Avaliação da ingestão de breu-branco no processo de reparo de incisivos de ratos reimplantados / Evaluation of breu-branco ingestion in the repair process of reimplanted rat incisors

Objetivo: Avaliação histológica da influência da administração sistêmica de solução de Breu-branco, sob o reparo periodontal e pulpar de incisivos de ratos submetidos a reimplante dentário. Material e método: O composto testado foi obtido a partir do fracionamento da resina de P. heptaphyllum (Breu-branco) em coluna cromatográfica e diluído em solução de tween 80. A avulsão foi induzida no incisivo central superior direito de 33 ratos Wistar machos, divididos em três grupos: RI (Reimplante imediato), em que os dentes foram mantidos em meio seco e reimplantados com 5 minutos, RTLI (Reimplante tardio conservado em leite integral), dentes mantidos 60 minutos em leite integral, reimplantados e após os animais foram tratados por 5 dias com soro fisiológico por gavagem, e RTLI+BB (Reimplante tardio conservado em leite integral com administração de solução de breu-branco), os dentes permaneceram 60 minutos em leite integral, reimplantados e os animais foram tratados por 5 dias com breu-branco sistemicamente por gavagem. Após 60 dias foi realizada eutanásia por sobredosagem anestésica e coletada a hemi-maxila direita contendo o incisivo reimplantado. Os cortes histológicos transversais foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina para avaliação histológica em microscopia de luz. Na análise histomorfométrica foram analisadas as características do ligamento periodontal, osso alveolar, cemento, dentina e polpa. Os testes Kruskal-Wallis e post-hoc de Dunn foram utilizados para a comparação entre os grupos. Resultados: Os três grupos no geral apresentaram resultados semelhantes na maioria das variáveis analisadas, somente o grupo RTLI apresentou diferença estatística significativa menor na organização do ligamento periodontal e inflamação aguda em comparação com o grupo controle. Conclusão: A solução de breu-branco apresentou potencial para utilização como medicação sistêmica em casos de reimplante dentário tardio, por mostrar comportamento semelhante ao reimplante imediato no processo de reparo do ligamento periodontal e pulpar(AU)

Objective: Histological evaluation of the influence of systemic administration of Breubranco solution on periodontal and pulpal repair of incisors of rats submitted to dental reimplantation. Material and method: The compound tested was obtained from the fractionation of P. heptaphyllum resin (Breu-branco) in a chromatographic column and diluted in a tween 80 solution. The avulsion was induced in the upper right central incisor of 33 male Wistar rats, divided into three groups: IR (Immediate replantation), in which the teeth were kept in a dry medium and reimplanted after 5 minutes, RTLI (Delayed replantation preserved in whole milk), teeth kept 60 minutes in whole milk, reimplanted and after that the animals were treated for 5 days with saline solution by gavage, and RTLI+BB (Delayed replantation preserved in whole milk with administration of breu-branco solution), the teeth remained 60 minutes in whole milk, reimplanted and the animals were treated for 5 days with breu-branco systemically by gavage. After 60 days, euthanasia was performed by anesthetic overdose and the right hemi-maxilla containing the reimplanted incisor was collected. Cross-sectional histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histological evaluation in light microscopy. In the histomorphometric analysis, the characteristics of the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, cementum, dentin and pulp were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests were used for comparison between groups. Results: The three groups in general showed similar results in most of the variables analyzed, only the RTLI group showed a statistically significant lower difference in the organization of the periodontal ligament and acute inflammation compared to the control group. Conclusion: The breu-branco solution showed potential for use as a systemic medication in cases of late dental replantation, as it behaves similarly to immediate replantation in the repair process of the periodontal ligament and pulp(AU)

A new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoid from Commiphora myrrha / 药学学报

Five cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the n-hexane extract of Commiphora myrrha by using various chromatographic techniques, including silica gel, ODS and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data. These compounds were defined as (3S,4R)-3,9-dimethoxymyrrhone (1), 9-methoxymyrrhone (2), myrrhone (3), commiterpene B (4) and comosone Ⅱ (5). Compound 1 is a new compound, of which the absolute configuration was established by single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 5 is firstly isolated from the Commiphora genus.

