Comparison of the Flexural Strength of Four Core Built up Materials

The aim of this study is to compare the flexural strength of 4 commonly used core build up materials in clinics. Four core built up materials, a cermet cement (ketac silver), a light cure composite, conventional silver amalgam (control group) and zirconomer (zirconia reinforced GIC) were used and were divided into Group A, B and C and D respectively. The root canal of 90 extracted mandibular molars with similar anatomy and morphology were selected. Highest flexural strength was shown by Group A followed by group C, group B and then group D.

Elite Croatian junior taekwondo competitors: morphological characteristics and body composition reference values / Competidores croatas de taekwondo junior de élite: características morfológicas y valores de referencia de composición corporal

SUMMARY: The main purpose of this study was to determine the body composition and anthropometric reference values of male and female junior Croatian taekwondo competitors according to official weight category. Additional aim of the study was to identify possible differences in variables between the weight categories. The sample comprised 247 junior participants of the national taekwondo championships divided into male (N=121) and female (N=126). The variable sample was defined by a set of 8 measurements: Body height (cm), Body mass (kg), Body mass index, Body fat (%), Body fat (kg), Muscle mass (kg), Lean body mass (kg) and Total body water (%). Results confirm previous studies proving that younger taekwondo practitioners have higher levels of body fat than their more experienced peers (seniors). Significant differences were only found between lean and heavy categories. Male junior taekwondo athletes show total body water percentages from 57.4 to 74.8 %, with significantly lower percentages in higher weight categories, while female athletes in heigher categories demonstrate a worrying level of hydration status, therefore endangering their performance and overall health. As the first paper that investigates the reference values of junior taekwondo athletes but based on official weight categories it is especially important as each weight category warrant different body composition requirements, as seen from significant differences across different variables. Future studies should include motor abilities inspection throughout the weight categories and possible use of calculation of metabolic age.

RESUMEN: El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la composición corporal y los valores de referencia antropométricos de los competidores croatas masculinos y femeninos de taekwondo junior según la categoría oficial de peso. Además, se analizó identificar las posibles diferencias en las variables entre las categorías de peso. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 247 participantes junior de los campeonatos nacionales de taekwondo divididos en hombres (N = 121) y mujeres (N = 126). La muestra variable se definió mediante un conjunto de 8 medidas: altura corporal (cm), masa corporal (kg), índice de masa corporal, grasa corporal (%), grasa corporal (kg), masa muscular (kg), masa corporal magra (kg) y agua corporal total (%). Los resultados confirmaron estudios previos que demuestran que los practicantes de taekwondo más jóvenes tienen niveles más altos de grasa corporal que sus pares más experimentados (personas mayores). Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías magra y pesada. Los atletas masculinos de taekwondo junior muestran porcentajes de agua corporal total del 57,4 al 74,8 %, con porcentajes significativamente más bajos en las categorías de peso más alto, mientras que las atletas femeninas en las categorías más altas, demuestran un nivel preocupante de estado de hidratación, poniendo en peligro su rendimiento y salud en general. Como el primer artículo que investiga los valores de referencia de los atletas de taekwondo junior, pero basado en categorías de peso oficiales, es especialmente importante ya que cada categoría de peso garantiza diferentes requisitos de composición corporal, como se puede observar en las diferencias significativas entre las diversas variables. Los estudios futuros deberían incluir un análisis de las habilidades motoras en todas las categorías de peso y el posible uso del cálculo de la edad metabólica.

Effects of two common acellular methods on the physicochemical properties of dermal acellular matrix / 生物医学工程学杂志

At present, acellular matrix is an effective replacement material for the treatment of skin damage, but there are few systematic evaluation studies on its performance. The experimental group of this study used two decellularization methods to prepare the matrix: one was the acellular matrix which sterilized with peracetic acid first (0.2% PAA/4% ethanol solution) and then treated with hypertonic saline (group A), the other was 0.05% trypsin/EDTA decellularization after γ irradiation (group B); and the control group was soaked in PBS (Group C). Then physical properties and chemical composition of the three groups were detected. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining showed that the acellular effect of group B was good. The porosity of group A and B were both above 84.9%. In group A, the compressive modulus of elasticity was (9.94 ± 3.81) MPa, and the compressive modulus of elasticity was (12.59 ± 5.50) MPa in group B. There was no significant difference between group A or B and group C. The total content of collagen in acellular matrix of group A and B was significantly lower than that of group C (1. 662 ± 0.229) mg/g, but there was no significant difference in the ratio of collagen Ⅰ/Ⅲ between group B and group C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that there was no significant difference in microstructure. Qualitative detection of fibronectin and elastin in each group was basically consistent with that in group C. Therefore, acellular matrix of group B had better performance as scaffold material. The experimental results show that the acellular matrix prepared by γ-ray sterilization and decellularization of 0.05% Trypsin enzyme/EDTA could be used for the construction of tissue-engineered skin. It could also provide reference for the preparation and mounting of heterogeneous dermal acellular matrix. It was also could be used for electrostatic spinning or three-dimensional printed tissue engineered skin scaffold which could provide physical and chemical parameters for it.

