Avaliação da composição nutricional do composto lácteo à venda no mercado brasileiro / Evaluation of the nutritional composition of growing-up milk available in the Brazilian market

Introdução: A influência do consumo de composto lácteo na nutrição de crianças em primeira infância ainda é desconhecida, apesar de o produto movimentar um mercado multimilionário. Objetivo: Avaliar a composição nutricional do composto lácteo e a influência de seu consumo sobre as necessidades diárias de macronutrientes e energia de crianças pequenas. Métodos: A pesquisa foi dividida em três partes, sendo: a) avaliação da composição nutricional e ingredientes; b) comparação do composto lácteo brasileiro com uma proposta de padronização; c) cálculo de inadequação nutricional e influência do consumo de composto lácteo em crianças pequenas. Resultados: Foi possível categorizar o produto em três subgrupos, de acordo com os ingredientes, sendo: grupo 1 (soro de leite, açúcar e gordura vegetal), grupo 2 (adição de vitaminas e minerais) e grupo 3 (ampla lista de ingredientes, sem adição de açúcares e adição de bioativos). De forma geral, o composto lácteo tem como características: excesso de proteínas e açúcares de adição, predominância de gorduras saturadas, além de aditivos químicos. Em comparação com a proposta de composição ideal, o composto lácteo brasileiro excede todos os nutrientes analisados e, por fim, o consumo de dois copos de 200mL de composto lácteo por dia corresponde a 100% das necessidades diárias de proteína, sendo as crianças de 0 a 11 meses as mais prejudicadas. Conclusão: Independentemente do subgrupo e do ingrediente, o produto tem impacto negativo na saúde infantil, e quanto menor a idade de introdução, maior o impacto na saúde, podendo levar ao desenvolvimento de sobrepeso e obesidade.

Introduction: The influence of consuming growing-up milk on the nutrition of infants is still unknown, despite the product driving a multimillion-dollar market. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional composition of the growing-up milk and the influence of its consumption on the daily macronutrient and energy needs of young children. Methods: The research was divided into three parts, namely: a) evaluation of nutritional composition and ingredients; b) comparison of the Brazilian growing-up milk with a proposed standardization; c) calculation of nutritional inadequacy and the influence of growing-up milk consumption in young children. Results: It was possible to categorize the product into three subgroups based on ingredients, namely: group 1 (whey, sugar, and vegetable fat), group 2 (added vitamins and minerals), and group 3 (a wide range of ingredients, no added sugars, and addition of bioactives). Overall, the growing-up milk is characterized by excess protein and added sugars, a predominance of saturated fats, and the presence of chemical additives. Compared to the proposed ideal composition, the Brazilian growing-up milk exceeds all analyzed nutrients. Finally, consuming two 200mL glasses of growing-up milk per day corresponds to 100% of daily protein needs, with children aged 0 to 11 months being the most affected. Conclusion: Regardless of the subgroup and ingredient, the product has a negative impact on children's health, and the younger the age of introduction, the greater the impact on health, potentially leading to the development of overweight and obesity.

Violations in the marketing of milks and complementary foods that compete with breastfeeding in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil / Infrações na comercialização de leites e alimentos de transição que competem com o aleitamento materno na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze if milk and complementary foods are being sold under the Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddler's Food, Teats, Pacifiers and Baby Bottles (NBCAL), Law 11265/2006 of breastfeeding protection. Methods: Epidemiological survey that analyzed the marketing practices of pharmacies, supermarkets, and department stores in the Southern region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by direct observation. Results: Among the 349 stores in Rio de Janeiro's South Region, 339 traded milk and complementary foods and, among them, 60.8% were not complying with NBCAL. Infractions to NBCAL were more common for the selling of milk (58.6%) than complementary foods (22.8%). The most recurrent promotion strategy infringing NBCAL was discount pricing without the Ministry of Health disclaimer. Conclusions: Most retail stores infringe NBCAL in the commercialization of milk and complementary foods in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a violation of the right to information that may impact mothers' choice regarding their child's feeding.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar se leites e alimentos de transição estão sendo comercializados de acordo com a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Mamadeiras, Bicos e Chupetas (NBCAL), Lei n. 11.265/2006, de proteção ao aleitamento materno. Métodos: Inquérito epidemiológico que analisou as práticas de promoção comercial de leites e alimentos de transição em um censo de farmácias, supermercados e lojas de departamento da Zona Sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de observação direta. Resultados: Dos 349 estabelecimentos da Zona Sul, 339 comercializavam leites e alimentos de transição e, destes, 60,8% faziam promoção comercial em desacordo com a NBCAL. Mais da metade dos estabelecimentos (58,6%) tinha leites e 22,8%, alimentos de transição vendidos em inconformidade com a NBCAL. A estratégia de promoção comercial mais praticada foi o desconto no preço sem a frase informativa preconizada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusões: A maior parte dos estabelecimentos comerciais infringe a NBCAL na comercialização de leites e alimentos de transição, configurando uma violação ao direito à informação que pode impactar na escolha das mães quanto à alimentação de seus filhos.

Anesthesia and breastfeeding / Lactancia materna y anestesia

Abstract The importance of breastfeeding with its positive impact on the wellbeing of the mother-infant pair is well established. Anesthesiologists should encourage the promotion of lactation by being willing to give reassurance during the preoperative period and preparing a plan that does not interfere with safe breastfeeding. There is concern regarding the transfer of drugs into breast milk, which may lead to inconsistent advice from many health professionals and to early discontinuation. However, evidence shows that most anesthetic drugs are safe in terms of transfer into breast milk, and hence, compatible with breastfeeding, which should be resumed after anesthesia as soon as the mother is alert and feels well enough to hold her infant, without the need to "pump and dump". This review provides pharmacokinetic information on commonly used anesthesia drugs and their passage into breast milk, to help practitioners discuss risks and benefits with the mother, emphasizing that anesthesia should not interfere with the benefits of breastfeeding. Four practical clinical scenarios are presented: pregnant women concerned about the effect of epidural analgesia on subsequent breastfeeding, spinal anesthesia for c-section and lactation, patients who will receive general anesthesia during cesarean section, and finally women who are breastfeeding and require anesthesia for elective or urgent surgery. Neuraxial anesthesia allows for better pain control and immediate skin-to-skin contact at the time of childbirth. Also, it interferes the least with the woman's ability to care for her infant. Regional techniques, opioid-sparing techniques and outpatient surgery are preferred. Drugs such as opioids and longer-acting benzodiazepines should be administered cautiously, particularly in repeat doses.