Antibacterial substances from leaves of Protium spruceanum (Burseraceae): in vitro and in silico evaluation

Due to the increase of bacterial resistance, the search for new antibiotics is necessary and the medicinal plants represent its most important source. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial property of extract and fractions from Protium spruceanum leaves, against pathogenic bacteria. By means of diffusion and microdilution assays, the crude extract was active against the nine bacteria tested being the hydromethanolic fraction the most active. During phytochemical procedures, procyanidin (1) and catechin (2) were identified as the main antibacterial constituents of this fraction. In silico results obtained using PASSonline tool indicated 1 and 2 as having good potential to interact with different targets of currently used antibiotics. These results no indicated potential to none DNA effect and indicated the cell wall as mainly target. Electrophoresis result supported that had no DNA damage. Cell wall damage was confirmed by propidium iodide test that showed increased membrane permeability and by cell surface deformations observed in scanning electronic microscopy. The in vitro assays together with the in silico prediction results establish the potential of P. spruceanum as source of antibacterial compounds that acts on important bacterial targets. These results contribute to the development of natural substances against pathogenic bacteria and to discovery of new antibiotics.

Uso da mistura de α e ß-amirina como meio de conservação em reimplante dentário / Use of α and ß-amirine mixture as a preservative in dental replantation

A avulsão dentária é considerada o tipo mais grave de trauma dentário, sendo o reimplante considerado o seu melhor tratamento. O controle da inflamação durante o processo de reparo periodontal é de extrema importância, visando impedir a ocorrência da reabsorção radicular no dente reimplantado. A resina extraída da árvore Protium heptaphyllum recebe destaque por suas propriedades antiinflamatórias, tendo como principais componentes a α e ß-amirina. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o processo de reparo do ligamento periodontal de dentes de ratos reimplantados, utilizando a mistura de α e ß-amirina como meio de conservação. Foram utilizados 36 ratos machos, divididos em 3 grupos. Foi extraído o incisivo central superior direito de todos os ratos, deixado no respectivo meio de conservação e depois reimplantado. A divisão dos grupos foi realizada de acordo com o meio de conservação utilizado por um período de 20 minutos, após o dente permanecer 20 minutos em meio seco, sendo: Grupo SO ­ soro fisiológico 0,9%; Grupo AMSC - solução de α e ß-amirina a 10% diluída em tween 80, sem tratamento de canal; e Grupo AMCC - solução de α e ß-amirina a 10% diluída em tween 80, com tratamento de canal. Após 60 dias foi realizada a eutanásia dos ratos através de perfusão transcardíaca e posterior processamento histológico. Os cortes obtidos foram corados em Hematoxilina e Eosina e Picrosirius Red para estudo histomorfométrico em microscopia de luz e polarização, respectivamente. Foi avaliada a área de fibras colágenas, matriz extracelular e vasos sanguíneos, número de perfil nuclear, organização do ligamento periodontal, extensão e intensidade do processo inflamatório, reabsorção dentária e anquilose. Os testes Kruskal-Wallis e post-hoc de Bonferoni foram utilizados para a comparação entre os grupos (α=0,05). Dentre as diferenças significativas observou-se: O terço apical da raiz no grupo AMCC apresentou maior porcentagem de área de vasos sanguíneos em comparação ao grupo SO. O mesmo também apresentou na análise das fibras colágenas, menor área de fibras Tipo I e maior área de fibras Tipo III, em contrapartida o grupo AMSC apresentou a maior área de fibras tipo I e menor de fibras tipo III. As outras variáveis foram semelhantes entre os três grupos. Conclui-se que a mistura de α e ß-amirina possui potencial para utilização como meio de conservação em avulsão dentária, no entanto necessita de mais estudos em outras concentrações e meio de diluição para utilização tópica(AU)

