El Área del Lenguaje Articulado, Perspectiva Histórica y Denominación Epónima Equívoca: Entre Dax y Broca / Articulated Language Area, Historical Perspective and Erroneous Epomy: Between Dax and Broca

El término epónimo área de Broca corresponde a una región cortical cerebral humana dedicada a la expresión del lenguaje oral y que no siempre se ubica en el giro frontal inferior del lobo frontal en el hemisferio izquierdo. Al estudiar 25 artículos del año 2022 y 25 libros de enseñanza de la neuroanatomía, neurofisiología, neurociencia o áreas asociadas del presente siglo, se estableció y cuantificó la existencia del término área de Broca encontrándose que en los libros había un 96 % de inclusión epónima sobre esta área cortical cerebral y en artículos de revista existía un 100 % del mismo epónimo, además, en ninguno de los libros y artículos se encontró un epónimo diferente. Aunque a lo largo del tiempo, en las ciencias médicas se han usado epónimos para designar estructuras anatómicas como en el caso para tratar de designar el área del cerebro que genera el lenguaje oral, este término no proporciona ninguna información descriptiva ni funcional, lo que equivale a un desatino en la lógica del pensamiento morfológico actual, además que lleva a confusión, pues hace pensar que su descubrimiento inicial fue dado por Broca, equivocando el conocimiento histórico que vincula a Marc Dax como el primero en descubrir esta zona.

SUMMARY: The eponymous Broca's area is a human cerebral cortical region that controls the expression of oral language, and which is not always located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. In a study of 25 articles published in 2022, and 25 teaching books on neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuroscience or associated areas, it was found that the term Broca's area was established and quantified. In books there was a 96 % eponymous inclusion of this cerebral cortical area and in journal articles there was 100 % of the same eponym. Furthermore, no other eponyms were found in any of the books and articles. Although over time, eponyms have been used in medical sciences to identify anatomical structures, as in the designation of the area in the brain that controls oral language, this term does not provide any descriptive or functional information. The result is contradictory to current morphological thought and also leads to confusion, erroneously suggesting that the initial discovery was made by Broca, when in fact Marc Dax was the first to discover this area some 30 years earlier.

Variability in the functional connectivity of the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus with the whole brain in persons with Broca′s aphasia / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To observe the temporal variability of functional connectivity between the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and rest of the brain in persons with Broca′s aphasia (BA) and to compare the connectivity between Uygur and Chinese aphasics.Methods:Thirty Chinese and Uygur BA patients (the patient group) and 30 healthy people speaking Uygur and Chinese (the healthy group) were included. rs-fMRI images were acquired, and the patient group was divided then into a Uygur language patient group (9 cases) and a Chinese language patient group (12 cases). The healthy group was divided into a Uygur language healthy group (13 cases) and a Chinese language healthy group (15 cases). Dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) calculations were performed, and a two-factor analysis of covariance was used to obtain the brain regions in which there was an interaction between language and aphasia and to analyze the correlation between the brain regions with abnormal dFCs and linguistic behavior.Results:Interaction between the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and the left medial and paracentral cingulate gyrus and the right postcentral gyrus dFC was observed to vary. Temporal variability among the Uygur patients was significantly less than among the Uygur healthy and Chinese patient groups. The temporal variability of Broca′s mirror area and the right postcentral gyrus in the Chinese patient group was significantly greater than in the Chinese healthy group or the Uygur patient group. Variability of Broca′s area and the left medial and paracingulate cingulate gyrus in the Uygur patients group correlated positively with oral fluency, reading comprehension and writing.Conclusion:There are differences in the temporal variability of the dFC in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus between Uygur and Chinese BA patients. The lower variability of Broca′s area with the left medial and paracingulate and cingulate gyrus may help to identify impaired language function in BA patients. The enhanced variability of the Broca′s mirror image area with the right postcentral gyrus may be the result of reorganization of the linguistic network in Chinese BA patients.

