Targeting glutamine utilization to block metabolic adaptation of tumor cells under the stress of carboxyamidotriazole-induced nutrients unavailability

Tumor cells have unique metabolic programming that is biologically distinct from that of corresponding normal cells. Resetting tumor metabolic programming is a promising strategy to ameliorate drug resistance and improve the tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that carboxyamidotriazole (CAI), an anticancer drug, can function as a metabolic modulator that decreases glucose and lipid metabolism and increases the dependency of colon cancer cells on glutamine metabolism. CAI suppressed glucose and lipid metabolism utilization, causing inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, thus producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In parallel, activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) increased glutamine uptake via the transporter SLC1A5, which could activate the ROS-scavenging enzyme glutathione peroxidase. As a result, combined use of inhibitors of GLS/GDH1, CAI could effectively restrict colorectal cancer (CRC) energy metabolism. These data illuminate a new antitumor mechanism of CAI, suggesting a new strategy for CRC metabolic reprogramming treatment.

Análisis del uso de las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de cáncer cervicouterino en Chile / Analysis of the use of screening techniques for the detection of cervical cancer in Chile

El Cáncer Cervicouterino es una de las principales problemáticas en salud de las mujeres a nivel mundial. Las técnicas de tamizaje para la detección de Cáncer Cervicouterino han ido desarrollándose a través de la historia reciente tanto intencionada como casualmente, incorporando con cada nuevo descubrimiento a las nuevas tecnologías. Actualmente existen diversos procedimientos vigentes que van desde pruebas sencillas de inspección visual, pasando por las tradicionales muestras citológicas, hasta la utilización de tecnología molecular, y los usos que se les dan a estos métodos de cribado potencian la detección temprana del Cáncer Cervicouterino, razón por lo cual se realiza una revisión respecto de las técnicas de tamizajes disponibles y su aplicación en Chile.

Cervical Cancer is one of the main problems in women's health worldwide. Screening techniques for the detection of Cervical Cancer have been developed throughout recent history both intentionally and incidentally, incorporating new technologies with each new discovery. Currently there are various procedures in force that range from simple visual inspection tests, through traditional cytological samples, to the use of molecular technology, and the uses that are given to these screening methods enhance the early detection of Cervical Cancer, which is why which is carried out a review regarding the available screening techniques and their application in Chile.

Incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de piel no melanoma en Guayaquil / Incidence and mortality of nonmelanoma skin cancer in Guayaquil

El cáncer de piel viene incrementándose en los últimos años en el Ecuador, a tal punto que se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública. Determinar incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de piel no melanoma en la ciudad de Guayaquil. Estudio observacional, de diseño de investigación tipo corte transversal. Lugar: cantón Guayaquil, período 2011 a 2015. Los sujetos fueron los pacientes con cáncer de piel no melanoma. Aplicando estadísticas descriptivas con indicadores de tasas y comparación entre variables. Este cáncer en ambos sexos presenta su incidencia en el año 2011 una tasa de 22,26, 2013 con 32,40, 2015 con 30,05 casos por 100.000 habitantes, y la mortalidad en el año 2011 una tasa de 0,77, 2013 con 0,79 y 2015 con 0,77 por 100.000 habitantes. Las mayores tasas de incidencia y mortalidad, en ambos sexos, se obtuvieron mayormente en el grupo de 75 y más años de edad, con tasa de incidencia de 422,7 y tasa de mortalidad de 8,14, seguido del por grupo etario de 60 a 74 años en ambos sexos con tasa de incidencia de 165,67 y de mortalidad de 1,02 por 100.000 habitantes. Conclusiones. El cáncer de piel no melanoma en Guayaquil, en este quinquenio se presentó mayormente en edades de 75 y más años para ambos sexos, observándose su incremento en los últimos años, aunque su mortalidad sea muy baja, se evidencia un problema de relevancia en salud pública.