Tooth avulsion is considered the most severe type of dental trauma, and replantation is considered its best treatment. Inflammation control during the periodontal repair process is extremely important, aiming to prevent the occurrence of root resorption in the reimplanted tooth. The resin extracted from the Protium heptaphyllum tree is highlighted for its anti-inflammatory properties, having as main components α and ßamirine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal ligament repair process of reimplanted rat teeth, using the α and ß-amirine mixture as a preservative. Thirty six male rats were divided into 3 groups. The right upper central incisor was extracted from all rats, left in their preservation medium and then reimplanted. The groups were divided according to the preservation medium used for a period of 20 minutes, after the tooth remained 20 minutes in a dry medium, as follows: Group SO - saline 0.9%; AMSC Group - 10% α and ß-amirine solution diluted in tween 80, without root canal treatment; and AMCC Group - 10% α and ß-amirine solution diluted in tween 80, with root canal treatment. After 60 days the rats were euthanized by transcardiac perfusion and subsequent histological processing. The obtained sections were stained in Hematoxylin and Eosin and Picrosirius Red for histomorphometric study in light and polarization microscopy, respectively. Collagen fibers area, extracellular matrix and blood vessels, number of nuclear profile, periodontal ligament organization, extent and intensity of inflammatory process, bone and dental resorption and ankylosis were evaluated. Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferoni post-hoc tests were used for comparison between groups (α = 0.05). Among the significant differences were observed: The apical third of the root in the AMCC group presented a higher percentage of blood vessel area compared to the SO group. It also presented in the analysis of collagen fibers, the smallest area of Type I fibers and the largest area of Type III fibers, in contrast, the AMSC group presented the largest area of Type I fibers and the smallest type III fibers. The other variables were similar between the three groups. It is concluded that the mixture of α and ß-amirine has potential for use as a storage medium for dental avulsion, however further studies are required at other concentrations and dilution medium for topical use(AU)

Fungal endophytes isolated from Protium heptaphyllum and Trattinnickia rhoifolia as antagonists of Fusarium oxysporum / Endófitos fúngicos aislados de Protium heptaphyllum y Trattinnickia rhoifolia como antagonistas de Fusarium oxysporum

Control of fungal pathogens is mainly addressed by the use of chemically synthesized fungicides which result in environmental pollution, developing resistance after prolonged use. In this context, endophytes have been recognized as potential biocontrollers, and also as a promising source of antifungal metabolites. Therefore, as part of our research on phytopathogen controllers, 355 fungal endophytes were isolated from Protium heptaphyllum and Trattinnickia rhoifolia (Burseraceae), both ethnobotanically important tree species that produce secondary metabolites of agronomic and industrial interest. Endophytes were tested by in vitro dual culture against Fusarium oxysporum, a phytopathogen of agronomic importance. Five endophytes exerted at least 40% inhibition on F. oxysporum growth. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts were obtained from the most active antagonistic fungi, after growing them in three different liquid media. The extracts were tested against a conidial suspension of F. oxysporum by direct bioautography. Two extracts derived from fungi identified as Chaetomium globosum, F211JJMNG and Meyerozima sp. F281.UMNG showed inhibition of pathogen growth. Isolate C. globosum, F211JJMNG was selected for a chemical analysis by RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and antifungal molecules such as cladosporin, chaetoatrosin A and chaetoviridin A were annotated and identified based on their MS data.

El control de patógenos fúngicos se basa principalmente en el uso de fungicidas de síntesis química, los que pueden dar lugar a la contaminación del medio ambiente y el desarrollo de resistencia después de un uso prolongado. En este contexto, los endófitos han sido reconocidos como potenciales biocontroladores y también como fuentes prometedoras de metabolitos secundarios antifúngicos. En el marco de nuestra investigación sobre controladores de fitopatógenos, se aislaron 355 hongos endófitos de Protium heptaphyllum y Trattinnickia rhoifolia (Burseraceae), especies arbóreas de valor etnobotánico que producen metabolitos secundarios de interés agronómico e industrial. Los endófitos fueron evaluados in vitro en cultivos duales frente a Fusarium oxysporum, un fitopatógeno de importancia agronómica. Cinco endófitos mostraron al menos un 40% de inhibición en el crecimiento de F. oxysporum. Una vez determinados los hongos más activos, estos se cultivaron en 3 medios líquidos diferentes y a partir de ellos se preparó una serie de extractos solubles en acetato de etilo. Los extractos fueron probados contra una suspensión de conidios de F. oxysporum por bioautografía directa. Dos extractos derivados de los hongos identificados como Chaetomium globosum (F211.UMNG) y Meyerozima sp. (F281JJMNG) mostraron inhibición del crecimiento del patógeno. En el extracto derivado del hongo C. globosum se anotaron e identificaron los compuestos antifúngicos cladosporina, chaetoatrosina A y chaetoviridina A mediante el análisis por RP-HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS.

