ RBC agglutinations. After increasing the incubation time of dissociation by chloroquine for up to 4 hr, the dissociated RBCs began to show agglutination in both the tube technique (2+) and the gel card technique (4+) for D typing, although the DAT rest was still positive. Therefore, in order to prevent mistyping as a false-negative D blood group, whenever the D blood typing of a patient with a strong positive DAT rest does not show RBC agglutination, retesting of the D blood typing is recommended by using saline-suspended RBCs or dissociated RBCs.

Estudo da frequência dos antígenos eritrocitários caninos 1, 1.1 e 7 e risco de transfusão incompatível em cães de diferentes raças e mestiços da região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo-SP, Brasil / Study of the frequency on the dog erythrocyte antigen 1, 1.1 and 7 and incompatible transfusion risk in different dog breeds and mongrel dogs of the metropolitan region of São Paulo-SP, Brazil

O presente trabalho estudou a frequência dos grupos sanguíneos identificados como antígenos eritrocitários caninos (AEC) 1, 1.1 e 7 em cães da região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo-SP, Brasil, e calculou o risco de administração de sangue incompatível tanto em uma primeira quanto em uma segunda transfusão. Para tanto, 300 cães não aparentados foram divididos igualmente em seis grupos de acordo com as raças: Pastor Alemão (PA); Rottweiler (R); Poodle (P); Cocker Spaniel Inglês (CS); raças definidas diversas (RDD) e mestiços (M). Foi avaliada a relação entre a frequência dos AEC e os grupos raciais. A frequência geral de AEC 1 na população foi de 71 por cento (AEC 1.1 – 53,35 por cento) e houve variações de acordo com as raças: PA- 32 por cento (AEC 1.1 – 20 por cento), R- 98 por cento (1.1 – 80 por cento), P- 76 por cento (1.1 – 54 por cento), CS- 84 por cento (1.1 – 50 por cento), RDD- 62 por cento (1.1 – 56 por cento) e M- 74 por cento (1.1 – 60 por cento). A frequência geral de AEC 7 foi de 39,33 por centoe não houve diferenças significativas entre as raças. O risco de um cão negativo para o AEC 1 receber sangue positivo foi de 0,6 a 66,6 por cento em uma primeira transfusão e de 0,21 a 65,3 por cento do mesmo cão receber sangue incompatível em uma segunda transfusão. O risco quanto ao AEC 7 foi de 23,86 por cento na primeira transfusão e 9,4 por cento numa segunda transfusão. Este trabalho concluiu que houve variação na frequência de AEC1 e AEC 1.1, mas não quanto ao AEC 7 entre raças. Esta variação na porcentagem de animais positivos quanto ao AEC 1 se refletiu na grande variação no risco de uso de sangue incompatível. Portanto, conhecer a frequência dos AEC na população tem impacto direto no manejo entre cães doadores e receptores, mas a utilização conjunta de teste de tipagem sanguínea e reação cruzada reduz a possibilidade de transfusão de sangue incompatível.

It was investigated the frequency of blood groups identified as Dog Erythrocyte Antigens (DEA) 1, 1.1 and 7 dogs in the metropolitan region of São Paulo-SP, Brazil, and calculated the risk of administering incompatible blood in both first and second transfusion. For both, 300 unrelated dogs were equally divided into six groups according to the breeds: German Shepherd (GS), Rottweiler (R) Poodle (P), Cocker Spaniel (CS); defined several races (DSR), mongrel dogs (M). It was evaluated the relationship between the frequency of AEC and racial groups. The overall frequency of DEA 1 in population was 71 percent (DEA 1.1 – 53.35 percent) and there were variations according to the breeds: GS- 32 percent (DEA 1.1 – 20 percent), R –98 percent (1.1 – 80 percent) P – 76 percent (1.1 – 54 percent), CS-84 percent (1.1 – 50 percent), DSR- 62 percent (1.1 – 56 percent) and M – 74 percent(1.1 – 60 percent). The overall frequency of BCE 7 was 39.33 percent, and there were no significant differences between the breeds. The risk of a dog negative DEA receiving 1 positive blood was 0.6 to 66.6 percent in the first transfusion and 0.21 to 65.3 percent from the same animal dog receiving incompatible blood transfusion in a second. The risk of the DEA 7 was 23.86 percent in the first transfusion and 9.4 percent in a second transfusion. This study concluded that there was variation in the frequency of DEA 1 and 1.1, but not on the DEA 7 between races. This variation in the percentage of positive animals to DEA 1 was reflected in the large variation in the risk of use of incompatible blood. Therefore, knowing the frequency of the DEA in the population has a direct impact on handling dogs between donors and recipients, but the joint use of testing blood typing and cross-reactivity reduces the possibility of incompatible blood transfusion.