Skin cancer has been increasing in Ecuador in recent years, to the point that it has become a public health problem today. Determine incidence and mortality of non-melanoma skin cancer in the city of Guayaquil. Observational study, cross-sectional type research design. Place: Guayaquil canton, period 2011 to 2015. The subjects were patients with non-melanoma skin cancer. Applying descriptive statistics with rate indicators and comparison between variables. This cancer in both sexes has in 2011 an incidence rate of 22.26, 2013 with 32.40, 2015 with 30.05 cases per 100 000 inhabitants; and the mortality rate in 2011 of 0.77, 2013 0.79 and 2015 with 0.77 per 100,000 inhabitants. The major Incidence and mortality rates by age group in both sexs were obtained mainly in the age group 75 and over, with an incidence rate of 422.7 and mortality rateo f 8.14, followed by age group 60-74 years in both sexs with incidence rateo f 165.67 and mortality rate of 1.02. In Guayaquil the non-melanoma skin cancer, in this period mostly presented in the age groups over 75 years of age for both sexes, which has been increasing in recent years, although its mortality is very low, shows a problem of relevance in public health.

Recomendaciones en el tratamiento nutricional para pacientes oncológicos ante Covid - 19 / Recommendations in the nutritional treatment for cancer patients before Covid ­ 19

Los pacientes con cáncer tienen alto riesgo de infección y muerte por Covid-19 tras exposición a dicho virus. En estos pacientes confluyen la edad avanzada, inmunodepresión, desnutrición, anemia, exposición a varios prestatarios de cuidados de salud durante el tratamiento citorreductor, estadía en hospitales y unidades cerradas, y los tiempos dilatados de los esquemas terapéuticos como factores de riesgo para desarrollar una infección por dicho virus. Esta revisión presenta recomendaciones sobre acciones requeridas para la identificación, evaluación del impacto sobre el estado de salud y la respuesta terapéutica, e intervención de la desnutrición presente en el paciente con cáncer. Las intervenciones alimentarias y nutricionales se adecúan a la etapa del tratamiento citorreductor, y las terapias empleadas, se orientan a la restauración de una inmunocompetencia requerida para prevención de la infección y la continuidad de los tratamientos antineoplásicos. Se prevén acciones nutricionales en aquellos pacientes con cáncer en caso de la ocurrencia de la Covid-19 a fin de preservar la vida del enfermo y prevenir complicaciones mayores. El presente manuscrito enfatiza las medidas de protección personal, familiar y ambiental contra la Covid-19 que son aplicables con iguales propósitos en el paciente con cáncer. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es proporcionar recomendaciones nutricionales claras para el paciente con cáncer en situaciones de alta vulnerabilidad inmunológica y nutricional, para lograr una disminución del riesgo de contagio viral con sus consecuentes complicaciones, asegurando así la continuidad de las acciones citorreductoras en el enfermo con cáncer.

Cancer patients are at high risk of infection and death from Covid-19 after exposure to this virus. In these patients, advanced age, immunosuppression, malnutrition, anemia, exposure to several health care providers during cytoreductive treatment, length of stay in hospitals and closed units, and lengthy therapeutic regimens converge as risk factors to developed an infection by Covid-19. This review presents recommendations on actions required for the identification, evaluation of the impact on the health status and therapeutic response, and intervention of malnutrition present in cancer patients. The food and nutritional interventions are adapted to the cytoreductive treatment stage, and the therapies used aim to restore the immunocompetence required for the prevention of infection and the continuity of antineoplastic treatments. Nutritional actions are foreseen in cancer patients with Covid-19 in order to preserve the life of the patient and prevent major complications. This manuscript emphasizes the personal, family, and environmental protection measures against Covid-19 that are applicable to the same purposes in cancer patients. This narrative review aims to provide clear nutritional recommendations for the cancer patient in high immunological and nutritional vulnerability to achieve a reduction in the risk of viral infection with its consequent complications, thus ensuring the continuity of cytoreductive actions in cancer patients.

Criterios sonográficos de evaluación de malignidad del tumor de ovario Metodología IOTA (International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group)

The detection of an adnexal mass by ultrasound is the starting point of a long way of anxiety for the gynecological patient. Ovarian cancer is one of the most frequent gynecological neoplasms in the world; 75% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed in advanced stages (III or IV), when 5-year survival does not exceed 10%. Multiple attempts have been done to unify criteria of ovarian cancer screening, and no consensus has been achieved. Combined methods have been described, including gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound screening, that consider quantitative scores to evaluate the risk of cancer in ovarian tumors. Despite its increasing predictive value, this method is not frequently used by gynecological diagnostic units in our country. The International Tumor Analysis Group (IOTA) has developed and validated predictive models based on multicenter data series with measurements and standardized data collection that have achieved predictable and quite acceptable estimation of malignant pathology. Considering the high rate of false positivity with current methods, it is important to improve the rate of ultrasound detection of pathologies for correct derivation and surgical oncologic approach as required.