Clinical research progress of acupuncture treatment for broca's aphasia after stroke / 国际中医中药杂志

Broca's aphasia is a common type of aphasia after stroke. Its etiology and pathogenes belong to deficient root and excessive superficial. Deficiency of qi and blood, liver and kidney yin is the origin of the disease, and wind, fire, phlegm and blood stasis are the symptoms. Acupuncture therapy aims to refresh the brain, dredge the orifices and amplify the sound, supplemented by benefiting qi and blood, removing phlegm and blood stasis, benefiting tongue. At present, scalp acupuncture, tongue acupuncture, electroacupuncture, characteristic acupuncture and acupuncture combined with other therapies are commonly used to treat the disease. It is observed that acupuncture combined with other therapies have showed advantages in reducing the disability, and realize the optimal principle.

Effects of acupuncture plus language training on language function and cerebral blood flow in patients with motor aphasia after ischemic stroke / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the effects of acupuncture at the Governor Vessel acupoints plus language training on the language function and cerebral blood flow in patients with motor aphasia after ischemic stroke. Methods: Eighty-six patients were randomized into a control group and an observation group, with 43 cases in each group. Conventional symptomatic treatment was offered to both groups. Besides, the control group received language training, while the observation group received language training plus additional acupuncture at the Governor Vessel acupoints. Before and after treatment, the aphasia battery of Chinese (ABC) and Chinese functional communication profile (CFCP) were tested, and the mean velocity (Vm) and resistance index (RI) of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) were detected. Results: The total effective rate was higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the observation group gained higher scores in oral expression, comprehension, repeating, naming objects, reading, and writing, as well as the general score of ABC (all P<0.05), higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The CFCP score increased in both groups after intervention, showing significant intra-group differences (both P<0.05), and the CFCP score was higher in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, Vm of the left side MCA increased in the control group (P<0.05), while no significant change was observed in RI (P>0.05); in the observation group, Vm of the left side MCA increased and RI decreased significantly compared with the baseline (both P<0.05), and were markedly different from those in the control group (both P<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at the Governor Vessel acupoints plus language training can produce valid efficacy in treating motor aphasia after ischemic stroke; it can notably improve the language function, everyday oral communication ability, and increase cerebral perfusion of the patients.

What are the barriers to participation in a neuromodulation pilot trial for aphasia after stroke? / Quais são as barreiras para a participação em estudo piloto de neuromodulação para afasia após acidente vascular cerebral?

ABSTRACT Purpose Aphasia is a common and debilitating manifestation of stroke. Transcranial electrical stimulation uses low-intensity electric currents to induce changes in neuronal activity. Recent evidence suggests that noninvasive techniques can be a valuable rehabilitation tool for patients with aphasia. However, it is difficult to recruit patients with aphasia for trials, and the reasons for this are not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the main difficulties involved in patient's recruitment and inclusion in a randomized clinical study of neuromodulation in aphasia. Methods We evaluated the reasons for the exclusion of patients in a pilot, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in which patients diagnosed with motor aphasia after stroke were recruited from March to November 2018. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results Only 12.9% (4) of patients with ischemic stroke were included in the clinical trial. A total of 87.1% (27) of the 31 recruited patients were excluded for various reasons including: sensory aphasia (32.2%), dysarthria (25.8%), spontaneous clinical recovery (16.1%), previous stroke (6.4%), and death or mutism (3.2%). Conclusion The presence of other types of aphasia, dysarthria, spontaneous recovery, deaths, and mutism were barriers to recruiting patients evidenced in this neuromodulation study.

RESUMO Objetivo A afasia é uma manifestação comum e debilitante do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A estimulação elétrica transcraniana por corrente contínua oferece uma corrente elétrica de baixa intensidade que induz alterações na atividade neuronal e evidências recentes sugerem que técnicas não invasivas podem servir como uma ferramenta benéfica para a reabilitação de pacientes afásicos. No entanto, é muito difícil recrutar esses pacientes para estudos clínicos e as razões não são claras. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar as principais dificuldades envolvidas no recrutamento e inclusão de pacientes em ensaio clínico piloto randomizado sobre neuromodulação em pacientes com afasia. Método Foram avaliadas as razões para a exclusão e não inclusão de pacientes em um ensaio clínico piloto, randomizado, duplo-cego no qual foram incluídos pacientes diagnosticados com afasia motora após AVC no período de março a novembro de 2018. Análise estatística descritiva foi realizada. Resultados Apenas 12,9% (4) dos pacientes com AVC isquêmico foram incluídos no estudo. Um total de 87,1% (27) dos 31 pacientes recrutados foram excluídos por apresentarem afasia sensorial (32,2%), disartria (25,8%), recuperação clínica espontânea (16,1%), AVC prévio (6,4%) e óbito ou mutismo (3,2%). Conclusão A presença de outros tipos de afasia, disartria, recuperação espontânea, óbitos e mutismo foram as principais barreiras ao recrutamento de pacientes evidenciadas nesse estudo de neuromodulação.