Report on the Malungo expedition to the Erepecuru river, Oriximiná, Brazil. Part I: is there a difference between black and white breu?

ABSTRACT Species belonging to Burseraceae produce an oleoresin known in the north of Brazil as breu. They comprise an essential oil with a complex composition, and are used in Amazonia for smoking the environment, to caulk boats and for medicinal purposes. Depending on its organoleptic characteristics and on the breu-producing species, they are called white or black breu. In this work, we provide data about the breu-producing species occurring in the quilombola region of the Erepecuru river, the chemical composition, and whether it is possible to differentiate them based on their chemical composition and/or botanical identification. Aerial samples from breu trees and oleoresins were collected from 10 different individuals at 6 different sites on the Erepecuru river under the guidance of the quilombolas. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by GC–MS. From the analysis, 126 different substances were identified, with a large quantitative and qualitative variation. To better understand the chemical variations within the samples and to sort the variation into the categories of white or black breu as identified by the quilombola, we sorted the oil samples into five different sets according to their major compounds (A: δ-3-carene; B: p-cymene; C: γ-cadinene/p-cymene; D: limonene, β-phellandrene/α-terpineol; E: α-pinene/limonene). Essential oils from samples of white breu had the highest concentration of α-pinene, while a similarity in chemical composition could not be established for the black breu samples (sets A, B and C). Furthermore, a chemical similarity between a black breu (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand) and a white breu (Protium decandrum (Aubl.) Marchand) sample was evidenced. In conclusion, it is difficult to establish definitions for white and black breu based on chemical, botanical or regional names. This designation is more cultural and regional than scientific and is based on the oleoresin production volume, its color aspect and scent.

Antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T.panamensis, T. rhoifolia and Ocotea sp / Capacidad antioxidante y contenido de fenoles totales de hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia, y Ocotea sp / Capacidade antioxidante e conteúdo de fenóis totais de Hyptis spp., P. heptaphyllum, T. panamensis, T. rhoifolia, e Ocotea sp

In this work, the possible correlation between the antioxidant activities and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and chemical composition of Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis), and Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.) were evaluated. The Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity or the Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA) was determined by using a colorimetric assay with the ABTS radical cation, Effective Concentration (EC50) was evaluated with the DPPH radical, and the TPC was established by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, for ethanolic extracts obtained by cold maceration and evaporation to dryness. Both the TAA and the EC50 were highly correlated with the TPC. The barks of T. rhoifolia and T. panamensis demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacities. The Burseraceae spp. exhibited the highest TPC, and the Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) demonstrated the lowest TPC.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a possível correlação entre as atividades antioxidantes, o conteúdo de fenóis totais e a composição química de Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis), e Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.). Para os extratos de etanol obtidos por maceração em frio e evaporação até a secura, a Capacidade Antioxidante Equivalente ao Trolox ou à Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT), foi determinada por meio de um ensaio colorimétrico com o cátion radical ABTS, a concentração eficaz (EC50) foi avaliada com o radical DPPH, e o Conteúdo de Fenóis Totais (CFT) foi estabelecido pelo método do Folin-Ciocalteu. Tanto a AAT quanto a EC50 estiveram altamente relacionadas com a CFT. A casca de T. rhoifolia e T. panamensis apresentaram as maiores capacidades antioxidantes. As Burseraceae spp. apresentaram o CFT mais alto, e as Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) apresentaram o CFT mais baixo.

En este trabajo se evaluó la posible correlación entre las actividades antioxidantes, el contenido de fenoles totales (CFT) y la composición química de Lamiaceae (H. conferta, H. dilatata, H. mutabilis, H. suaveolens), Burseraceae (P. heptaphyllum, T. rhoifoila, T. panamensis) y Lauraceae (Ocotea sp.). Para los extractos etanólicos obtenidos por maceración en frio y evaporación a sequedad, la Capacidad Antioxidante Equivalente al Trolox o la Actividad Antioxidante Total (AAT), fueron determinadas mediante un ensayo colorimétrico con el catión radical ABTS, la Concentración Efectiva (EC50) fue evaluada con el radical DPPH, y el Contenido de Fenoles Totales (CFT), fue establecido mediante el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Tanto la AAT como la EC50 estuvieron altamente correlacionados con el CFT. Las cortezas de T. rhoifolia y T. panamensis mostraron las capacidades antioxidantes más altas. Las Burseraceae spp. mostraron los TPC más altos y las Lamiaceae (Hyptis spp.) mostraron los TPC más bajos.