Resumen La lactancia materna tiene evidentes beneficios para el binomio maternofetal. El anestesiólogo debe ser un agente en la promoción de la lactancia, estar dispuesto a resolver dudas en el preoperatorio y elaborar un plan que no interfiera con su seguridad. Hay preocupación referente a la transferencia de los medicamentos (endovenosos y/o neuroaxiales) hacia la leche, que puede conducir a un consejo inconsistente de muchos profesionales de la salud, lo cual contribuye a la suspensión temprana de la lactancia materna. Sin embargo, existe evidencia de que la mayoría de los medicamentos que se utilizan en la anestesia (general y neuroaxial) son compatibles con la lactancia materna. Se debe iniciar la lactancia materna después de la anestesia tan pronto como la madre esté alerta y se sienta bien, sin necesidad de extraerla y eliminarla. Esta revisión entrega información farmacocinética sobre los medicamentos y técnicas anestésicas comúnmente utilizadas para que los profesionales realicen un balance riesgo-beneficio con la madre, enfatizando que la anestesia no debe interferir con los beneficios de la lactancia. Se presentan cuatro escenarios clínicos prácticos: embarazada preocupada por el efecto de la analgesia peridural en su lactancia posterior, anestesia raquídea para cesárea y efecto en lactancia, pacientes que requieren anestesia general para cesárea y, por último, paciente puérpera que requiere anestesia para cirugía. Las técnicas neuroaxiales permiten un mejor control del dolor y contacto piel con piel precoz en el parto vaginal o cesárea, lo que facilita que la madre inicie la lactancia más rápido. Si el escenario lo permite, se prefieren técnicas regionales, técnicas ahorradoras de opioides y cirugía ambulatoria, teniendo precaución con ciertos opioides y benzodiacepinas de acción larga especialmente ante dosis repetidas.

Harassment of health professionals by the infant food industry at scientific events / Assédio da indústria de alimentos infantis a profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the receipt of sponsorships from breast-milk substitute companies by health professionals in scientific events. METHODS Multicenter study (Multi-NBCAL) performed from November 2018 to November 2019 in six cities in different Brazilian regions. In 26 public and private hospitals, pediatricians, nutritionists, speech therapists, and a hospital manager were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were carried out regarding the health professionals' knowledge about the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL - Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related Products), companies sponsoring scientific events, and material or financial sponsorships received, according to profession. RESULTS We interviewed 217 health professionals, mainly pediatricians (48.8%). Slightly more than half of the professionals (54.4%) knew NBCAL, most from Baby-friendly Hospitals. Most health professionals (85.7%) attended scientific events in the last two years, more than half of them (54.3%) sponsored by breast-milk substitute companies, especially Nestlé (85.1%) and Danone (65.3%). These professionals received sponsorships in the events, such as office supplies (49.5%), meals or invitations to parties (29.9%), promotional gifts (21.6%), payment of the conference registration fee (6.2%) or ticket to the conference (2.1%). CONCLUSION The infant food industries violate NBCAL by harassing health professionals in scientific conferences, offering diverse material and financial sponsorships.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o recebimento de patrocínios da indústria de substitutos do leite materno por profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos. MÉTODOS Inquérito multicêntrico (Multi-NBCAL) conduzido entre novembro de 2018 e novembro de 2019 em seis cidades de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Em 26 hospitais públicos e privados foram entrevistados pediatras, nutricionistas, fonoaudiólogos e um membro da chefia, mediante questionário estruturado. Foram realizadas análises descritivas do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL), das empresas patrocinadoras de eventos científicos e dos patrocínios financeiros ou materiais recebidos, conforme a categoria profissional. RESULTADOS Foram entrevistados 217 profissionais de saúde, principalmente pediatras (48,8%). Pouco mais da metade dos profissionais (54,4%) afirmaram conhecer a NBCAL, principalmente em Hospitais Amigos da Criança. A maior parte (85,7%) dos profissionais de saúde havia participado de congressos científicos nos últimos dois anos, mais da metade, 54,3%, deles apoiados pela indústria de substitutos do leite materno, em especial pela Nestlé (85,1%) e Danone (65,3%). Patrocínios foram recebidos por esses profissionais nos eventos, como materiais de escritório (49,5%), refeições ou convites para festas (29,9%), brindes (21,6%), pagamento de inscrição (6,2%) ou de passagem para o congresso (2,1%). CONCLUSÃO As indústrias de alimentos infantis infringem a NBCAL ao assediar profissionais de saúde em congressos científicos, oferecendo patrocínios materiais e financeiros diversos.

Influências da indústria de alimentos na regulação internacional: um estudo da Norma Follow-up Formula do Codex Alimentarius / Influences of the food industry on international regulations: a study of the Follow-up Formula Standard in the Codex Alimentarius

As práticas de marketing da indústria de fórmulas são bastante conhecidas, mas pouco se sabe sobre as atividades políticas corporativas (CPA) das indústrias desses produtos nas políticas e normas em âmbito global. No Codex Alimentarius, a discussão sobre o produto follow-up formula tem muitos desafios, como a faixa etária proposta para o uso, a falta de dados sobre o consumo global, a diretriz da Organização Mundial de Saúde que o classifica como desnecessário na alimentação infantil e o aumento do consumo desses produtos para crianças de 24 a 36 meses de idade. As indústrias, com seu alto poder econômico, têm influenciado as políticas públicas, as pesquisas e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde e usam as CPA para garantir um ambiente político favorável. Esta tese buscou analisar os posicionamentos e as interferências da indústria de alimentos no processo decisório referente à regulação das follow-up formula no âmbito do Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Realizou-se uma análise exploratória, por meio do estudo de caso do produto follow-up formula. Utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa para a análise dos documentos do CCNFSDU nos anos de 1966 a 2019, com o objetivo de produzir um relato do processo de incorporação das normas para as fórmulas. Para análise das CPA da indústria de alimentos nos anos de 2009-2019 foi utilizada a abordagem sistemática passo a passo recomendada por Mialon (2018) e uma análise quantitativa para explicitar e sistematizar os aspectos de composição e participação das delegações dos países e das organizações observadoras, o perfil dos participantes e a capilaridade da indústria de alimentos nesse processo. Dos 189 membros do Codex, 134 participaram do processo de revisão da Norma e desses, 28% participaram de todo processo. A média de participação de representantes de interesse privado nas delegações nacionais foi de 42%. Verificou-se uma baixa participação de representantes de organizações de defesa de direitos, menos de 10% das organizações observadoras eram de interesse público e mais de 59% delas eram associações de interesse das indústrias. As Big Formula participaram de todo o processo de revisão. Identificamos 171 exemplos de práticas de CPA realizadas por 11 organizações observadoras, sendo que a maioria das práticas foi de estratégias discursivas usadas para "moldar o debate sobre alimentação e saúde pública" e combinadas com estratégias instrumentais. Os temas DHA, proteínas e carboidratos foram os assuntos sobre os quais a indústria mais se posicionou, seguidos do fator de conversão de nitrogênio, do leite materno como referência para follow-up formulas, da rotulagem, da inclusão de referências às resoluções da WHA/WHO, da promoção cruzada e das alegações nutricionais e de saúde. O processo de revisão da Norma foi moroso, com disputas sobre temas que são caros para a indústria de alimentos e para a saúde pública. É notório que a indústria utiliza da discussão da saúde pública para acomodar a importância econômica do setor e é representada por organizações comerciais nos lócus de tomada de decisão.