Does pigment incorporation into regular composite resins for posterior buildups alter their bond strength?

Abstract Posterior build-ups are auxiliary devices to orthodontic treatment which are made with resin-based or glass ionomer composites. Their removal requires care to protect the tooth surface, therefore, pigmented materials are preferred for a better visualization. This study proposed a pigmentation experimental technique of a regular composite resin, evaluating the microshear bond strength test (µ-SBT) of this experimental pigmented resin and comparing with a blue-colored polyacid-modified composite resin, used for posterior buildups. Forty-eight buccal and lingual surfaces of human teeth were used and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=12). The groups were divided into: C (control), regular composite resin; P, regular composite resin pigmented; UBL, Ultra Band Lok™; OB, Ortho Bite™. The composites were bonded using a matrix to obtain microcylinders and prepared for each experimental groups. The samples were then stored in distilled water for 24h at 37°C followed by a µ-SBT. The types of bond failures were evaluated using a stereoscopic magnifying glass (10×). The data were analyzed by ANOVA with Fisher post hoc and Dunnett´s test. Means of µ-SBT± standard deviation (MPa) were: C (39.98a±13.0), P (40.09a± 14.3); UBL (33.26ab±8.6); OB (28.70b±5.5). The most prevalent type of failure was adhesive (80.4%). Further, was not observed a statistically significant correlation between the bond strength values and failure patterns. The pigmentation of a commercially available resin did not alter the µ-SBT and exhibited similar adhesiveness as a polyacid-modified composite resin.

Resumo Levantes de mordida posterior são dispositivos para o tratamento ortodôntico confeccionados com resinas compostas ou materiais ionoméricos. Cuidado com a remoção destes se faz necessário para proteção da superfície dentária; para tanto, materiais pigmentados são preferidos por proporcionar melhor visualização. Este estudo propõe uma técnica de pigmentação experimental de resinas compostas convencionais, avaliando a resistência ao microcisalhamento (µ-SBT) na interface de união da resina experimental e superfície de esmalte dental e comparando-a com materiais comercialmente disponíveis para a confecção de levantes de mordida. Quarenta e oito superfícies de dentes humanos foram selecionadas aleatoriamente e divididos em quatro grupos (n=12), de acordo com o material adesivo utilizado: C (Controle, resina composta convencional); P (pigmentação experimental da resina composta convencional); UBL (Ultra Band Lok®); OB (Ortho Bite®). Microcilindros foram preparados para cada tipo de compósito utilizando uma matriz de silicone. As amostras foram mantidas em água destilada por 24h a 37°C, antes da realização do µ-SBT. Os padrões de fratura foram avaliados através de uma lupa estereoscópica com magnificação de 10x. ANOVA com pós teste de Fisher e teste de Dunnett foram utilizados para avaliar os dados. As médias obtidas do µ-SBT ± desvio padrão (MPa) foram: C (39.98a±13.0), P (40.09a± 14.3); UBL (33.26ab±8.6); OB (28.70b±5.5). O tipo de fratura mais prevalente foi a adesiva (80.4%). Além disso, não foi observada correlação estatisticamente significante entre os valores de resistência de união e os padrões de fratura. A técnica de pigmentação experimental não alterou os resultados de µ-SBT da resina composta convencional e mostrou adesividade semelhante à dos compósitos modificados por poliácidos utilizados neste estudo.

Fundamental aspects of synthetic biology / 生物工程学报

Synthetic biology is an emerging interdisciplinary research field. By designing and constructing new or re-designing the existing natural systems, it confers them novel functions, which do not exist in nature. Owing to the predictability and controllability, synthetic biology attracts more and more interest from biologists, physicists, and engineers. Synthetic biology approaches not only can be widely used for biotechnological applications but also can be used to study complex biological systems to address fundamental questions. Here, we reviewed the recent studies following the concept of "build-to-understand", particularly, the studies to understand intracellular network structure, cell physiology, the behavior of multicellular populations, and ecosystems.