La detección de una masa anexial durante una sonografía es el punto de partida de un largo camino de ansiedad para las pacientes en ginecología. El cáncer de ovario es una de las neoplasias ginecológicas más frecuentes en el mundo. El 75% de los cánceres de ovario es diagnosticado en estadios avanzados (III o IV), cuya sobrevida a los 5 años no sobrepasa el 10% en promedio. Se han realizado múltiples intentos para unificar el cribado clínico del cáncer ovárico, sin haberse logrado consenso para la pesquisa de esta enfermedad. Los métodos combinados incluyen la ecografía en escala de grises y la flujometría Doppler, que consideran puntuaciones cuantitativas para evaluar el riesgo de cáncer en los tumores ováricos. A pesar de su creciente valor predictivo, este método no es usado frecuentemente por las unidades de diagnóstico de ginecología en el país. El International Tumor Analysis Group (IOTA) ha desarrollado y validado modelos predictivos basados en series de datos multicéntricos con mediciones y recolección de información estandarizada que han logrado un nivel de predicción de patología maligna bastante aceptable. Considerando la alta tasa de falsos positivos de los actuales métodos, es importante mejorar la tasa de detección sonográfica de esta patología para una correcta derivación y abordaje quirúrgico con enfoque oncológico, cuando el caso lo requiera.

Hipomineralização molar- incisivo: Revisão de literatura

Defeitos de esmalte são alterações comuns que podem ocorrer tanto na dentição decídua quanto na permanente. Um dos defeitos de esmalte que tem sido amplamente estudado nos últimos anos, em função de sua crescente prevalência, é a Hipomineralização Molar-Incisivo (HMI). A HMI é um defeito de esmalte com causa sistêmica, caracterizado por uma alteração na sua translucidez, podendo acometer um ou até mesmo os quatro primeiros molares permanentes, associados ou não a alteração dos incisivos. Clinicamente, o dente afetado pela HMI apresenta-se com uma área de coloração branca, amarela ou marrom, com nítida definição entre esmalte sadio e alterado, entretanto a superfície do esmalte é lisa e não há alteração de espessura. Por apresentar baixo conteúdo mineral, o esmalte hipomineralizado é poroso, o que o torna mais suscetível à fratura devido às forças mastigatórias, deixando a dentina exposta, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de lesão cariosa. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre HMI, de modo a possibilitar ao cirurgião-dentista um melhor esclarecimento e entendimento sobre a referida doença, seus fatores etiológicos, diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento, de forma que fundamente suas decisões na atuação clínica odontológica. Diante da literatura revisada, pode-se concluir que a HMI tem sido grande desafio na prática clínica atual, tanto pelas suas consequências, quanto pelas dificuldades no manejo do paciente e no tratamento. Sua etiologia é complexa, por apresentar-se, nos diversos estudos, como multifatorial, e ainda, com possibilidade de suscetibilidade genética. O cirurgião-dentista deve estar capacitado para o correto diagnóstico desta alteração, com a finalidade de estabelecer um plano de tratamento adequado à necessidade do caso.

Analysis on Medication Law for Differential Diagnostics of Treating Gynecological Diseases from “Chong-Ren” by CAI Lian-xiang / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To analyze clinical differential diagnostics and medication law of CAI Lian-xiang of treating gynecological diseases from theChong-Ren;To provide references for clinical medication. Methods Medical cases of gynecological diseases treated by differential diagnostics from“Chong-Ren”from December 2013 to January 2015 in out-patient department of Xiyuan Hospital of CACMS by CAI Lian-xiang were collected. Excel2007 was used to establish the database, and the frequency and correlation analysis were made on the differentiation, treatment principles, treatment methods, medicine and medical combination by using the large data intelligent analysis system of Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment. The results were confirmed with CAI Lian-xiang's academic thought and clinical experience. Results Totally 103 medical cases, 277 diagnosis times, 277 prescriptions and 92 kinds of Chinese materiamedica were included. Although different types of gynecological diseases from theChong-Ren treatment of specific treatment were different, all were related to liver, spleen and kidney;prescription contained 22 high-frequency medicines (>50 times), and the first three medicines were Cuscutae Semen 178 times (64.3%), Angelicae Sinensis Radix 167 times (60.3%), Paeonize Radix 158 times (57.0%). The association analysis results showed 9 combination of Tiaochongren medicine combination group, 11 Qiangchongren meidcine combination group, 4 Zichongren medicine combination group, and 4 Guchuanrenmediicne combination group. Conclusion CAI Lian-xiang believes that gynecological diseases are closely related to “Chong-Ren”, and treatment from“Chong-Ren”focuses on the adjustment and nourishment of liver, spleen and kidney. The data miningresults of medication law is accordance with the relevant academic thoughts, which can provide references for clinic.