The formula industry's marketing practices are well known, but little is known about the corporate policy activities (CPA) of formula industries in global policies and regulations. In Codex Alimentarius, the discussion about the follow-up formula product has many challenges, such as the age group proposed for use, the lack of data on global consumption, the World Health Organization guidelines that classify it as unnecessary for infant feeding, and the increased consumption of these products among children from 24 to 36 months of age. Industries, with their strong economic power, have influenced public policy, research and the practices of healthcare professionals and use CPA to ensure a favorable policy environment. This thesis sought to analyze the positions and interferences of the food industry in the decision-making process regarding the regulation of follow-up formulas within the scope of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). An exploratory analysis was carried out through the case study of the product Follow-up Formula. A qualitative approach was used to analyze the documents of the CCNFSDU in the years 1966 to 2019, with the objective of reporting the process of incorporating the norms for formulas. For the analysis of the CPAs of the food industry in the years 2009-2019, the systematic step-by-step approach recommended by Mialon (2018) was used and a quantitative analysis was used make explicit and systematize the aspects of composition and participation of country delegations and observer organizations, the profile of the participants and the capillarity of the food industry in this process. Of the 189 Codex Members, 134 participated in the Standard review process, of which 28% participated in the entire process. The average participation of private interest representatives in national delegations was 42%. There was a low participation of representatives of organizations for the defense of rights, less than 10% of the observer organizations were of public interest and more than 59% of them were associations of interest to industries. Big Formula participated in the entire review process. We identified 171 examples of CPA practices carried out by 11 observer organizations, with the majority of practices being discursive strategies used to "shape the debate on food and public health", combined with instrumental strategies. The themes DHA, proteins and carbohydrates were the subjects on which the industry focused most intensely, followed by the nitrogen conversion factor, breast milk as a reference for follow-up formulas, labeling, inclusion of references to WHA/WHO resolutions, cross promotion and nutrition and health claims. The Norma review process was lengthy, with disputes over issues that are important to the food industry and public health. It is well known that industries use the discussion of public health to accommodate the economic importance of the sector and are represented by commercial organizations in the decision-making locus.

Avaliação do impacto de intervenção educativa em farmácias com promoção comercial de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno / Impact assessment of an educational intervention in pharmacies that use commercial promotion of products competing with maternal breastfeeding / Evaluación del impacto de una intervención educativa en farmacias con promoción comercial de productos que compiten con la lactancia materna

A Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (Lei Federal nº 11.265/2006) visa controlar o marketing abusivo de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno. O objetivo foi avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa sobre o cumprimento da Lei em farmácias. Pesquisa de intervenção randomizada conduzida em 155 farmácias que infringiam a Lei na Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A prática comercial das farmácias foi avaliada antes e depois da intervenção com o farmacêutico e com o gerente, comparados ao grupo controle. O intervalo entre a intervenção e a segunda avaliação foi de um mês. Para aferir as mudanças no quantitativo de farmácias com infração à Lei, antes e depois da intervenção, foi utilizado o teste de McNemar. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar a variação no número de infrações em cada grupo de alocação. Um mês após a intervenção houve redução de 16,1% (n = 25) no total de farmácias com infração. Houve redução de 18,7% para 12,9% em produtos cuja promoção comercial é proibida (p = 0,093) e de 92,9% para 80,5% nos produtos lácteos (p = 0,001), mas entre alimentos de transição houve aumento de 28,5% para 42,3% de farmácias com promoção ilegal (p = 0,006). O grupo intervenção com farmacêutico apresentou redução estatisticamente significativa nas infrações relacionadas a descontos de preço (p = 0,022) e a exposições especiais (p = 0,002). A intervenção educativa reduziu a quantidade de farmácias que infringia essa Lei, principalmente quando esta intervenção foi realizada com o farmacêutico.

The Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food, Nipples, Pacifiers, and Baby Bottles (Federal Law n. 11,265/2006) aims to control the abusive marketing of products that compete with breastfeeding. The objective was to assess the impact of an educational intervention on compliance with this law by pharmacies. A randomized intervention study was conducted in 155 pharmacies that were infringing the law in the Southern Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The pharmacies' commercial practices were assessed before and after the intervention with the pharmacist and manager, compared to the control group. The interval between the intervention and the second assessment was one month. McNemar test was used to measure changes in the number of pharmacies infringing the law before and after the intervention. Wilcoxon test was used to compare variation in the number of violations in each group. A month after the intervention, there was a 16.1% reduction (n = 25) in the number of pharmacies committing violations. There was a decrease from 18.7% to 12.9% in products whose commercial promotion is banned by the law (p = 0.093) and from 92.9% to 80.5% in milk products (p = 0.001), but among processed complementary food there was an increase from 28.5% to 42.3% of pharmacies with illegal promotions (p = 0.006). The intervention group with the pharmacists showed a statistically significant reduction in violations related to discount prices (p = 0.022) and special displays (p = 0.002). The educational intervention reduced the number of pharmacies that infringed the law, mainly when the intervention involved the pharmacist.