Terapia de produção audiovisual associada a estimulação por corrente contínua melhora nomeação em paciente com afasia de Broca e doença de Parkinson / Audiovisual production therapy associated with transcranial current stimulation improves naming in a patient with Broca's aphasia and Parkinson's disease

RESUMO A doença de Parkinson (DP) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, caracterizada por disfunções motoras e não motoras. Pacientes com DP também podem apresentar problemas de linguagem, incluindo deficit em tarefas de nomeação. Dificuldade em tarefas de nomeação é uma característica importante da afasia de Broca, transtorno de linguagem associado a lesões pós-acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) no córtex pré-frontal inferior esquerdo (área de Broca). Aqui, apresenta-se o caso de um paciente de 79 anos diagnosticado com DP (estágio 4 na escala de Hoehn e Yahr) e afasia crônica não fluente pós-AVC, com deficit de nomeação severos. O paciente foi tratado com uma nova combinação de terapia audiovisual de produção e estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC), técnica neuromodulatória não invasiva, que tem sido cada vez mais adotada para potencializar terapias fonoaudiológicas. ETCC anodal (2 mA) foi aplicada sobre o córtex pré-frontal inferior esquerdo (F7 no sistema 10/20), durante nove sessões de 20 minutos, ao longo de duas semanas, enquanto o paciente tentava nomear imagens de objetos comuns com o auxílio de vídeos curtos mostrando uma boca articulando os sons do nome do objeto (pista audiovisual). Observou-se aumento significativo nos escores de nomeação entre o pré e o pós-tratamento, tanto para imagens treinadas, quanto para não treinadas, mas fonemicamente similares (generalização). Os resultados apresentaram indícios iniciais de que terapia audiovisual de produção associada à ETCC anodal sobre a área de Broca pode representar uma alternativa viável para pacientes com deficits de nomeação severos.

ABSTRACT Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms. PD patients may present language problems, including deficits in confrontation naming. Naming deficits are also an important feature of Broca's aphasia, a condition associated with post-stroke damage to the left inferior prefrontal cortex (Broca's area). We present the case of a 79-year old, male patient diagnosed with both PD (stage 4 in Hoehn and Yahr's scale) and chronic post-stroke, non-fluent aphasia. The patient, with particularly severe naming deficits, was treated with a novel combination of audiovisual production therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive neuromodulatory technique that has been increasingly used to potentiate speech therapy. Anodal tDCS (2 mA) was applied to the left inferior prefrontal cortex (F7 in the 10/20 system) in nine 20-min sessions over two weeks while the patient tried to name pictures of common objects aided by short videos of an articulating mouth (audiovisual cue). We found significant pre- to post-training naming improvement for treated items and for untreated, phonemically similar items (generalization). The results provide initial indication that audiovisual production therapy combined with anodal tDCS over Broca's area may represent a viable treatment alternative for patients with severe naming deficits.