Triterpenes and Acylglycerols from Canarium ovatum.

Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Canarium ovatum Engl. afforded β- amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b), epi-β-amyrin (2a), epi-α-amyrin (2b), epi-lupeol (2c), β-carotene (3) and lutein (4); while the twigs yielded 1a-1b. The dichloromethane extracts of the fruits of C. ovatum yielded triacylglycerols (5); the mesocarp also afforded 1a, 1b, 1,2-dioleylglycerol (6), and monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; the nutshell also provided 6; and the kernel also yielded monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The structures of 1-6 and the fatty acids were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Metabolitos volátiles presentes en Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. colectado en Tame (Arauca - Colombia) / Volatil metabolites of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. from Tame (Arauca-Colombia)

This paper reports the identification of volatile components of the leaves, flowers, resin of the stem, and bark of the branches of the tree Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. collected from East Plains, Orinoquia, Colombia. The main constituents identified by GC-MS in the volatile fraction of the leaves were guaiol (14,4 percent), alpha-copaene (8,6 percent), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (8,1 percent), beta-cariophyllene (5,7 percent), and gamma-cadinene (5,4 percent). Germacrene D (13,9 percent), germacrene B (13,4 percent), bicyclogermacrene (11,8 percent), and limonene (8,3 percent) were determined in the flowers, while p-cymene (30,1 percent), alpha-pinene (22,1 percent), and limonene (14,4 percent) were identified in the resin; finally, germacrene D (27,7 percent), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (7,9 percent), guaiol (7,4 percent), and gamma-cadinene (6,9 percent) were found in the bark. The analysis of the resin showed a high percent of monoterpenes (- 60 percent); while the leaves presented a high content of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (- 60 percent); flowers and bark showed a high composition of sesquiterpenes (40-50 percent).

En este trabajo se reporta la identificación de los componentes volátiles de hojas, flores, resina del tallo y corteza de las ramas del árbol Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March. recolectado en los Llanos Orientales, Orinoquía, Colombia. Los constituyentes mayoritarios identificados por GC-MS en la fracción volátil de las hojas fueron guaiol (14,4 por ciento), alfa-copaeno (8,6 por ciento), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (8,1 por ciento), trans-beta-cariofileno (5,7 por ciento) gamma -cadineno (5,4 por ciento). Germacreno D (13,9 por ciento), germacreno B (13,4 por ciento), biciclogermacreno (11,8 por ciento) y limoneno (8,3 por ciento) se determinaron en las flores, mientras que, p-cimeno (30,1 por ciento), alfa-pineno (22,1 por ciento) y limoneno (14,4 por ciento) se identificaron en la resina; finalmente, germacreno D (27,7 por ciento), 1,10-di-epi-cubenol (7,9 por ciento), guaiol (7,4 por ciento) gamma -cadineno (6,9 por ciento) se encontraron en la corteza. El análisis de la resina mostró un alto porcentaje de monoterpenos (- 60 por ciento); mientras que, las hojas presentaron una alta proporción de sesquiterpenos oxigenados (- 60 por ciento); las flores y la corteza mostraron una alta composición de sesquiterpenos (40-50 por ciento).

Chemical composition of the essential oil from the bark Bursera tomentosa (Jacq) Tr & Planch / Composición química del aceite esencial de la corteza de Bursera tomentosa (Burseraceae) (Jacq) Tr & Planch

The bark of Bursera tomentosa was collected at full flowering stage in September 2002 at Cabudare, Lara State. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and it was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty eight components were identified which made up 90.1 percent of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were: spatulenol (11.4 percent, globulol (8.9 percent), epi alpha Cadinol (8.8 percent) and cis-ocimene (7.3 percent).

La corteza de Bursera tomentosa, fue recolectada en estado de floración en el mes de septiembre 2002 en Cabudare, Estado Lara. El aceite esencial fue obtenido por hidrodestilación y analizado por CG y CG/EM. Se identificó veinte y ocho compuestos que constituyen el 90.1por ciento del aceite. Los constituyentes mayoritarios del aceite esencial fueron spatulenol (11.4 por ciento), globulol (8.9 por ciento), epi-alfa-cadinol (8.8 por ciento) y cis-ocimeno (7.3 por ciento).