La Norma Brasileña de Comercialización de Alimentos para Lactantes y Niños de la Primera Infancia, Tetillas, Chupetes y Biberones (Ley Federal nº 11.265/2006) tiene como finalidad controlar el márketing abusivo de productos que compiten con la lactancia materna. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre el cumplimiento de la ley en farmacias. Se realizó una investigación de intervención aleatoria, llevada a cabo en 155 farmacias que infringían la ley en la zona sur de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. La práctica comercial de las farmacias fue evaluada antes y después de la intervención con el farmacéutico y con el gerente, comparadas con el grupo de control. El intervalo entre la intervención y la segunda evaluación fue de un mes. Para evaluar los cambios en lo cuantitativo de farmacias con infracción a la ley, antes y después de la intervención, se utilizó el test de McNemar. El test de Wilcoxon se utilizó para comparar la variación en el número de infracciones en cada grupo de asignación. Tras un mes de la intervención hubo una reducción de un 16,1% (n = 25) en el total de farmacias con infracción. Hubo una reducción desde un 18,7% a un 12,9% en productos cuya promoción comercial está prohibida (p = 0,093) y de un 92,9% a un 80,5% en productos lácteos (p = 0,001). Sin embargo, entre alimentos de transición hubo un aumento de un 28,5% a un 42,3% de farmacias con promoción ilegal (p = 0,006). El grupo de intervención con el farmacéutico presentó una reducción estadísticamente significativa en las infracciones relacionadas con descuentos de precio (p = 0,022) y respecto a exposiciones especiales (p = 0,002). La intervención educativa redujo la cantidad de farmacias que infringía esta ley, principalmente cuando la intervención educativa se realizó con el farmacéutico.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast feeding among lactating mothers in a tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada district: a cross sectional survey

Background: Breastfeeding plays a crucial role in the general health and wellbeing of infants. However, this fact has been made to look inconsequential due to various misconceptions and lack of adequate knowledge among lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of breastfeeding among postnatal women in Dakshinakannada district of Karnataka, India. The objective was to educate them and encourage breastfeeding.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional survey conducted during a period of 2 months from November to January 2019 among 80 postnatal mothers regarding their KAP of breastfeeding. A questionnaire was designed from FAO guidelines for assessing nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and practices manual and The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitudes. The data was collected by a single interviewer, collaborated into a 3-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: The study shows that 81.25% of the mothers had good knowledge regarding breastfeeding, but the alarming finding was that 46.6% of them had a neutral attitude towards it.Conclusions: The study showed that there is significant possibility for enhancing breastfeeding practices among lactating mothers by simple provision of supportive prenatal and postnatal counselling. The role played by healthcare workers in this context would be very imperative to accomplish millennium development goals of reducing infant mortality.

Exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months for reducing community acquired pneumonia in children up to 5 years of age: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background@#Exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age is the global recommendation of the World Health Organization because of its established benefits. Previous studies show that exclusive breastfeeding can protect infants during infancy but effects of breastfeeding beyond infancy are inconclusive. This study aims to identify if exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age is protective for pneumonia up to 5 years of age. @*Methods@#Systematic literature search was conducted on the following electronic databases: Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SciHub, Herdin, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify all relevant studies assessing the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on development of pneumonia in children from birth to 5 years of age. Fixed effects meta-analysis was performed to generate pooled effect estimates (odds ratio) on the probability of developing pneumonia up to 5 years of age in exclusively breastfed compared to non-exclusively breastfed infants. @*Results@#Five studies were included in the analysis. Exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months has a protective effect against pneumonia in children up to 5 years of age. The probability of developing pneumonia in children until 5 years of age was significantly lower in those who were exclusively breastfed compared to those who were not exclusively breastfed (OR=0.86; 95%CI=0.77-0.95, pvalue=0.003) by 23%. Systematic review showed benefit of exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding for longer protection against developing pneumonia. @*Conclusion@#Exclusive breastfeeding from birth to 6 months is associated with statistically significant reduction in the incidence of pneumonia up to 5 years of age. Results highlighted the importance of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age as an intervention in reducing pneumonia morbidity up to 5 years of age, thereby supporting the global recommendation of breastfeeding.

Illegal commercial promotion of products competing with breastfeeding / Promoção comercial ilegal de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess if the commercialization of infant formulas, baby bottles, bottle nipples, pacifiers and nipple protectors is performed in compliance with the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância e de Produtos de Puericultura Correlatos (NBCAL - Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related products). The commercial promotion of these products is prohibited by the Law 11,265. METHOD Cross-sectional study conducted in 2017 through a census of all pharmacies, supermarkets and department stores that sold products covered by NBCAL in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Health professionals trained at NBCAL used structured electronic form for direct observation of establishments and for interviews with their managers. We created indicators to evaluate commercial practices and performed descriptive analyses. RESULTS A total of 352 commercial establishments were evaluated: 240 pharmacies, 88 supermarkets and 24 department stores, of which 88% sold products whose promotion is prohibited by NBCAL. Illegal commercial promotions were found in 20.3% of the establishments that sold the products we investigated: 52 pharmacies (21.9%), four supermarkets (7.5%) and seven department stores (33.3%). The most frequent commercial promotion strategies were discounts (13.2%) and special exposures (9.3%). The products with the highest prevalence of infractions of NBCAL were infant formulas (16.0%). We interviewed 309 managers of commercial establishments; 50.8% reported unfamiliarity with the law. More than three-quarters of the managers reported having been visited at the establishments by commercial representatives of companies that produce infant formulas. CONCLUSION More than a fifth of commercial establishments promoted infant formulas, baby bottles and nipples, although this practice has been banned in Brazil for thirty years. We think it is necessary to train those managers. Government agencies must monitor commercial establishments in order to inhibit strategies of persuasion and induction to sales of these products, ensuring mothers' autonomy in the decision on the feeding of their children.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se a comercialização de fórmulas infantis, mamadeiras, bicos, chupetas e protetores de mamilo é realizada em cumprimento com a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância e de Produtos de Puericultura Correlatos (NBCAL). A promoção comercial desses produtos é proibida pela Lei 11.265. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal conduzido em 2017 por meio de um censo de todas as farmácias, supermercados e lojas de departamento que comercializavam produtos abrangidos pela NBCAL na Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro. Profissionais de saúde capacitados na NBCAL utilizaram formulário eletrônico estruturado para observação direta dos estabelecimentos e para entrevista com seus responsáveis. Foram criados seis indicadores de avaliação das práticas comerciais e realizadas análises descritivas. RESULTADOS Foram avaliados 352 estabelecimentos comerciais: 240 farmácias, 88 supermercados e 24 lojas de departamento, dos quais 88% comercializavam produtos cuja promoção é proibida pela NBCAL. Foram encontradas promoções comerciais ilegais em 20,3% daqueles que comercializavam os produtos investigados: 52 farmácias (21,9%), quatro supermercados (7,5%) e sete lojas de departamento (33,3%). As estratégias de promoção comercial mais frequentes foram os descontos (13,2%) e as exposições especiais (9,3%). Os produtos com maior prevalência de infrações à NBCAL foram as fórmulas infantis (16,0%). Foram entrevistados 309 responsáveis por estabelecimentos comerciais, 50,8% relatando não conhecer a lei. Mais de três quartos dos responsáveis relataram receber visitas nos estabelecimentos de representantes comerciais de empresas fabricantes de fórmulas infantis. CONCLUSÃO Mais de um quinto dos estabelecimentos comerciais faziam promoção comercial de fórmulas infantis para lactentes, mamadeiras e bicos, apesar de essa prática ser proibida no Brasil há trinta anos. É necessária a capacitação dos seus responsáveis. Os órgãos governamentais devem realizar fiscalização dos estabelecimentos comerciais para coibir estratégias de persuasão e indução à vendas desses produtos, garantindo às mães autonomia na decisão sobre a alimentação de seus filhos.