The Experimental Assessment Of Build Up Factor And Attenuation Coefficient Of Brass Compensator Applied In Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (Imrt) For 6mv Photon Beam

Introduction: Recent compensators are commonly applied in IMRT. The precise properties of applied compensators such as thickness, attenuation coefficient and build up factor are intensively important for IMRT calculations. Method: The brass compensator used for 6 MV photon beam was studied to estimate the relative effect of thickness and field size on IMRT calculations. Various field size together with several compensator thicknesses were examined. Result: The average reduction of effective attenuation coefficient (EAC), for the fields of 10×10 cm2 to 20×20 cm2, was 9.94%. By increasing the field size, EAC was decreased. The major reduction of EAC due to increasing field size was found to be 9.62%. The build up factor was increased by 2% to 21.8% respect to field size and compensator thickness. Also, the build up factor was increased by adding up the thickness. The rate of changes ranged from 24% to 48 %.Conclusion: The compensator thickness and field size are significantly important to calculate the effective attenuation coefficient and build up facto

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among students with different levels of physical activity

Civilisation changes helped to improve living conditions in societies but at the same time they posed numerous new threats to the health of a contemporary human. The aim of the work was to define differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome risk factors in male and female sports university students with different levels of physical activity. The study included 164 female and 174 male first-year students of the Department of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska. Body weight and height, circumference of waist, hips, arm and calf as well as elbow and knee breadth were measured. BMI and WHR were calculated. Fat tissue was assessed and the levels of glucose, lipid profile, pulse and blood pressure were taken. Moreover, physical activity and a diet of students were determined. Female and male students of physical education and sport demonstrated a higher level of daily physical activity, which was statistically significant compared to other students. However, different levels of physical activity did not influence their diet or the results of their biochemical and physiological tests. Healththreatening factors were noted in a significant number of the examined women and men(AU)

Los cambios sociales han ayudado a mejorar las condiciones de vida de la comunidad, pero al mismo tiempo han causado la aparición de muchos riesgos para la salud del hombre, los cuales antes habian sido desconocidos. El propósito de este estudio es identificar las diferencias en la frecuencia de los factores causantes del síndrome metabólico, específicas para estudiantes de ambos sexos de una universidad de deporte, contienen actividad física. Se han examinado a 164 chicas y 174 chicos de primer curso de la universidad de deporte en Biala Podlaska. Han sido pesados, y su altura, cintura, caderas, brazos, piernas y el ancho y la base del brazo y la rodilla han sido medidas. Se ha calculado el tamaño del IMC y la RCC. Se ha estimado la cantidad de grasa corporal y se ha determinado el nivel de glucosa, perfil lipídico, la frecuencia cardíaca y la presión arterial. Se ha especificado la actividad física y la dieta de los estudiantes. Los estudiantes de educación física y deporte, en relación con los estudiantes de otras carreras, se caracterizan por un nivel significativamente más alto de la actividad física diaria. Por el contrario, los diferentes niveles de la actividad física no se reflejan en sus hábitos alimenticios, ni en los resultados de la investigación bioquímica y fisiológica. En una gran cantidad de mujeres y hombres encuestados se han observado factores de riesgo para la salud(AU)

Periodontal Supportive Care: Aesthetic and Functional Restoration with Acrylic Gingival Veneer

@#This case involved periodontal supportive care after non-surgical management of localized, severe chronic periodontitis (possibly with a history of aggressive periodontitis) and periodontal abscess. This included maintaining the current periodontal health, and rehabilitation of patient’s oral function and aesthetic concern using simple, economical and reversible direct restorations without further damaging the patient’s dentition for example composite resin as splint. Besides that, to address the patient’s complaint of unsightly gaps in between the teeth, an acrylic gingival prosthesis with denture tooth incorporated was constructed.