Primary discussion of Cai Lianxiang's medication rule in gynecology / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective Data mining method was used to analyze gynecological clinical medication rule of Cai Lianxiang who is a famous veteran TCM doctor. Methods A total of 165 cases and 337 visits of Cai Lianxiang were selected to establish a database by excel, and were analyzed by TCM diagnosis and treatment data intelligent analyses system. High-frequency herbs and combinations of herbs were analyzed and were used to accord with academic thoughts and clinical experience of Cai Lianxiang. Results Results showed 10 high-frequency herbs and 7 herb combinations, which accorded with academic thoughts of Cai Lianxiang. The pathogenesis of gynecological diseases was defficiency of essence and blood, the inbalance among live, spleen and kidney. Thus, the principles of treatment were enriching essence and nourishing blood, adjusting liver, supplementing kidney and fortifying spleen. Conclusion It is significant that the data mining methods were used to summarize the rules of Cai Lianxiang's gynecological medication.

Exploration to the Generations of Academic Features in Cai ’s Gynecological School Treating Uterine Bleeding / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To primarily explore the academic features of generations of Shanghai Cai ’s gynecological school treating uterine bleeding. [Method] Through related records of “Jiangwan Cai’s Gynecology Summary”, “Proved Recipes of General Treatment”, and following-up teachers’clinic, make study on Cai’s gynecological school’s clinical experience in treating uterine bleeding in generations and summarize the features. [Result] Cai ’s gynecological school not only paid attention to Qi and blood, searching for the primary cause of disease in treatment, regulating Chong and Ren channels, with brisk drugs, and other whole academic features, but the successors of generations also integrated and made cutthrough in inheritance, absorbed new knowledge, continually made development with respective features. Such as:4th generation Yanxianggong cleared heat at first then made warm nourishment longer; 5th generation Xiaoxianggong mostly tonified Qi and Ying and regulated and stopped bleeding; the 7th Pro. Cai Xiaosun firstly differentiated Yin and Yang, mainly sought cause, then hemostasis, afterwards applied Cai ’s periodical therapy for regulating Chong and Ren, reestablishing menstrual circle;one of the 8th successors Huang Suying director mainly uses obstruction-removing therapy in treating blood-stasis uterine. [Conclusion] Cai’s gynecological school treating uterine has obvious features, with marked cure effect, worth research and study.

Cai Wanru’s Experience on the Treatment of Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective] To research professor Cai’s experience in treating stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). [Method] The paper expounds Professor Cai’s experience in treating stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by analyzing the etiology, pathology, summarizing the clinical thoughts and citing the typical case. [Result] Professor Cai emphasized therapies of strengthening body resistance,replenishing Qi,treating zang and fu together,activating blood,dredging collaterals, treating disease with the theory of Chinese medicine and modern medicine as well as applying the theory of preventive treatment of disease on preventing the exacerbation of COPD. Better clinical effects were acquired. [Conclusion] Professor Cai Wanru always grabs for the treatment of qi deficiency and phlegm, blood stasis of the disease.She is good at prescribing formula. Therefore the treating method has clinical value.

"Traditional Utilization of ""Cai"" - A Kind of Medicinal Plant Resources Used by Li Minority" / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Cai which are stem or heartwood of trees or stem of woody liana are a kind of medicinal plant resources traditionally used by Li Minoriy. Ethnobotanical methods were adopted for the investigation on traditional utilization of cai. Totally, 44 species in 26 families and 30 genera were reported to be used as cai. Most of the species were applied as decoction (70.5%) and medicinal liquor (27.3%) to treat a wide range of diseases, such as rheuma-toid arthritis (34.1%), liver diseases (18.2%), injuries and weak (15.9% respectively). Through literature survey, it was found that 7 species (15.9%) were used by Li Minority only. Besides, 13 species (29.5%) were used differently compared with that of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Consequently, it is indicated that indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants by Li Minority is unique.