Comparison of Effectiveness between Blood Bank Automation System and Manual Method for ABO-RhD Blood Typing and Antibody Screening Test in a Single Center / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: The automation system for blood typing and antibody screening has been developed and is now used widely. In this study, we evaluated the economic effectiveness between automation system QWALYS-3 (DIAGAST, Loos Cedex, France) and manual testing. METHODS: Clinical samples from March 2012 were used for comparison of the costs and TAT for ABO-RhD blood typing and antibody screening. The costs included those of materials (reagents and consumables), labor, and equipment depreciation. TAT was analyzed for either blood typing only for one, 16, and 32 samples or blood typing and antibody screening for the same number of samples. RESULTS: The blood typing TAT for one, 16, and 32 samples was 4.5, 35.1, and 70.1 minutes by manual and 24.0, 36.0, and 38.1 minutes by automated system. Both blood typing and antibody screening TAT for one, 16, and 32 samples was 27.5, 75.0, and 129.9 minutes by manual and 45.0, 52.0, and 54.0 minutes by automation. CONCLUSION: The blood automation system reduced TAT only for the batch test, therefore, when using the automation system, blood bank test size and emergency situation should be considered.

Frequencies of DEA blood types in a purebred canine blood donor population in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil / Frequências dos tipos sanguíneos do sistema DEA em uma população de cães de raça doadores de sangue em Porto Alegre, RS

The study of canine immunohematology is very important for veterinary transfusion medicine. The objective of this study was to determine the DEA blood type frequencies in a purebred canine blood donor population from Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. One hundred clinically healthy purebred dogs were chosen, 20 dogs from each breed (Great Dane, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd and Argentine Dogo). Blood samples were taken in ACD-A tubes and the MSU hemagglutination tube test (MI, USA) was used to determine the blood types. The studied population presented general frequencies of 61 percent for DEA 1.1, 22 percent for DEA 1.2, 7 percent for DEA 3, 100 percent for DEA 4, 9 percent for DEA 5 and 16 percent for DEA 7. A significant association was found between breeds and certain combinations of blood types in this population. The results are in agreement with the literature since most part of the canine population studied was positive for DEA 1.1, the most antigenic blood type in dogs. Differences were found among the studied breeds and those should be considered when selecting a blood donor. The knowledge of blood types frequencies and their combinations in different canine populations, including different breeds, is important because it shows the particularities of each group, helps to keep a data bank of local frequencies and minimizes the risks of transfusion reactions.

O estudo da imunohematologia canina é muito importante para a medicina veterinária transfusional. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as frequências dos tipos sanguíneos do sistema DEA em uma população de cães de raça que fazem parte de um programa de cães doadores de sangue em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Cem cães saudáveis de raça pura foram selecionados, vinte de cada raça (Dogue Alemão, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Pastor Alemão e Dogo Argentino). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos contendo ACD-A e o teste de hemaglutinação em tubo de ensaio da MSU (MI, EUA) foi utilizado para determinar os tipos sanguíneos. A população estudada apresentou frequências gerais de 61 por cento para DEA 1.1, 22 por cento para DEA 1.2, 7 por cento para DEA 3, 100 por cento para DEA 4, 9 por cento para DEA 5 and 16 por cento para DEA 7. Uma associação significativa foi encontrada entre as raças e certas combinações de tipos sanguíneos nesta população. Os resultados estão de acordo com a literatura, visto que a maioria da população canina estudada foi positiva para DEA 1.1, o tipo sanguineo mais antigênico em cães. Foram encontradas diferenças entre as raças estudadas e estas devem ser consideradas na seleção de um doador de sangue. O conhecimento das frequências dos tipos sanguíneos e de suas combinações em diferentes populacões caninas, incluindo diferentes raças, é importante, pois demonstra as particularidades de cada grupo, auxilia na manutenção de um banco de dados sobre as frequências locais e minimiza os riscos de reações transfusionais.

Characteristics of Intron 6 Nucleotide Sequences of cis-AB in Koreans / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: The cis-AB is a very rare phenotype in the ABO blood group system. It corresponds to a special ABO allele that encodes glycosyltransferase that is capable of synthesizing both A and B antigens. Until now, the exon 6 and 7 gene sequences of cis-AB alleles are well known. In this study, we report on the intron 6 sequence structure of the cis-AB allele. METHODS: Standard serologic tests for the ABO blood group phenotypes were performed in four cis-AB samples. Allele-separation by cloning and subsequent sequencing was carried out. RESULTS: The results showed that intron 6 of cis-AB is almost identical to the A101 allele except for three single nucleotide polymorphisms at nucleotide positions 163, 179 and 662, where the nucleotides of the A101 replace those of B101. CONCLUSION: The intron 6 sequences of cis-AB in Koreans have both A101 and B101 blood group sequences.