Performance of insecticides in control of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane / Desempenho de inseticidas no controle de Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em cana-de-açúcar

The population of the caterpillar Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has increased in the crop of sugarcane in recent years. Although the control of this insect is traditionally carried out through biological control, the use of phytosanitary products has still been necessary. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate the performance of different insecticides in sugarcane borer control, as well as the effect on productivity and total recoverable sugar (TRS). The experiment was conducted in a randomized experimental delineation of blocks, with six treatments and four blocks. Treatments consisted of five insecticides and one control group (without application of insecticide). For calculating the D. saccharalis infestation index, monthly samplings were performed every 30 days, for 12 months. After this period, the final D. saccharalis infestation index was evaluated and calculated for each treatment. In order to compare productivity among procedures, four central lines were collected from each plot. Thus, the samples were weighed for the productivity calculation (TCH) and sent to the laboratory for the total recoverable sugar (TRS) analysis. The chloranthraniliprole (350) insecticide provided a lower index of sugarcane borer infestation, in addition to greater productivity when compared to the other insecticides. There was no significant difference in the parameter of total recoverable sugar (TRS) among treatments.(AU)

A população da lagarta Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) tem aumentado na cultura de cana-de-açúcar nos últimos anos. Apesar do controle deste inseto ser tradicionalmente realizado através do controle biológico, o uso de produtos fitossanitários ainda tem sido necessário. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes inseticidas no controle da broca da cana-de-açúcar, bem como o efeito sobre a produtividade e o açúcar total recuperável (ATR). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro blocos. Os tratamentos foram compostos por cinco inseticidas e um tratamento sem aplicação de inseticida. Para o cálculo do índice de infestação da D. saccharalis foram realizadas amostragens mensais a cada 30 dias, durante 12 meses. Após esse período, foi avaliado e calculado o índice de infestação final da D. saccharalis de cada tratamento. Para comparar a produtividade entre os tratamentos, foram colhidas as quatro linhas centrais de cada parcela. Assim, as amostras foram pesadas para o cálculo da produtividade (TCH) e enviadas ao laboratório para análise do açúcar total recuperável (ATR). O inseticida clorantraniliprole (350) proporcionou um menor índice de infestação da broca da cana, além de maior produtividade, em relação aos demais inseticidas. Não houve diferença significativa do parâmetro de açúcar total recuperável (ATR) entre os tratamentos.(AU)

Resistance of bioenergy sorghum to Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) / Resistência de sorgo bioenergia à diatraea saccharalis (lepidoptera: crambidae)

This study evaluated the effects of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on cultivars of sweet and biomass sorghum for the selection of resistant cultivars. The present work consisted of two trials, with natural pest infestation. In the first one, 10 sweet sorghum cultivars were analyzed for the following variables: plant height, number of healthy and damaged internodes, gallery position and size, stem infestation level and soluble solids content (°Brix). In the second trial, it was analyzed 16 genotypes of high biomass sorghum, with the same variables above mentioned, in addition to the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents. Among sweet sorghum genotypes evaluated, the genotype CMSXS647 stood out due to the traits: plant height, infestation level, gallery size and soluble solids content. Among the sorghum genotypes evaluated, CMSXS7030, CMSXS7012 and CMSXS7028 presented ideal characteristics for infestation level, plant height and number of lignocellulosic compounds. Such information, in addition to supporting the bioenergy sorghum breeding program, will assist in integrated pest management for sorghum cultivation.

Foram estudados os efeitos causados pela broca-do-colmo Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), em cultivares de sorgo sacarino e biomassa visando seleção de cultivares resistentes à praga. O presente trabalho foi constituído de dois ensaios, com infestação natural da praga. No primeiro, 10 cultivares de sorgo sacarino foram analisadas quanto às seguintes variáveis: altura das plantas, quantidade de internódios sadios e com injúrias, posição e tamanho da galeria, intensidade de infestação de colmos e teor de sólidos solúveis (°Brix). No segundo ensaio, foram analisados 16 genótipos de sorgo biomassa, com as mesmas variáveis supracitadas, além dos teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose. Entre os genótipos de sorgo sacarino avaliados, o genótipo CMSXS647 foi o que se destacou em função das características: altura de plantas, intensidade de infestação, tamanho de galerias e teor de sólidos solúveis. Entre os genótipos de sorgo biomassa avaliados: CMSXS7030, CMSXS7012 e CMSXS7028 apresentaram características ideais para intensidade de infestação, altura de plantas e quantidade de compostos lignocelulósico. Tais informações, além de prover o programa de melhoramento de sorgo energia podem ajudar o programa de MIP para a cultura do sorgo, uma vez que o produtor conhece a suscetibilidade dos materiais escolhidos.