Identification of Tibetan medicinal plants of Meconopsis Vig. using ITS and psbA-trnH sequence / 中草药

Objective: To identify the common Tibetan traditional medicine of Meconopsis Vig. using nuclear gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast psbA-trnH sequence. Methods: Ethnopharmacological study was carried out, three species of Ou-Bei (M. torquata, M. punicea, and M. integrifolia) and two species of Cai-Wen (M. racemosa and M. horridula) were collected. The ribosomal DNA ITS and chloroplast psbA-trnH noncoding region sequences were determined and analyzed. Results: The ITS sequences of M. racemosa and M. horridula were completely the same, while variable site could be detected in each pairwise comparison of ITS sequences in other species; The psbA-trnH sequence analysis showed that the variable sites could be detected in each pairwise comparison of the sequences. The combination of them could be used to identify all the five species. Conclusion: The combination of ITS and psbA-trnH sequence could be used to identify the Tibetan traditional medicine Ou-Bei and Cai-Wen in Meconopsis Vig.

Analysis on SSR loci information in transcriptome of Panax vienamensis var. fuscidiscus and its polymorphism / 中草药

Objective: The SSR loci information in the transcriptome of Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus (PVF) was analyzed in this study to provide more powerful tools for molecular marker-assisted breeding in this plant. Methods: Simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci were searched in all 126 758 unigenes by using MISA. SSR loci information was analized and SSR primers were designed by Primer3. Furthermore, 30 pairs of primers were randomly selected for the polymorphic analysis on 13 PVF plants collected from different habitats. Results: A total of 21 320 SSRs were found in the transcriptome of PVF, distributed in 17 780 unigenes with the distribution frequency of 16.82%. Di-nucleotide repeat was the main type, accounted for as much as 52.52% of all SSRs, followed by tri-nucleotide repeat motif (28.08%). The dinucleotide repeat motifs of AG/CT and AT/AT were the predominant repeat types (46.25%). Using Primer3, a total of 39 336 pairs of SSR primers were designed. For validating the availability of those SSR primers, we randomly selected 30 pairs of primers for PCR amplification. Among them, 29 pairs of primers (96.67%) produced clear and reproductive bands, 15 pairs of primers (50.00%) showed polymorphism, and 13 PVF plants were divided into two groups by UPGMA. Conclusion: There are numerous SSRs in PVF transcriptome with high frequency and various types, this will provide the abundant candidate molecular markers for genetic diversity study and genetic map for this plant.

Cai Wanru`s Experience in Treating Bronchial Asthma / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective] To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of Professor Cai Wanru, famous Chinese medicine doctor of the state, the tutor of doctoral student in treating bronchial asthma. [Method] The author studies from the teacher, col ecting medical records, analyzing and learning the dialectical thinking and prescriptions of Professor Cai during treating bronchial asthma. [Results] According to the different stages of bronchial asthma, Professor Cai adopts the combination of differentiation and disease differentiation, uses Chinese medicine to treat bronchial asthma. We should clean lung and phlegm, smoothen breathing during exacerbation of asthma, invigorate the spleen and tonify the lung qi during remission of asthma, at the same time advocate treating winter disease in summer during consolidating period. In addition, clearing lung and regulating Qi should be used throughout al the course of disease. Professor Cai is good at using drug pairs and Chinese medicine flexibly, simply, effectively. [Conclusion] Professor Cai Wanru has been engaged in clinical respiratory department of internal medicine for a long time, having rich experience and unique insights on bronchial asthma, chronic cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other common respiratory system disease, worth learning.