Development of a New Blood Typing Kit Using the Microfluidics Separation Technique

BACKGROUND: Blood typing is an essential test for transfusion. Generally, blood typing is performed using a slide test, tube test or microcolumn agglutination test. The aims of this study were to develop a new blood typing kit using micromachining, microfluidics and microseparation methods, and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the new blood typing kit. METHODS: We designed and manufactured a blood typing microchip using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which contained a microchannel (25~200 micrometer). The blood sample and antisera to be tested were dropped on the microwell for movement and mixing by capillary action. Once agglutination occurred, the microchannel acts as a filter and the blood type was determined by observation by the naked eye. To evaluate the newtyping kit, we tested sensitivity using artificially diluted blood and compared the results of the new typing method with the slide and tube methods using 70 samples. RESULTS: The new blood typing kit could differentiate a +4~+2 agglutination reaction, but could not detect a +1 agglutination reaction as observed by the naked eye. Among 70 samples, the results of ABO and Rh typing by the new typing method (n=66, > or = +2 agglutination reaction by the column agglutination method) were in accord with the results of the tube and slide methods, but couldnot detect agglutination in all 4 clinical samples, below a +1 agglutination reaction. CONCLUSION: The new blood typing kit is inadequate for routine use in the clinical laboratory due to low sensitivity, but with further improvement, it can be used economically, conveniently and objectively for blood typing without any special equipment. Moreover, the microfludics and separation method may be broadly applicable in other tests using the hemagglutination method.

Meniscal allograft. An experimental study in the dogs / 体力科学

In this study, we have investigated the use of cryopreserved menisci to orthotopically replace the medial menisci in adult beagle dogs. Red cell group typing and white blood cell group typing were determined and beagles were divided into the blood-matching group and the non-matching group. The medial meniscus was replaced with an allograft meniscus that had been preserved at -70 degrees for 7-21 days. As a control, the medial meniscus was removed and reattached after cryopreservation. Replaced menisci were examined macroscopicaly, histologicaly and biochemicaly at an interval of 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively.<BR>After 6 months, the transplanted menisci had completely healed macroscopicaly. However, chondral erosions of the medial tibial plateau were seen in about one-half of the transplanted knees, and were thought to be caused by improper fixation of the anterior or posterior meniscal horns.<BR>At 12 weeks, an infiltration of fibroblasts and capillaries from the synovial fringe into the meniscus were seen histoloigicaly. The central core of the menisci remained acellular. At 12 months, regenerated chondrocytes in the deep layer and fibrocartilage were seen in the macroscopical good allografted group. In the macroscopical poor group, the extracellular matrix of the meniscus was destroyed and the empty lacunae were presented.<BR>The water content of the macroscopical poor group was significantly greater than that of the control group. In the good group the collagen content was siginificantly greater than that of the poor group.<BR>There were no differences between the blood matching group and the non-matching group macroscopicaly, histologicaly and biochemicaly.

MENISCAL ALLOGRAFT / 体力科学

In this study, we have investigated the use of cryopreserved menisci to orthotopically replace the medial menisci in adult beagle dogs. Red cell group typing and white blood cell group typing were determined and beagles were divided into the blood-matching group and the non-matching group. The medial meniscus was replaced with an allograft meniscus that had been preserved at -70 degrees for 7-21 days. As a control, the medial meniscus was removed and reattached after cryopreservation. Replaced menisci were examined macroscopicaly, histologicaly and biochemicaly at an interval of 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, 12 months postoperatively.<BR>After 6 months, the transplanted menisci had completely healed macroscopicaly. However, chondral erosions of the medial tibial plateau were seen in about one-half of the transplanted knees, and were thought to be caused by improper fixation of the anterior or posterior meniscal horns.<BR>At 12 weeks, an infiltration of fibroblasts and capillaries from the synovial fringe into the meniscus were seen histoloigicaly. The central core of the menisci remained acellular. At 12 months, regenerated chondrocytes in the deep layer and fibrocartilage were seen in the macroscopical good allografted group. In the macroscopical poor group, the extracellular matrix of the meniscus was destroyed and the empty lacunae were presented.<BR>The water content of the macroscopical poor group was significantly greater than that of the control group. In the good group the collagen content was siginificantly greater than that of the poor group.<BR>There were no differences between the blood matching group and the non-matching group macroscopicaly, histologicaly and biochemicaly.

Development of Monoclonal Antibody to Human H Blood Group Substance / 中国输血杂志

A hybridoma cell strain 6H_3(a kind of IgG_1)which could secrete the monoclonal antibody to human H blood group substance was yielded through PEG—fusion of the SP2/0 cells and BALB/C mouse spleen cells immunized by H blood group substance. The agglutination titers of cell culture supernatant and the ascites fluid were 512 and 16384,respectively. Based on hemagglutination specificity test,absorption and eluate test,and hemagglutination inhibition assay,it was showed to be specific only for the human H blood group substance. The ability of hybridoma cells to secrete the monoclonal antibody wasn't be changed when it has been stored in the liquid nitrogen for a year. The agglutination activity of monoclonal antibody has remained stable when it has been kept at 56℃ for 30 min,and repeatedly subjected to freezing and thawing tests at —20℃ and 37℃,respectively. It can be expected to replace the traditional anti-H reagents and to be used for clinical blood typing.