Exclusive breastfeeding: awareness, perceptions and practices among antenatal multigravida women

Background: Breastmilk is considered the most complete source of nutrition for the new-born as it contains all necessary components such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, water, vitamins and minerals and immunological factors required for the new-born in appropriate amounts. Breastfeeding is advantageous to the infant as well as the nursing mother in many ways. There are various benefits to the new-born both immediate as well as in the long run.Methods: A multiple-choice questionnaire was used to interview the participants during data collection.Results: Using the IBM SPSS version 20 software, descriptive analysis of the categorical variables has been presented using frequency and percentage tables.Conclusions: Though the knowledge about exclusive breast feeding was not extraordinary among the participants, they had a very favourable attitude towards the same. Almost all patients were also extremely receptive and inquisitive during the session for discussion about the same.

Improving the Breastfeeding Practices in Healthy Neonates During Hospital Stay Using Quality Improvement Methodology

Objective: To demonstrate the applications of the principles ofQuality Improvement (QI) in a tertiary-care centre with the aim toimprove the breastfeeding practices during hospital stay.Methods: An operational team was formulated to identify thereasons for low proportion of exclusive breast feeding (EBF) inhealthy neonates. Reason specific solutions were proposed,discussed, prioritized and tested using Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycle(PDSA Cycle). Strategies included clear departmental policy planand creation of Breastfeeding support package (BFSP). PDSAcycles were tested and implemented over 6 weeks period and itssustainability was measured monthly for five months duration.Results: After implementation of PDSA cycles, the proportion ofneonates receiving early breastfeeding within one hour of birthincreased from 55% to 95%, and the proportion of neonates onEBF during hospital stay increased from 72% to 98%.Conclusion: Quality Improvement principles are feasible andeffective to improve breastfeeding practices in the hospitalsetting.

Maternal factors associated with vitamin A concentration in colostrum of postpartum mothers in South Sulawesi Province, Indones

@#Introduction: Newborns have low vitamin A reserves and rely on breastmilk to meet their vitamin A needs. This study aimed to determine factors associated with vitamin A concentration in colostrum of rural postpartum mothers. Methods: Out of 180 postpartum women interviewed at seven Community Health Centers in South Sulawesi Province, 160 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Breastmilk (colostrum) samples were obtained shortly after delivery from the breast that was not full and not fed to the infant for at least 30 min. Breastmilk samples of 3-5 mls were collected into sterile plastic tubes using a manual pump. The samples were immediately placed in an icebox and transported to the laboratory within six hours after collection. Vitamin A concentrations were determined using HPLC method. Socioeconomic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, gestational age, and dietary intake of mothers (24-hour recall) were obtained. Bivariate and multiple linear regression analysis were undertaken to determine factors associated with vitamin A concentration in colostrum. Results: Dietary assessment showed unsatisfactory intake levels of calories, fat, protein, vitamin A, iron and zinc compared to the recommendations for Indonesia. Mean vitamin A concentration in colostrum was 58.2 μg/dl, and about 81.2% of the participants had normal colostrum vitamin A concentration. Iron intake and gestational age were significantly associated with colostrum vitamin A concentrations. Conclusion: Majority of the postpartum mothers had normal colostrum vitamin A concentration. Maternal dietary intake including iron is important to ensure adequacy of vitamin A in breastmilk.

Caracterización general de Lactarios de Hospitales de Referencia de Asunción y Departamento Central

Introducción: Los lactarios iniciaron sus actividades en los hospitales de nuestro medio, con el objetivo de contribuir al mantenimiento del estado nutricional y a la recuperación de la salud de los pacientes hospitalizados, a través de una intervención nutricional de excelencia técnica. Objetivo: Caracterizar los Lactarios de Hospitales de Referencia de Asunción y Central, durante el periodo 2014, para establecer un diagnóstico de la situación de adecuación de los mismos a las normas internacionales. Materiales y Métodos: Diseño descriptivo, observacional. Se utilizó una encuesta a partir del documento "Orientaciones técnicas para Servicios Dietéticos de Leche (SEDILE) y Central de Fórmula Enteral (CEFE) del Ministerio de Salud de Chile. Se realizó observación directa de los lactarios y encuesta a los profesionales encargados. Estadística: A cada variable de las dimensiones evaluadas en los lactarios se le asignó una puntuación de acuerdo a la presencia (1) o ausencia (0) de la característica estudiada y estos resultados se compararon al 100% de los datos del instrumento de recolección. Las variables obtenidas fueron cualitativas, dicotómicas (presencia o ausencia) y para su descripción se utilizó la distribución de frecuencia en porcentajes. Para las variables cuantitativas se utilizaron las medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio siete lactarios de hospitales públicos, dos de los cuales fueron para extracción de leche materna. En relación a la disponibilidad de: 1) Recursos físicos: el porcentaje (%) global fue del 55% (rango 38-80%). 2) Equipamiento: el % global fue del 42% (rango 27-62%). 3) Manual de funciones y organigrama: el % global fue del 55% (rango 25-75%). 4) Normas y procedimientos: el % global fue del 59% (rango 27-80%). Conclusiones: La dimensión más afectada en los lactarios evaluados fue el equipamiento, seguida de recursos físicos y la disponibilidad de manual de funciones y organigrama.

Introduction: The lactary became active in Paraguayan hospitals to contribute to maintain or restore the nutritional health of hospitalized patients through nutritional intervention. Objetive: To characterize the lactary operating at reference hospitals in Asuncion and the Central Department, in 2014, to determine their adequacy to international standards. Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive and observational study by direct observation of the lactary and a survey, based on the guidelines of SEDILE (technical guidelines for dietary milk services) and CEFE (enteric formula center). Statistics: Each variable assessed by SEDILE criteria was assigned a point value according to the presence (1) or absence (0) of the particular criterion and compared to the total data collected in the survey. Variables determined were qualitative and binary (presence or absence), and described with percentage frequency distribution. Central tendency and dispersion measures were used for quantitative variables. Results: Seven lactary from public hospitals were included, of which two were dedicated to extraction of breast milk. Overall availability of physical resources was 55% (range 38-80%), of equipment, 42% (range, 27-62%), of organization charts and job description manuals, 55% (range, 25-75%), and standard and procedures manuals 59% (range, 27-80%). Conclusions: The greatest shortfall in the lactary studied was of equipment, followed by physical resources and organization and job function manuals.