Cerebral localization of higher functions: The period between Thomas Willis and Paul Broca / Localização cerebral de funções superiores: o período entre Thomas Willis e Paul Broca

ABSTRACT. The age-old debates about the localization of the mind (higher functions) took a new course when Willis located a higher nervous function (memory) in the brain parenchyma, and supposedly, in the cerebral cortex. About two centuries later, Broca, founded on solid scientific reasoning, localized a circumscribed area of the 3rd frontal circumvolution of the left hemisphere as the seat of articulate language, a higher function (speech - language domain). He (and Dax) also defined the functional asymmetry (specialization) of the hemispheres, with left dominance (for language). The period between the findings of these individuals was not quiescent, as numerous authors contributed with their theoretical and clinicopathological research toward creating a conducive scientific atmosphere for this accomplishment, and should be regarded as important. Further studies, in the decades that followed, revealed the localization of additional aspects of language and of other higher functions (cognitive domains).

RESUMO. Os debates milenares sobre a localização da mente (funções superiores) chegaram a um novo caminho quando Willis localizou uma função nervosa superior (memória) no parênquima cerebral, e supostamente, no córtex cerebral. Cerca de dois séculos depois, Broca, baseado em sólido pensamento científico, localizou uma área circunscrita da 3ª circunvolução frontal do hemisfério esquerdo como o sítio da linguagem articulada, uma função superior (fala - domínio da linguagem). Ele (e Dax) também definiu a assimetria funcional (especialização) dos hemisférios, com dominância esquerda (para linguagem). O período entre os achados dessas duas personalidades não ficou quiescente, considerando que numerosos autores contribuíram, com suas pesquisas teóricas e clinicopatológicas, para criar uma atmosfera científica adequada para tal realização, devendo ser vistos como importantes. Mais estudos, nas décadas seguintes, revelaram a localização de aspectos adicionais da linguagem e de outras funções superiores (domínios cognitivos).

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Post-stroke Depression with Broca's Aphasia / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on post-stroke depression (PSD) with Broca's aphasia. Methods:From January to December, 2018, 60 patients with PSD and Broca's aphasia were randomly divided into control group (n = 30) and trial group (n = 30). Both groups accepted routine medicine and rehabilitation. The trial group accepted tDCS, anode over left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, while the control group accepted sham stimulation. They were assessed with Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire Hospital Version (SADQ-H) and Aphasic Depression Rating Scale (ADRS) before treatment and one, two and three weeks after treatment. They were also assessed with modified Barthel Index (MBI) before and three weeks after treatment. The adverse effects were investigated with questionnaire as the patients finished treatment or withdrew. Results:There were three patients withdrawing in the control group, and two in the trial group. The scores of SADQ-H and ADRS decreased with time in both groups (Ftime > 100.643, P < 0.001), and the score of SADQ-H was lower in the trial group than in the control group (Fgroup = 6.891, P = 0.011), but no significant difference was found between two groups in the scores of ADRS (Fgroup = 2.925, P = 0.093). There was significance of interaction between group and time (F > 13.642, P < 0.001). The difference of MBI was more in the trial group than in the control group (t = 7.016, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects between the two groups (P = 0.5). Conclusion:tDCS is effective on PSD in patients with Broca's aphasia, without obvious adverse effects.

Una revisión de la neuroanatomía y neurofisiología del lenguaje / A review of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of language

Este artículo de revisión intenta examinar las diferentes estructuras del sistema nervioso, tanto central como periférico, involucradas en el proceso del lenguaje. Tras cuestionar el modelo clásico que atribuye las funciones del lenguaje exclusivamente a las áreas de Broca y Wernicke, se presenta la hipótesis de que el lenguaje se basa en redes neuronales complejas interconectadas con áreas cognitivas. A punto de partida de la premisa de que todo estímulo es categorizable, es decir transformable y codificable en forma de lenguaje, se estipula que para una correcta interacción con el entorno y una comunicación lingüística fructífera, la coordinación, funcionamiento y comunicación entre diferentes estructuras neuroanatómicas son factores necesarios cuya descripción y explicación se presentan de manera sistemática.