Duas novas espécies de Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) do Brasil, com chave para as espécies / Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Brazil, with an identification key of species

Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia e Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, duas novas espécies de Cecidomyiidae que induzem galhas cônicas em gemas de Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae) e enrolamentos da borda da folha de Protium brasiliense (Spr.) Engl. (Burseraceae), são descritas e ilustradas (larva, pupa, macho, e fêmea) baseado em material do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Uma chave de segregação para as espécies conhecidas de Lopesia é dada.

Lopesia erythroxyli Rodrigues & Maia and Lopesia maricaensis Rodrigues & Maia, two new species of Cecidomyiidae that induce conical galls on bud of Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr (Erythroxylaceae) and on marginal leaf roll of Protium brasiliense (Spr.) Engl. (Burseraceae), are described and ilustrated (larva, pupa, male, and female) based on material from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A key to the known species of Lopesia is given.

Chemical composition of the essential oils from two subspecies of Protium heptaphyllum / Composição química do óleo essencial de duas subespécies do Protium heptaphyllum

Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the volatile constituents from resin of Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subsp. ulei (Swat) Daly (PHU), and Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subsp. heptaphyllum (PHH), Burseraceae were performed using GC-MS and GC-FID. The resins were collected around the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, state of Acre, Brazil. Essential oils from the two subspecies were extracted by hydrodistillation with a yield of 8.6 percent (PHU) and 11.3 percent (PHH); the main components were terpinolene (42.31 percent) and p-cymene (39.93 percent) for subspecies ulei (PHU) and heptaphyllum (PHH), respectively.

As análises qualitativa e quantitativa dos óleos essenciais obtidos das resinas das espécies Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subespécie ulei (Swat) Daly (PHU) e Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand subespécie heptaphyllum (PHH), Burseraceae, foram realizadas utilizando cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM) e cromatografia a gás com detector de chama (CG-DIC). As resinas foram coletadas no Município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brasil. O óleo essencial das oleoresinas foi extraído por hidrodestilação fornecendo rendimento 8,6 por cento para PHU e 11,3 por cento para PHH. Os monoterpenos terpinoleno (42.31 por cento) e p-cimeno (39.93 por cento) foram os constituintes principais para PHU e PHH, respectivamente.

Efeitos dos triterpenos a- e ß-amirina e de seus derivados acetilados no sistema nervoso central [manuscrito] / Effects of a- and ß-amyrin triterpenes and its acetylated derivatives in the central nervous system [manuscript]

A mistura triterpênica de α- e β-amirina (AMI) é obtida da planta Protium heptaphyllum Aubl March (Família Burseraceae), comum em vários estados brasileiros e conhecida popularmente como breu branco, também é utilizada na prática da medicina popular para tratar várias enfermidades. O acetato de α- e β-amirina (AcAMI) é a forma acetilada desta mistura triterpênica. Vários estudos experimentais já foram feitos utilizando estes triterpenos, mas estudos da ação destes no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da administração destes compostos naturais em camundongos e verificar uma possível atividade sedativa, ansiolítica, antidepressiva e anticonvulsivante, procurando ainda esclarecer por que mecanismos estes compostos agem. A metodologia utilizada foi utilizando testes farmacológicos já descritos na literatura e estudos de doseamento de monoaminas e aminoácidos através de HPLC. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a AMI como o AcAMI mostraram-se bastante ativos farmacologicamente. No teste da Campo Aberto ambas misturas (AMI e AcAMI) administradas por via aguda e sub-crônica demonstraram efeitos sedativos, nas doses de 10, 25 50 mg/kg, após a constatação da diminuição do movimento exploratório dos animais e do número de grooming e de rearing, utilizando o diazepam como controle positivo. No Teste do Plus Maze também ambas as misturas demonstraram atividade ansiolítica aumentando o número de entradas e o tempo de permanência nos braços abertos...

Burseraceae endémicas del Perú

La familia Burseraceae es reconocida en el Perú por presentar seis géneros y 50 especies (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), todos ellos árboles. En este trabajo se reconoce dos endemismos en dos géneros. Estos taxones endémicos ocupan las regiones Bosques Húmedos Amazónicos y Bosques Muy Húmedos Premontanos, entre los 150 y 1300 m de altitud. Ninguno de ellos se encuentra representado dentro del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado.