Generalidades de la imagen corporal y sus implicaciones en el deporte / Overview of the body image and its implications in sport

Antecedentes. La imagen corporal es la representación del cuerpo que cada individuo construye en su mente. Estarepresentación contempla dos componentes: imagen corporal propiamente dicha y esquema corporal, los cuales son influenciados a partir de la interacción de los individuos con su entorno. Objetivo. El presente documento hace parte del marco teórico del estudio Imagen corporal en futbolistas, y revisa las generalidades de la imagen corporal en relación con su construcción, desarrollo, componentes, dimensiones e implicaciones en el deporte. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, SciELO, Science Direct y Google Académico entre los años 1996 y 2014, introduciendo los términos: Imagen corporal en deporte, modelo interno en control motor, evaluación de imagen corporal y esquema corporal. Resultados. Se encontraron 48 artículos, 11 en español, 36 en inglés y uno en portugués, los cuales abordaron la imagen corporal como un constructo multidimensional que tiene implicación directa sobre el movimiento corporal de los individuos y su entorno. Conclusiones. La imagen corporal es dinámica, se construye y modifica a lo largo de la vida a partir de estímulos sensoriales en términos de cuerpo y espacio, así como de estímulos socioculturales involucrados en la autoestima y el rendimiento deportivo. El desarrollo de programas de actividad físico-deportiva genera un impacto positivo sobre la imagen corporal en todas las edades, siempre y cuando se tengan presentes parámetros específicos de entrenamiento.

Background. Body image is the representation of the body that each individual constructs in his mind. This includes two components: body image itself and body schema, which are influenced from the interaction of individuals with their environment. Objective. This document is part of the theoretical framework of the study, Body image in soccer players, and includes a review of the generalities of body image in relation to its construction, development, components, dimensions and implications in sport. Materials and Methods. A search was conducted using the databases PubMed, SciELO, Science Direct and Google Scholar between 1996 and 2014, with the terms body image in sport, internal model in motor control, body image evaluation, and body schema. Results. 48 articles-11 in Spanish, 36 in English and one in Portuguese-were found, which addressed body image as a multidimensional construct having direct implication in body movement of individuals and their environment. Conclusions. Body image is dynamic, constructed and modified throughout life based on sensory stimuli in terms of body and space, plus sociocultural stimuli involved in self-esteem and athletic performance. The development of programs for physical and sporting activities generates a positive impact on body image at all ages as long as specific training parameters are taken.

"Study on ""four-step"" teaching methods in traditional Chinese medicine course" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To evaluate the results of Four-Step methods in traditional Chinese medicine Course.Methods 40 five-academic-year clinical medical students and 40 seven-academicyear undergraduate students were randomized assigned into experimental group (n=40, 20 five-academicyear clinical medical students and 20 seven-academic-year students) and control group (n=40, 20 five-academic-year students and 20 seven-academic-year students).The control group received conventional teaching, while four-step teaching break the gap between Chinese medicine and western medicine, build the base, form the framework of Chinese medicine and extend knowledge was implemented in the experimental group.Through questionnaire score, group discussion, the final evaluation of the theory and clinical training evaluation, the learning of the experimental group students and the control group students was compared.SPSS 18.0 statistical software was used and t test was employed to make analysis of the relevant data.Results The questionnaire at the end of the semester showed that the average score of students in the experimental group (36.18 ± 0.96) was higher than that in the control group (26.62 ± 1.00), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.017).In the discussion at the end of the semester, the experimental group paid more attention to the theory and technology of traditional Chinese medicine's learning persistence in future and its application in their professional practice.Scores in theory test were higher in seven-academic-year students in experimental group (88.40 ± 8.79) than in control group (82.15 ± 6.83) and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.017), but there was no difference in five-academic-year students between experimental group (75A0 ± 12.09) and control group (77.85 ± 11.99), which was not considered statistically significant different (P=0.524).In clinical practice, the rate of outstanding students in the experimental group of seven-academic-year was five percentage points higher than the control group, while the rate of outstanding students in the experimental group of five-academic-year was 10 percentage points higher than the control group.Conclusions Four step teaching is helpful to stimulating the learning enthusiasm of the students of traditional Chinese medicine, expanding students' vision of medical field, and promoting their construction of a more comprehensive medical knowledge framework.

"Insights on the campaign of ""Healthy China""" / 中华医院管理杂志

In an effort to achieve the goal of building a healthy China by 2020, the 13th Five-Year Plan of the healthcare system must be compiled on scientific basis.Three breakthroughs must be made as follows:the first is to build a quantitative and qualitative indicator system for Healthy China;the second is breakthrough in management of the primary healthcare system;the third is to break through major roadblocks in the healthcare reform.

Explore the construction of thesaurus in the ancient literature of traditional Chinese medicine digital construction / 国际中医中药杂志

Chinese medical thesaurus was constructed setting knowledge element as the core and knowledge classification as the basis. In making the full use of our previous traditional knowledge classification research on traditional knowledge protection of TCM, the ancient literature of TCM knowledge classification system was constructed. The construction of TCM ancient books thesaurus plays a vital role in ancient Chinese medicine resource description, intelligent retrieval and knowledge discovery. This article disscussed the necessity of constructing Chinese medical thesaurus and the problems need to pay attention to in the process of building from three points of the Chinese medical thesaurus construction idea, plan, and the relevant system construction.