The aim of this paper is to review the different structures of the nervous system, both central and peripheral, involved in the language process. The classical model in which language functions are attributed to and localized in the areas of Broca and Wernicke is questioned, and the hypothesis that language is based on interconnections of complex neural networks and cognitive areas, is presented. On the basis of the premise that every stimulus is categorizable, that is, transformable and codifiable in the form of language, it is stipulated that in order to reach a correct interaction with the surroundings and an effective linguistic communication, the coordination, functioning and communication between different neuroanatomical structures whose description and explanation are systematically presented, are much needed factors.

Effects of activation or blockade of 5-HT1A receptors in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex on cognitive functions in hemiparkinsonian rats / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To explore the role and mechanisms of 5-HT1Areceptors in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex (MS-DB) in hemiparkinsonian rats. Methods Combined behavioral and electrophysiological studies were performed to assess the role of MS-DB 5-HT1Areceptors in working memory and hippocampal theta rhythm in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)lesions in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB).Results ① MFB lesions in the rats decreased choice accuracy in the T-maze rewarded alternation test. Intra-MS-DB injection of 5-HT1Areceptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT further decreased choice accuracy,while intra-MS-DB injection of 5-HT1Areceptor antagonist WAY-100635 increased choice accuracy in the lesioned rats.② MFB lesions in the rats decreased peak theta rhythm frequency. Intra-MS-DB injection of 8-OH-DPAT suppressed hippocampal theta rhythm and decreased normalized theta power,while intra-MS-DB injection of WAY-100635 induced theta rhythm and increased normalized theta power.Conclusion Blockade of MS-DB 5-HT1Areceptors can recover cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, which may be attributed to the enhancement of hippocampal theta rhythm.

The effect of constraint-induced aphasia on language recovery and functional reorganization of the brain in Broca's aphasia after a stroke / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Ohjective To explore the impact of constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) on language function and neural activity in patients with chronic Broca's aphasia.Methods Two chronic aphasics whose use of language was recovering after standard language therapy were selected to receive 1.5 h of CIAT twice daily for two weeks (30 hours in total).Before and after the CIAT they were tested using a block-designed picture-naming task,fMRIs were taken and their use of language was examined.Results The language function assessments showed relatively large improvements in the subjects' use of language after 4 weeks of conventional language training,but not much further change after 8 and 12 weeks.After the two weeks of CIAT,their language function improved further to a certain extent.fMRI showed increased activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus with or without enhanced activation in the left hemisphere,and reduced activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus.Conclusions Functional reorganization induced in the brain by CIAT was associated with up-regulation of the left inferior frontal gyrus or down-regulation of the right inferior frontal gyrus.Even the whole language network may have been modified.

Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with V180I Mutation Presented with Broca's Aphasia

Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (fCJD) is characteristic with older age onset, relatively low occurrence rate, slower progression and lower possibility of developing myoclonus, cerebellar, pyramidal signs and visual disturbance compared with classical sporadic CJD. We report a case of 75-year-old male patient presented with sudden onset of right side weakness with Broca's aphasia who has been diagnosed with fCJD with V180I mutation. This case indicates that fCJD with V180I mutation can have stroke-like initial presentation.

Effect of plant protection products on Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae in laboratory / Efeito de defensivos agrícolas sobre larvas de Rhynchophorus palmarum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) em laboratório

With the aim of developing tools for simultaneously managing Rhynchophorus palmarum and the coconut stem bleeding disease, we evaluated the effects of the insecticide thiamethoxam and the fungicide cyproconazole on R. palmarum larvae under laboratory conditions. Early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were fed on an artificial diet containing 0.1% concentration of insecticide, fungicide or a mixture of both. Larval mortality was assessed daily during the 48 hours after the application of the treatments. Mean mortality values were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p ≤ 0.05). Thiamethoxam caused mortality of 100% of early-instar and 90% of intermediate-instar larvae. In contrast, mortality was significantly lower in the cyproconazole treatment (60% for early-instar and 0% for intermediate-instar larvae) and the control (0% mortality for both treatments). The insecticide/fungicide mixture was equally effective (100% for early-instar and 86.67% for intermediate-instar larvae) to the insecticide only treatment. Differences in mortality between early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae were significant only for the thiamethoxam and cyproconazole treatments. These results indicate that, for the doses used here, thiamethoxam is toxic to both early-instar and intermediate-instar larvae, while cyproconazole is toxic just to early-instar larvae. Moreover, cyproconazole does not increase the toxicity of thiamethoxam. Early-instar larvae are more sensitive to thiamethoxam and cyproconazole than intermediate-instar larvae. We conclude that thiamethoxam + cyproconazole mixture may be effective for managing R. palmarum and associated fungal diseases on coconut palms.(AU)