Research progress of microRNA in breast milk / 国际儿科学杂志

Breast milk is the natural biological template for infants'nutrition.The quality of milk direct-ly affects the growth and development of infants.Breast milk provides not only essential nutrition for infants'growth and development,but various bioactive components,posing an effect on the development of gastrointesti-nal tract,nervous system and immune system of the breastfed infant. In recent years,studies have found that breast milk is one of the richest sources of microRNA(miRNA)compared with other body fluids.The miRNA is a kind of short chain noncoding nucleic acid,regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.Potential effects of exogenous food-derived microRNAs on gene expression have been demonstrated,together with the sta-bility of milk-derived microRNAs in the gastrointestinal tract.Studies have found miRNA in breast milk is asso-ciated with immunomodulation,can regulate the metabolism and promote the growth and development.This pa-per reviews the absorption mechanisms and potential protection on breast-fed infants of miRNA in breast milk.

Benefit and Risk Assessment of Breastmilk for Infant Health in Norway.

The present benefit and risk assessment of breastmilk and contaminants in breastmilk was initiated by the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM). The overall objective is to provide a balanced assessment of the benefits of breastmilk against the possible risks from exposure to contaminants in breastmilk with focus on Norwegian conditions. The aim is to contribute to a foundation for decision-makers when providing recommendations on the length of exclusive and partial breastfeeding. The composition of breastmilk is tailored for the needs of the newborn. Provided that the nutritional needs of the mother are met during pregnancy and breastfeeding, breastmilk covers all the nutritional requirements of the infant the first months of life, with the exception of vitamin D. Breastmilk also contains a number of specialised components, including growth factors, factors with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties and selected immunological components which boost the maturation of the infant’s immune system. Infant formula fulfils the infant’s established nutritional needs, but does not provide the specific protective factors which are present only in breastmilk. However, studies over the last four decades have shown that polluting chemicals have accumulated in the environment, biomagnified in the food chain, are in our bodies, and consequently in breastmilk. The levels of lipid-soluble persistent contaminants in the foetus, the newborn child and in breastmilk largely reflect the amount of these in the mother’s body. Thus, breastmilk contains nutrients and protective immunological factors which have a positive effect on infant health, but may also contain contaminants. Particularly lipid-soluble and persistent contaminants accumulate in the infant during breastfeeding. This has contributed to a debate among experts agreeing that breastfeeding is beneficial, but discussing the advisable length of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding in Norway Breastfeeding prevalence is higher in Norway than in most European countries. 80% of the infants are breastfed at 6 months of age and 46% at 12 months. Mean breastfeeding duration is about 10 months. Norwegian health authorities recommend that infants are exclusively breastfed for 6 months with a total duration of at least 12 months. However, only a minority of Norwegian mothers breastfeed exclusively for the recommended 6 months. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding declines rapidly from 3 months onwards with only 9% being exclusively breastfed at 6 months. Mean breastmilk consumption in exclusively breastfed infants increases from approximately 700 ml/day at age 1 month to 850 ml/day at age 6 months. The amount of breastmilk provided to the child is not very different between the partially and exclusively breastfed infants during the first 4 months. From 7 months, breastmilk consumption in partially breastfed infants may be about 500 ml/day. There are a few conditions where breastfeeding is contraindicated. Among these are some metabolic disorders, infections and use of certain pharmaceuticals. Nutrients and Immunological Components in Breastmilk The positive health effects of breastmilk relates to nutritious as well as immunological properties. An infant who is exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life has, provided adequate nutrition of the mother, all the nutritional needs covered with the exception of vitamin D. Therefore, worldwide, the recommended daily intake of nutrients for infants is derived from the nutrient concentrations in breastmilk multiplied with the average intake of breastmilk. The composition of nutrients in breastmilk varies by stage of lactation, the time of day and during a given feeding. The concentration of some nutrients also varies according to the mother’s diet. The energy content of breastmilk varies, but has been estimated to be about 700 kcal/L. The content of proteins and carbohydrates is relatively stable, while the fat content has large variations. The fatty acid composition and concentrations of most vitamins reflect the maternal intake, while the concentrations of most minerals are not affected by the maternal diet, except for selenium and iodine. Breastmilk has protective properties. It contains a number of specialised components, including factors with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as constituents boosting the maturation of the infant’s immune system. This benefits health in childhood and most likely also later in life. The milk antibodies are targeted against potential pathogens and other antigens to which the mother has been exposed. Moreover, maturation of the infant’s immune system is influenced by contact with the immune-modulating factors in breastmilk as well as dietary and microbial constituents in the infant’s gut. Different components in breastmilk facilitate the establishment of a beneficial intestinal microbiota, which is important for induction of a balanced mucosal immune system. Through all these mechanisms, breastfeeding represents an ingenious immunologic integration of mother and child. Nutrients in Infant Formula If breastfeeding is not possible or if there is a need for more milk in addition to breastmilk, infant formula is recommended until the child is 12 months of age. Infant formula fulfills the infant´s established nutritional needs, but does not provide maternal antibodies and innate defence factors or immunity-promoting components. The majority of the infant formulas on the Norwegian market are cow’s milk-based. Data from a national dietary survey among infants (Spedkost, 2006) showed that at 6 months of age, 43% of the infants in Norway had been introduced to infant formula, and 36% used it regularly. At 1 year of age, 43% of the infants received infant formula regularly. Infant formulas in Norway are subject to EU regulations that cover the composition, labelling, marketing and distribution of the product. The regulations give minimum and maximum limits for nutrients for infant formulas and include some of the provisions of the WHO Code1. Contaminants and Microbiological Organisms in Breastmilk and Infant Formula Breastmilk, as a reflection of the mother’s body, contains low concentrations of a mixture of different contaminants. Only the most prevalent contaminants in breastmilk have been determined chemically and even fewer have been studied in humans with regard to impact on early life health. The main focus of the present benefit and risk assessment of breastmilk are contaminants which are included in the Stockholm convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)2. They can be divided into the three main groups; pesticides (DDT and HCB), other halogenated organic pollutants (dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs, non-dioxin-like PCBs, brominated flame retardants (PBDE), perfluorinated compounds (PFOS/PFOA)) and heavy metals (lead, mercury and cadmium). In the identification and characterisation of negative health effects, combined exposures to multiple contaminants3 from breastmilk have to some extent been taken into consideration, as several of the cohorts have been investigating the impact on health outcomes of PCBs and dioxins in combination with DDT or HCB and some in combination with mercury. Additionally, it should be noted that the contaminants studied may be considered as markers for the combined exposure of multiple contaminants, since their occurrences are often correlated. Metal concentrations in both breastmilk and infant formula (e.g. mercury and lead) are generally low and not at levels associated with concern. Due to national and international restrictions and bans on use, the levels of dioxins, PCBs, and pesticides (like DDTs and HCB) have declined substantially (more than 60%) in the environment and in humans the last three decades. Compared to DDTs, HCB, dioxins and PCBs, the concentration of PBDEs in breastmilk in Norway increased until approximately year 2000, after which a decline has been observed. The fluorinated surfactants PFOS and PFOA have shown a similar time trend as the PBDEs. There are limited Norwegian data on levels of persistent organic pollutants in infant formula, but the levels reported are generally much lower than in breastmilk. Some contaminants which do not accumulate in the food chain may also be relevant in both breastmilk and infant formula. Substances from food packaging materials, e.g. phthalates, may be present in both breastmilk and infant formula, as well as process-generated substances such as acrylamide, PAHs, furan and 3-MDCP. The hormone active substance bisphenol A (BPA) used in plastic has recently been banned in infant feeding bottles in EU and Norway. Occurrence data in breastmilk and infant formula for these substances in Norway are scarce. The main difference between the contaminants in breastmilk and those provided by infant formula or bottle-feeding is that breastmilk generally contains higher levels of persistent organic pollutants, while most of the unwanted substances imposed by infant formula and bottle-feeding have a shorter half-life. Infant formula may contain microbial contamination of concern, which may lead to diarrhea and in severe cases bacteraemia and meningitis. Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is a rare cause of invasive infection with high death rates in newborn infants. Possible outbreak from microbiological hazards in infant formula itself or due to contaminated water is an issue in developing countries, but no such outbreaks have been registered in Norway. Methodological Approach to this Benefits and Risk Assessment The benefit assessment is based on positive health effects reported in systematic reviews and meta-analyses published within the last 10 years. This implies that VKM has not conducted its own specific literature search to reveal the epidemiological studies that have examined positive health effects of breastmilk, but summarises and discu