Establishment of linear accelerator-based image guided radiotherapy for orthotopic 4T1 mouse mammary tumor model / 한국실험동물학회지

This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for orthotopic 4T1 mouse mammary tumor using linear accelerator (LINAC). Eighteen Balb/C mice were inoculated with 4T1 cells on left mammary fat pad and nine of them were irradiated using LINAC. Tumors, planning target volumes (PTV), bowels adjacent to tumors, bones and lungs were delineated on planning CT images. IGRT plans were generated to irradiate prescription dose to at least 90% of the PTV and then compared with conventional 2-dimensional plans with anterior-posterior and posterior-anterior beams with 5 mm margins (2D AP/PA plan). Homemade dose-build-up-cradle was designed to encompass mouse bed for homogeneous dose build up. To confirm the irradiated dose, tumor doses were measured using diode detector placed on the surface of tumors. Plan comparison demonstrated equivalent doses to PTV while sparing more doses to normal tissues including bowel (from 90.9% to 40.5%, median value of mean doses) and bone marrow (from 12.9% to 4.7%, median value of mean doses) than 2D AP/PA plan. Quality assurance using diode detector confirmed that IGRT could deliver 95.3-105.3% of the planned doses to PTV. Tumors grew 505.2-1185.8% (mean 873.3%) in the control group and 436.1-771.8% (mean 615.5%) in the irradiated group. These results demonstrate that LINAC-based IGRT provides a reliable approach with accurate dose delivery in the radiobiological study for orthotropic tumor model maintaining tumor microenvironment.

The effect of thermocycling on fracture toughness and hardness of different core build up materials.

Introduction: Core build up materials are routinely used to restore grossly decayed teeth and in the oral environment they are subjected to changes in the temperature due to consumption of hot and cold food. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermocycling on the fracture toughness and hardness of 5 core build up materials. Materials and Methods: Fifteen specimens were prepared for each of the following materials: DPI alloy, Miracle‑mix, Vitremer, Fuji II LC and Photocore. American Standard for Testing Materials guidelines were used for the preparation of single‑edge notch, bar‑shaped specimens. Ten specimens of each material were thermocycled for 2000 cycles and the other 5 specimens were not thermocycled (non‑thermocycled group). All specimens were subjected to 3-point bending in a universal testing machine. The load at fracture was recorded and the fracture toughness (KIC) was calculated. Vickers hardness test was conducted on the thermocycled and non‑thermocycled group specimens. Results: Photocore had the highest mean KIC in both thermocycled and non‑thermocycled groups. Miracle‑mix demonstrated the lowest mean fracture toughness (KIC) for both thermocycled and non‑thermocycled groups. By applying Mann Whitney ‘U’ test the Vickers hardness value in all materials used in the study is highly superior in non‑thermocycled group as compared to thermocycled group (P < 0.01). Non‑thermocycled Photocore showed highest hardness values of 87.93. Vitremer had lowest hardness of 40.48 in thermocycled group. Conclusion: Thermocycling process negatively affected the fracture toughness and hardness of the core build‑up materials.

On China's detection system on rational drug use / 中华医院管理杂志

A detection system for rational drug use is vital for promoting rational drug use clinically, implementing the primary drugs policy of the state, and encouraging constant improvement of both quality of care and medical safety. This paper presented a summary of international experiences on rational drug use, introduced the initial progress to build a detection system for drug use in China, and came up with analysis on measures to further improve existing defects.

Build of a New-style Asepsis Ward(2) / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To compare the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulated results and field test data of the new-style asepsis ward.METHODS We used various equipments to test the asepsis ward and CFD software to simulate airflow of asepsis ward.RESULTS After calculating and comparing,we found the CFD simulation results agreed well with the tested data.Key design and operating parameters were up to the standard.The new-style of asepsis ward could improve the air quality and provide a comfortable environment for patient treatment and it was of great help to decrease the infection rate of patient.CONCLUSIONS The new-style asepsis ward can significantly control the endogenous infection of patients.