Com o objetivo de desenvolver ferramentas para o manejo simultâneo de Rhynchophorus palmarum e da resinose do coqueiro, avaliou-se o efeito do inseticida tiametoxam e do fungicida ciproconazol sobre larvas de R. palmarum em laboratório. Larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram alimentadas com dieta artificial contendo 0,1% do inseticida, do fungicida, ou da mistura de ambos. A mortalidade larval foi avaliada diariamente, durante 48 horas, e as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). O tiametoxam causou mortalidade de 100% às larvas de ínstares iniciais e de 90% às de intermediários. Em contraste, a mortalidade foi significativamente menor no tratamento ciproconazol (60% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 0% para as de intermediários) e no controle (0% de mortalidade para ambos). A mistura inseticida/fungicida foi igualmente eficiente (100% para larvas de ínstares iniciais e 86,67% para as de intermediários) ao inseticida sozinho. Diferenças na mortalidade entre as larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários foram significativas somente para os tratamentos tiametoxam e ciproconazol. Tais resultados indicam que, nas doses avaliadas, o tiametoxam é tóxico às larvas de ínstares iniciais e intermediários, enquanto o ciproconazol é tóxico somente às de ínstares iniciais. Além disso, o ciproconazol não aumenta a toxicidade do tiametoxam. Larvas de ínstares iniciais são mais sensíveis a tiametoxam e ciproconazol que as de ínstares intermediários. Conclui-se que a mistura tiametoxam + ciproconazol pode ser eficiente no manejo de R. palmarum e de doenças fúngicas associadas a essa praga em coqueiros.(AU)

Clinical observation of scalp acupuncture plus speech rehabilitation for Broca's aphasia after cerebral stroke / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective:To explore the clinical efficacy of scalp acupuncture plus speech rehabilitation in treating Broca's aphasia after cerebral stroke, for providing novel evidences for the treatment. Methods:Ninety-one eligible patients with Broca's aphasia after cerebral stroke were randomized into an observation group and a control group. Forty-six cases in the observation group were intervened by scalp acupuncture plus speech rehabilitation, while 45 cases in the control group were treated by speech rehabilitation alone. The aphasia battery of Chinese (ABC) and Boston diagnostic aphasia examination (BDAE) were adopted to evaluate the clinical efficacy. Results:After the treatment, the scores of oral expression, reading and writing and global score in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (allP<0.05). There was a significant difference in comparing the BDAE grading between the two groups after the treatment (P<0.05). After intervention, the basically-recovered plus markedly-effective rate was 45.7% in the observation group versus 24.4% in the control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion:Scalp acupuncture plus speech rehabilitation is effective in treating Broca's aphasia after cerebral stroke, and worth promoting.