Produtos lácteos podem contribuir com a prevenção da cárie dentária? Scoping review / Can milk and dairy products help with dental caries prevention? Scoping review

Objetivo: A associação entre leite e cárie dentária ainda é objeto de debate. Nesta scoping review, verificou-se a relação entre ingestão de leite e laticínios e a prevenção da cárie dentária. Material e método: Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir de consulta a artigos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Lilacs publicados entre 2006 e janeiro/2016, incluindo estudos clínicos e laboratoriais, publicados nas línguas inglês, português e espanhol. Resultados: Dentre as 96 publicações inicialmente identificadas, apenas seis contemplaram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os artigos apresentaram metodologias diversas que investigaram o efeito do leite, caseína, proteína do soro e compostos à base de fosfopeptídeos da caseína e fosfato de cálcio amorfo. O efeito preventivo dessas substâncias foi mais observado em crianças e em amostras de dentes extraídos. Conclusão: A diversidade metodológica dificultou comparações e conclusões, mas apontou para o potencial do uso do leite e laticínios no controle da cárie.

Aim: The association between milk and dental caries remains controversial. In this scoping review, we checked the relation between intake of milk and dairy products with the prevention of dental caries. Material and Methods: The literature search followed the protocol based on papers indexed in the databases PubMed, Scielo and Lilacs, published between 2006 and January/2016, including clinical studies and laboratories, published in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Results: Among the 96 publications initially identified, only six contemplated the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The papers showed diversities of methodologies that investigate the effect of milk, casein, whey protein and protein compounds of casein phosphopeotidies and amorphous calcium phosphate. The preventive effect of those substances was more observed in children and in samples of extracted teeth. Conclusion: The methodological diversity of studies hampers the comparisons and conclusions, but pointed out to a potential use of milk and dairy products in the control of dental caries.

Fatores associados ao consumo precoce de leite de vaca integral por crianças menores de um ano de idade / Factors associated with early use of whole cow's milk by infants under one year old / Factores asociados al consumo precoz de la leche de vaca integral por niños menores de un año

Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência e fatores associados ao uso do leite de vaca integral nas crianças menores de um ano na cidade de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal e analítico envolvendo 575 mães de crianças menores de um ano de idade residentes em Fortaleza, Ceará. Aplicou-se questionário semiestruturado para coleta de dados sociodemográficos, história reprodutiva da mãe, dados referentes ao parto e à criança. Resultados: A mediana de idade das mães foi de 26,5 anos, tendo 80,5% (n=463) renda familiar de 1 a 5 salários mínimos. A maior parte (83,2%, n=475) realizou mais de seis consultas de pré-natal, mas apenas 86,2% (n=494) declararam ter recebido informações sobre aleitamento materno. Entre as crianças que receberam outro tipo de leite, 53,8% (n=191) consumiram leite de vaca integral, e destas, 31,7% (n=113) referem ter recebido orientação do pediatra. O consumo do leite de vaca foi relacionado à idade materna (menores de 18 anos de idade, (p=0,015), renda inferior a cinco salários mínimos (p<0,001), baixa escolaridade (p<0,001), mães que não trabalhavam (p<0,001), baixo número de consultas de pré-natal (p=0,019), ter nascido em hospital público (p<0,001), não ter amamentado antes de sair da maternidade (p<0,001) e não ter plano de saúde (p<0,001). Conclusão: O consumo precoce do leite de vaca integral por crianças menores de um ano apresentou alta prevalência e sofreu influência de fatores como renda, escolaridade e pouca idade da mãe. Portanto, é preciso sensibilizar os profissionais de saúde para que qualifiquem melhor as orientações prestadas durante as consultas de pré-natal e puerpério.

Objective: To assess the frequency and factors associated with the use of whole cow's milk in children under one year old in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted with 575 mothers of children under one year old living in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to collect sociodemographic data and information about the reproductive history of mothers, childbirth and the child. Results: The median age of mothers was 26.5 years, and 80.5% (n=463) of them had a household income of 1-5 minimum wages. The majority (83.2%, n=475) attended more than six prenatal consultations, but only 86.2% (n=494) said they had received information on breastfeeding. Among children who received other types of milk, 53.8% (n=191) consumed whole cow's milk; of these, 31.7% (n=113) reported having received orientation from the pediatrician. Cow's milk consumption was associated with maternal age (women under 18 years old (p=0.015)), income of less than five minimum wages (p<0.001), low education level (p<0.001), unemployment (p<0.001), reduced number of prenatal consultations (p=0.019), childbirth at public hospital (p<0.001), no breastfeeding before discharge from maternity hospital (p<0.001) and not having a health insurance (p<0.001). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of early consumption of whole cow's milk by children under one year old, and it was influenced by factors such as income, education level and young maternal age. Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness among health professionals about improving the quality of the guidelines provided during prenatal and postpartum consultations.