Construction of a New-style Aseptic Ward Part 1 / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE We designed the overall layout,formulated the functional demand,and optimized the key design and operating parameters of a new-style asepsis clean ward.The new-style ward intends to provide a higher quality environment for patient infection control and all-around protection during treatment.METHODS We applied computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation to optimize the design scheme according to Chinese and international hospital design specifications.RESULTS The new-style asepsis ward reflected a new idea,new technology,high standards and created a comfortable and safe,high-quality environment for the treatment of patient.The Satisfaction of patients was more than 95% and workload of nurses was alleviated obviously.CONCLUSIONS The new-style asepsis ward can significantly control the endogenous infection of patients.

A Case of Rhabdomyolysis in a Body-Builder / 대한신장학회지

Rhabdomyolysis is a serious and potentiallylethal disease that can develop from a variety of traumatic and nontraumatic conditions. In this report, the authors describe a case of rhabdomyolysis that occurredafter a body-building tournament. A 32-year-old body-builder was admitted due to quadriplegia and muscle pain. The patient had a serum potassium level of 1.8 mmol/L, creatinine phosphokinase level of 5,414 IU/L and urine myoglobin of 128.1 ng/ml. He had taken anabolic androgenic steroids for 6 months and overate himself with carbohydrate food after the tournament. Possible causes for the rhabdomyolysis were hypokalemia, exercise, and anabolic androgenic steroids, etc. His condition was fully recovered without complications after potassium replacement and general supportive care. Body- builders may be exposed to rhabdomyolysis risk factors such as diet control, weight reduction, and taking steroids. Therefore, special attention and education on rhabdomyolysis should be provided to body-builders.

Crown fractures in maxillary central incisors: 24 months follow-up and clinical outcome in children / Fracturas coronarias en incisivos centrales maxilares: seguimiento de 2 años y resultado clínico en niños

The purpose of this study is to present the results of a group of 5 patients from 7-12 years old for complicated and uncomplicated crown fractures in their maxillary central incisors. A cross sectional survey of series of 5 clinical cases was desined. Re-attachment of coronal fragments and composite restoration the affected teeth were performed. The patients have been recalled for 24 months follow-up period. All teeth to show adequate clinical and radiographic evolution. In relation to the aesthetic considerations, the outcome has been satisfactory. The treatment requires adequate knowledge about diagnosis, treatment plan and biological, aesthetical, functional and economic aspects. Currently, there is great evidence that pulp, restorative and aesthetic prognosis is good, and has improved in the last years. An immediate first emergency attention, to avoid and/or minimize risk of bacterial invasion through dentinal tubules to the pulp tissue should be performed.

El propósito de este estudio es mostrar los resultados de tratamiento por fracturas coronarias complicadas y no complicadas en incisivos centrales maxilares, en un grupo de 5 niños entre 7 y 12 años. Fue realizada una descripción de una serie de 5 casos. Los dientes afectados fueron restaurados con la técnica de reposición de fragmento y/o restauración coronaria con composite. Los pacientes han sido citados a control durante un periodo de seguimiento de 24 meses. Todos los dientes comprometidos han presentado una evolución clínica y radiográfica adecuada. Desde el punto de vista estético, el resultado lo consideramos satisfactorio. El adecuado tratamiento de esta patología, requiere necesariamente tener el conocimiento sobre aspectos de diagnóstico, planificación de tratamiento, aspectos biológicos, estéticos, funcionales y económicos. Actualmente existe una enorme evidencia que el pronóstico pulpar, restaurador y estético para esta patología es muy bueno, y que ha mejorado considerablemente en los últimos años. En condiciones ideales, es necesario realizar una atención de urgencia inmediata para evitar y disminuir el riesgo de invasión bacteriana del complejo dentino-pulpar.

Characteristics of Detectors for Measurements of Photon Depth Doses in Build-Up Region / 의학물리

To determine the appropriate method out of various available methods to measure build-up doses, the measurements and comparisons of depth doses of build-up region including the surface dose were executed using the Attix parallel-plate ionization chamber, the Markus chamber, a cylindrical ionization chamber, and a diode detector. Based on the measurements using the Attix chamber, discrepancies of the Markus chamber were within 2% for the open field and increased up to 3.9% in the case of photon beam containing the contaminant electrons. The measurements of an cylindrical ionization chamber and a diode detector accord with those of the Attix chamber within 1.5% and 1.0% after those detectors were completely immersed in the water phantom. The results suggest that the parallel-plate chamber is the best choice to measure depth doses in the build-up region containing the surface, however, using cylindrical ionization chamber or diode detector would be a reasonable choice if no special care is necessary for the exact surface dose.