Application of the continuous language rehabilitation nursing in the motor aphasia patients with abrain stroke / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of continuous language rehabilitation nursing on the language function in patients with stroke motor aphasia. Methods A total of 60 motor aphasia patients with a brain stroke were recruited and divided into experimental group and control group with 30 cases each by random digits table method. The control group was treated with the routine stroke care in traditional Chinese medicine, while the experimental group with the continuing language rehabilitation nursing base on the routine stroke care. The language function of both groups were detected by the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center Standard Aphasia Examination before and after 3 months treatment, and a survey of nursing satisfaction of patients when discharged was conducted. Results The right rate of hear and understand, retelling, say, read aloud, reading comprehension, transcription, description, dictation, calculation in the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center Standard Aphasia Examination was (44.35 ± 18.69), (32.37 ± 22.25), (21.49 ± 14.91), (27.63 ± 12.54), (46.87 ± 15.30), (14.25 ± 6.11), (7.33±3.23), (11.63±4.82), (18.93±6.82)%before the treatment and (62.14±10.81), (55.36±19.53), (41.42 ± 13.75), (59.16 ± 11.05), (55.57 ± 13.90), (32.39 ± 7.12), (9.73 ± 3.92), (27.45 ± 4.71), (37.46 ± 6.91)%after the treatment in the experimental group, except for description, the differences were significant ( t=2.096-14.540, P<0.01 or 0.05). The right rate of hear and understand, retelling, say, read aloud, reading comprehension, transcription, description, dictation, calculation in the Chinese Rehabilitation Research Center Standard Aphasia Examination was (43.86±15.89), (34.28±20.27), (22.84±15.40), (28.63±12.45), (47.23±11.30), (13.40±6.24), (7.27±3.70), (11.10±4.73), (19.50±6.80)%before the treatment and (49.46± 14.27), (42.36±20.58), (30.33±13.36), (40.31±11.88), (49.97±10.13), (15.37±5.59), (8.50±3.74), (12.83± 4.36), (21.47 ± 7.74)% after the treatment in the control group, the differences of hear and understand, retelling, say, read aloud were significant (t=2.263-3.991, P<0.05 or 0.01). There were significant differences in hear and understand, retelling, say, read aloud, transcription, dictation, calculation after the treatment between two groups (t=2.510-10.298, all P<0.05). The score of satisfaction was (94.36 ± 5.55) in the experimental group and (88.25 ± 5.46) points in the control group, and there was significant difference (t=4.299, P<0.01). Conclusions Continuing language rehabilitation nursing can improve the recovery of the language function of the motor aphasia patients with a brain stroke.

Expressive aphasia as the manifestation of hyperglycemic crisis in type 2 diabetes

No abstract available.

The related factors of post-stroke depression and nursing intervention in patients with motor aphasia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the related factors and nursing interventional methods of depression in patients with motor aphasia after stroke. Methods The Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire-Hospital version (SADQ-H) was used to diagnose depression of 271 patients with motor aphasia after stroke. The association of post-stroke depression with social factors, vascular risk factors and stroke features were analyzed. The relationship between depression severity and aphasia severity were analyzed. A total of 166 patients with depression were divided into the control group and the observation group to carry out different nursing interventional methods. Results The incidence of post-stroke depression in patients with motor aphasia was 61.3%(166/271). The occurrence of post-stroke depression was correlated with female (χ2=5.580, P=0.02) , age less than 60 years old (χ2=4.390, P=0.04) , living alone (χ2=5.400, P=0.02) , recent negative events (χ2=4.420, P=0.04). The multi-factor Logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of post-stroke depression was independently associated with female (OR=2.58, 95%CI 2.12-3.86, P<0.01), age less than 60 years old(OR=2.62, 95%CI 2.16-3.94, P<0.01), living alone(OR=2.59, 95%CI 2.13-3.92, P<0.01). After 4 weeks of nursing intervention, there were significant differences in SADQ-H scores (t=2.94, P=0.002) and distribution of Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE) (χ2=14.045,P=0.000) between the control group and the observation group. Conclusions Female, ages less than 60 years old, living alone are independent risk factors of post-stroke depression in motor aphasia patients. The degree of depression is associated with aphasia severity. The early nursing intervention can improve the depression status and promote recovery of the language function of patients with motor aphasia after stroke.

Mechanism of anomia in Chinese Broca aphasia patients / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To explore the mechanism of anomia in Broca aphasia patients.Methods Chinese aphasiaexamination method was used to screen Broca aphasia patients.Twenty Broca aphasia patients and 20 normal people were performed neuropsychological tests:picture naming test,word recognition test,vocabulary classification test and reading a map test.Results The accuracy of reading a map test of patients with Broca aphasia (69.60％) was significantly higher than that of picture naming (9.50％,P＜0.05).Conclusion The glyph conversion semantic function in Chinese Broca aphasia patients is significantly better than function of semantic access speech output.The anomia in Chinese Broca patients with aphasia is mainly due to the difficulties caused by voice activation.