Comparative Structural and Functional Analysis of E6 Oncogene of Human Papillomavirus Type 16.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic agent of the uterine cervix cancer and several other neoplasias in women globally. E6 protein of HPV type 16 is highly conserved and plays the key role in an inducing cancer via suppressing activity of P53. We have used different bioinformatics tools for generation of phylogenetic tree, modeling of RNA secondary structure, gene designing and codon optimization of HPV E6 gene. The size of E6 gene sequences of nine strains HPV type 16 was estimated to be 456 to 477 bp and G+C content was ranged between 37.06 to 37.94%. We used E6 gene sequences for construction of phylogenetic relationship and these divided into five groups. RNA secondary structures of E6 gene were modeled and analyzed that folding free energy of wild genes was -093.96, -106.21,-040.48, -090.76, - 072.68, -092.86, -039.32, -044.78, -047.88 kcal/mol and after codon optimization free energy was -122.70, -107.40, - 104.80, -121.40, -127.40, -110.80, -105.20, -122.30, -110.40 kcal/mol respectively. Moreover, gene designing and codon optimization have used to improve the heterologous expression in living organisms by increasing translational efficiency. All strains of HPV16 were used for codon optimization in E. coli. Codon adaptation index (CAI) and G+C contents of E6 gene in optimized DNA were enhanced by 3.6 (72.7%) and 1.3 (25.2%) fold, respectively. The present study provides useful insights into phylogenetic and evolution in the cervical cancer causing Human papillomavirus type 16. The optimized DNA can be chemically synthesized and over expressed in E. coli as compare to its wild type counterparts. Alternatively, the secondary structure and free energy of E6 were investigated that will be helpful to predict the evolution of primitive and genetically stable HPV type 16 strains. This finding provides new insight in better understanding of cervical cancer.

Codon optimization of the potential antigens encoding genes from mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Current approach for controlling of tuberculosis is going on by recommended doses of vaccines. Codon optimization and simulation techniques are used to improve the protein expression in living organism by increasing their translational efficiency of gene of interest. We have designed; optimized the codon and simulated in nineteen indigenous genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in the Escherichia coli. We minimized the G+C content in optimized genes from 64.75% to 59.67% of the studied genes as the richness of G+C content is reflected in a strong bias. CAI and AT of optimized DNA were enhanced by 1.9 (47.8%) and 1.1 (12.5%) fold more with respect to its native type. Our finding indicates the optimized genes can be useful for over expression in host and the study provides a new insight for the emerging research in synthetic biology.

Inhibitory effect of CAI on iNOS expression and NF-κB activation degradation in rat peritoneal macrophages / 基础医学与临床

Objective This study is designed to explore the regulation of carboxyamidotriazole(CAI)on inflammatory factors in vitro and its underlying mechanisms.Methods Peritoneal macrophages were incubated with different concentrations(5～40 μmol/L),and then cell viabilities were evaluated by MTT assay.Cells were pretreated with CAI(5～40 μmol/L),LPS was then added,and celia were incubated for 18 h.NO and TNF-α levels were determined with Griess reagent and ELISA kit,respectively.The iNOS expression and NF-κB activation were detected by Western blot method.Results The rat peritoneal macrophage viability was not affected at the concentrations of CAI used.CAI(5～40 μmol/L)was found to reduce NO(P＜0.01,P＜0.001)and TNF-α production(P＜0.05,P ＜ 0.01)in a dose-dependent manner.CAI was also found to inhibit the LPS-induced expression of iNOS and degradation of IκBα in rat peritoneal macrophages.Conclusion The findings from the present study suggest that CAI has suppressive effect on iNOS expression,and this inhibitory effect was found to be associated with NF-κB inactivation via the blockade of IκBα phosphorylation.

Development and Practice of CAI Courseware for Microbial Engineering / 微生物学通报

This article introduced the development and application effect appraisal of Microbial Engineering CAI courseware for bio-engineering specialization. The courseware focuses on knowledge system integrity, content-rich and gives prominence to the key points. Pictures, animation and video, and audio effects are also utilized appropriately to achieving stimulate students interest in learning and then improve teaching and learning performance. The courseware concentrates on core content of the course, such as fermentation parameters detection and automatic control, and fermentation equipments. The courseware was manufactured using the Powerpoint software. Animation was established with Flash 4 software and the scanning pattern was edited using Adobe photoshop. And chapters of the courseware were composed and administrated using Courseware Master Software. A two-year survey showed that 85% of students satisfied with this courseware.

Study between CAI and tradition-media teaching method to pathological course teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate differences of teaching effects between CAI method and traditional teaching method. Methods The performance records of material media were compared after the students of nursing specialty attended lectures with CAI method or traditional teaching method. Results Comparing CAI method with traditional teaching method, there are respective advantages. CAI method and traditional teaching method can not substitute each other. Conclusions Effect of teaching with combination of CAI method and traditional teaching method has more advantage than simple CAI method.

Function & Application of Art in Producing Medical CAI Courseware / 中华医学教育探索杂志

To illustrate the function of art in producing medial CAI courseware.By providing necessary resources for fulfilling the target,art achieves vivid display of medical objects effectively and promptly.The combination of multimedia computer technology,art knowledge and professional software could realize the perfect design and production of CAI courseware.