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y los factores asociados al uso de la leche de la vaca integral en niños menores de un año de la ciudad de Fortaleza, Ceará. Métodos: Se realizó un estúdio transversal y analítico con 575 madres de niños menores de un año de edad residentes en Fortaleza, Ceará. Se aplicó un cuestionario semiestructurado para la recogida de datos sociodemográficos, la historia de reproducción de la madre, los datos del parto y del niño. Resultados: La mediana de la edad de las madres fue de 26,5 años con renta familiar entre 1 y 5 sueldos mínimos mensuales para el 80,5% (n=463). La mayoría (83,2%, n=475) realizo más de seis consultas de prenatal pero solo el 86,2% (n=494) se declaró haber recibido informaciones de la lactancia materna. Entre los niños que recibieron otro tipo de leche, el 53,8% (n=191) consumieron la leche de vaca integral y de estes el 31,7% (n=113) refieren haber recibido orientación del pediatra. El consumo de la leche de vaca estuvo relacionado a la edad materna (menores de 18 años de edad, (p=0,015), renta abajo de cinco sueldos mínimos (p<0,001), baja escolaridad (p<0,001), madres que no trabajaban (p<0,001), bajo número de consultas de prenatal (p=0,019), Haber nacido en el hospital público (p<0,001), no haber amamantado antes de salir de la maternidad (p<0,001) y no tener seguro salud (p<0,001). Conclusión: El consumo precoz de la leche de la vaca integral por niños menores de un año presentó alta prevalencia y sufrió la influencia de los factores como la renta, la escolaridad y la baja edad de la madre. Por lo tanto, es necesario sensibilizar los profesionales de la salud para mejorar la calificación de las orientaciones durante las consultas de prenatal y puerperio.

Infant Formula Crisis in China: A Cohort Study in Sichuan Province.

China has become the largest market of infant formula in the world. The consumption of infant formula is widespread across the country. This study investigated the opinions of Chinese mothers on infant formula. A prospective cohort study (n=695) was undertaken in 2011 in Sichuan province of China two years after the melamine scandal. Infant-feeding practices and mothers’ opinions on infant formula-use were documented in detail. A total of 674 mothers (97%) had initiated breastfeeding by discharge. Of the 21 mothers who did not commence breastfeeding, 13 made a decision to exclusively feed their babies with infant formula because of hepatitis B virus infection. Nearly 70% of newborns received infant formula as their first feed, and the prevalence increased to 88% within one month. Having insufficient breastmilk was perceived by the majority (77%) of mothers as the reason behind infant formula feeding. About half (46%) of the mothers agreed with or were ambivalent that infant formula feeding does not reduce their breastmilk production. More than one-third (38%) of women thought that formulafed infants sleep longer at night than those who are breastfed. In addition, this perception was positively associated with the use of formula within one month postpartum (p=0.003). In conclusion, mothers’ opinions appear to influence the use of infant formula in China. There is a need for further education on breastfeeding and infant-feeding options to maintain and improve breastfeeding outcomes in China.

Development and Evaluation of Breastfeeding Promotion Program for Mothers with Breast Engorgement following Cesarean Birth

PURPOSE: This study was to develop a breastfeeding promotion program and to test effects of the program on levels of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk, and type of feeding in mothers with breast engorgement following cesarean birth. METHODS: A non-synchronized non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The participants were 70 postpartum mothers who were admitted to a postpartum care center and experienced breast engorgement following cesarean birth. The planned nursing intervention was the breastfeeding promotion program consisting of breast massage and 1:1 breastfeeding education, counseling, and support focusing on individualized problem solving provided for 10 days. Fifty-three women completed the program (experimental group 26, control group, 27). Measurements were level of breast discomfort, breast size, sodium in breast milk and type of feeding at pre and posttest. RESULTS: Women who participated in the program experienced lower scores for breast discomfort, greater decrease in breast size, lower levels of sodium in breast milk, and practiced breastfeeding more than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that this breastfeeding promotion program is effective in reducing breast engorgement and improving breastfeeding practices, and is therefore recommended to enhance breastfeeding promotion practice in postpartum care centers.

Utilização de sucedâneos do leite materno no primeiro mês de vida / Use of breast milk substitutes in the first month of life

Objetivo: caracterizar os sucedâneos do leite materno utilizados no primeiro mês de vida, sua forma de preparo e fatores associados ao tipo de leite utilizado e ao adequado preparo dos mesmos.Métodos: estudo transversal com 288 mães de crianças com 1 mês de vida. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário semiestruturado, abordando informações sobre práticas alimentares da criança e situação socioeconômica da família. Para verificar associação entre adequação de preparo dos leites e tipo de leite utilizado com variáveis maternas e socioeconômicas realizou-se o teste de ?2, e quando indicado, teste exato de Fischer.Resultados: ao final do primeiro mês de vida, 19,3% das crianças já recebiam algum tipo de leite diferente do materno. Fórmulas infantis industrializadas foram as mais utilizadas (72,2%). O preparo dos leites foi considerado incorreto para metade das crianças (50,0%), sendo que aquelas provenientes de famílias maiores, com mais de uma criança menor de cinco anos no domicílio e filhos de mães com menor escolaridade tiveram maior probabilidade de consumirem leite preparado inadequadamente.Conclusões: a preparação correta do leite, fórmula infantil ou leite de vaca, é pouco observada, sendo mais provável em famílias com melhores condições socioeconômicas.Palavras-chave: leite materno, substitutos do leite humano, fórmulas infantis.

Objective: Characterize mother's milk substitutes used in the first month of life, its manner of preparation, and factors associated with the type of milk used and its proper preparation. Methods: Transversal study with 288 mother-child dyads. Data were collected at the end of the first month of the child?s life using a semi-structured questionnaire, covering information about the child?s feeding habits and the family's socioeconomic status. To verify the association between the correct preparation of the milks and the type of milk used, with maternal and socioeconomic variables, the ?2 test was run, and when necessary, Fischer`s Exact Test. Results: At the end of the first month of life, 19,3% of the children had already received some type of milk other than maternal milk. Industrialized infant formulas were the most frequently used (72,2%). The milk preparation was considered incorrect for half of children (50,0%), being that those coming from larger families, with more than one child less than five years old living in the house, and children of mothers with a lower education level, had a higher probability of consuming incorrectly prepared milk. Conclusions: the correct preparation of milk, infant formula, or cow?s milk is rarely observed, being more likely in families with better a socioeconomic status