The Burseraceae are represented in Peru by six genera and 50 species (Brako & Zarucchi, 1993; Ulloa Ulloa et al., 2004), all of them trees. Here we recognize two endemic taxa in two genera. These taxa are found in the Very Humid Lowland Amazonian Forests and Very Humid Premontane Forest regions, between 150 and 1300 m elevation. Neither species has been registered within Peru's protected areas system.

Triterpenos aislados de corteza de Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) y su actividad biologica

Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae), known in Colombia as "sasafrás", is useful for its medicinal properties and is rich in secondary metabolites. In our research, we carried out antimicrobial tests of several fractions and ethanolic extracts from aerial parts against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, that showed growth inhibitory activity when applied at 250 mg/mL for extracts and 150 mg/mL for fractions. We carried out an antiinflamatory assay also, that showed 71 por ciento of inhibition by extracts (81 por ciento of Indomethacin) and 70 por ciento of inhibition by fractions (78 por ciento of Indomethacin). Phytochemical investigation of the bark of Bursera graveolens (Burseraceae) yielded three tetracyclic triterpene acids that have oxygenation in C-3, carboxylic acid in C-21 and unsaturation in C-24 and have been identified as 3-oxotirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (b-elemonic acid), 3a-hydroxytirucalla-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (a-elemolic acid) and 3a-hydroxytirucalla-7,24-dien-21-oic acid. The isolated compounds were identified using spectroscopic methods including one and two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) experiments and comparison with published data. This is the first report of the isolated compounds in Bursera graveolens and they have a very important chemotaxonomic significance within the Burseraceae family and related families from the order Rutales.

ESTUDO DOS CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS DAS CASCAS DA MADEIRA DE Trattinnickia peruviana

Phytochemical examination of a specimen of Trattinnickia peruvianaSwart ex Loes led to the isolation and identification of substances lichenxanihone, and -amyrins, -sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol. The identification of these natural products involved analysis of their spectral data. The occurence of three steroids is being described for the first time for genus Trattinnickia.

O estudo fitoquímico de T. peruvianaSwart ex Loes levou ao isolamento das substâncias liquenxantona, e -amirinas, -sitosterol, estigmasterol e campesierol, cuja identificação química foi feita através da análise de seus dados espectrais. A co-ocorrência dos esteróides é relatada pela primeira vez no gênero Trattinnickia.

CONSTITUÍNTES QUÍMICOS DE Protium paniculatum(BURSERACEAE)

- and -amyrin (0,012%), -sitosterol and stigmasterol (0.003%),3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid (0.093%) were isolated from the bark wood of Protium paniculatum.The presence of 3,3',4-tri-O-methylellagic acid was postulate on the basis of mass spectral analyses.

Dos extratos etéreo e etanólico da casca da madeira de Protium paniculatumEngl. foram isolados - e -amirina (0,012%), -sitosterol e estigmasterol (0,003%) e o ácido 3,3'-di-O-metilelágico (0,093%0). A presença do ácido 3,3',4-tri-O-metilelágico foi postulada com base na análise do espectro de massas.

ESSENTIAL OIL OF Protium unifoliolatum (BURSERACEAE)

The major constituents of the leaf essential oil of P. unifoliolatumare trans-caryophyllene (37.45%), limonene (24.23%) and -humulene (9.94%).

O óleo essencial obtido das folhas frescas de P. unifoliolatumapresentou como constituintes principais trans-cariofileno (37,45%), limoneno (24,23%) e -humuleno (9,94%).

CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS DE Protium paniculatum (BURSERACEAE)

á- e -myrin (0,012%), -sitosterol and stigmasterol (0.003%),3,3'-di-0-methylellagic (0.093%) acid were isolated from the bark wood of Protium paniculatum. The presence of 3.3',4-tri-0-methylellagic acid was postulate on the of mass spectral analyses.

Dos extratos etéreo e etanólico da casca da madeira de Protium paniculatum Engl. foram isolados á e -AMIRINA (0,012%), -sitosiero! e estigmasterol (0,003%) e o ácido 3,3'-di-0-metilelágico (0,093%0). A presença do ácido 3,3',4-tri-0-metileIágico foi postulada com base na análise do espectro de massas.