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Introducción. A pesar de la importante presencia de la población haitiana en países de América Latina, existen pocos estudios que evalúen la salud mental en esta población; una de las razones es la falta de instrumentos psicométricos en kreyol (creole haitiano). Objetivo. Adaptar la versión en español de la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CESD-R-20) al kreyol. Métodos. Estudio transversal de muestreo bietápico con 207 migrantes haitianos viviendo en Santiago de Chile, se tradujo y retrotradujo la Escala CESD-R-20 del español al kreyol. Resultados. 132 participantes respondieron la encuesta en kreyol y 75 en español. Las técnicas de detección de la dimensionalidad recomiendan retener un único componente y tres factores, con pocas excepciones a través de las muestras. Las soluciones factoriales llevan a retener un único factor, que presenta un Alfa de Cronbach =0.92 (IC: 0.90-0.94) adecuado. Estos resultados indican que se necesita un único factor. Discusión y conclusión. La adaptación del instrumento CESD-R-20 de español al kreyol obtiene evidencias de validez favorables y puede servir para iniciar nuevos estudios en población migrante haitiana en su trayecto por América Latina, si bien es necesario seguir ampliando el proceso de validación.
Introduction. Although the Haitian migrant population has a significant presence in Latin American countries, a few studies assess this population's mental health; one of the reasons is the lack of psychometric instruments in kreyol (Haitian Creole). Objective. Adapt the Spanish version of the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies (CESD-R-20) into kreyol. Methods. Based on a cross-sectional two-stage cluster sampling with 207 Haitian migrants living in Santiago de Chile, we conducted translation and back translation of the CESD-R-20 Scale from Spanish to kreyol; additionally, we reached an adapted version in Spanish. Results. In total, 132 participants answered the survey in Kreyol and 75 in Spanish. Dimensionality detection techniques recommend retaining a single component and three factors, with few exceptions across samples. Exploration of factor solutions leads to the retention of a single factor, which has an adequate Cronbach's alpha=0.92 (IC: 0.90;0.94). These results indicate that only one factor is needed. Discussion and conclusion. The adaptation of the Spanish CESD-R-20 instrument to Kreyol has obtained favorable validity evidence and can be used to initiate new studies on the Haitian migrant population on their journey through Latin America, although the validation process needs to be further extended.
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Abstract Introduction: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R) was developed to provide an efficient screening scale for depression syndrome, mimicking the original CESD, one of the most widely used screening tools to measure depressive symptoms globally. This investigation examined the factor structure of the CESD-R with a non-clinical Brazilian population. Method: We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of two adult samples, and also conducted invariance analysis by sex and place of residence of the participants. The full sample consisted of 1,427 adults, divided into two groups. The first sample (n = 400) was used for the EFA and the second sample (n = 1027) for the CFA. Results: The EFA indicated an internal structure composed of a single factor, which explained 53.2% of the variance. The CFA attested to the unidimensionality of the measure. Fit indices and reliability indicators showed values higher than expected, without modifications in the initial structure. The model was invariant in relation to the variables investigated at four different levels (configural, metric, scalar, and strict). Conclusions: Our findings support the utility of the CESD-R and suggest its validity for application to the Brazilian population in general.
Resumo Introdução: A Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale - Revised (CESD-R) foi elaborada para fornecer um eficiente diagnóstico de sintomas de depressão, seguindo a proposta original da CESD, que é uma das escalas para rastreamento da depressão mais utilizadas mundialmente. Esta pesquisa avaliou a estrutura fatorial da CESD-R em uma população não-clínica no Brasil. Método: Realizaram-se análises fatoriais exploratória (AFE) e confirmatória (AFC) com duas amostras compostas por adultos. Também foi verificada a invariância do modelo por sexo e local de residência do participante. A amostra total foi composta por 1427 adultos, tendo sido dividida em duas subamostras. A primeira subamostra (n = 400) foi utilizada para a AFE e a segunda (n = 1027) para a AFC. Resultados: A AFE indicou uma estrutura interna composta por um único fator, que explicou 53.2% de variância. A AFC atestou unidimensionalidade da medida. Os índices de ajuste e indicadores de confiabilidade apresentaram valores acima do esperado, sem modificações na estrutura inicial. O modelo foi invariante em relação às variáveis investigadas em quatro diferentes níveis (configural, métrico, escalar e estrito). Conclusões: Os presentes achados suportam a utilidade da CESD-R e sugerem sua validade para aplicação na população brasileira.
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Depression , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Exploratory BehaviorABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale-Revised is a recently revised scale which has been reported as a valid tool for the assessment of depressive symptoms. It encompasses cardinal symptoms of depression described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders, fourth edition. In this study, we assessed the reliability, validity and psychometric properties of the Korean version of the CESD-R(K-CESD-R). METHODS: Forty-eight patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder, dysthymia, depressive disorder NOS according to the DSM-IV criteria using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and 48 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. They were assessed with K-CESD-R, K-MADRS, PHQ-9, KQIDS-SR, STAI to check cross-validation. Statistical analyses were performed using calculation of Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, Principal Component Analysis, ROC curve and optimal cut-off value. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha of K-CESD-R was 0.98. The total score of K-CESD-R revealed significantly high correlations with those of K-MADRS, PHQ-9, KQIDS-SR(r=0.910, 0.966 and 0.920, p<0.001, respectively). Factor analysis showed two factors account for 76.29% of total variance. We suggested the optimal cut-off value of K-CESD-R as 13 according to analysis of the ROC curve which value sensitivity and specificity both equally. CONCLUSIONS: These Results showed that the K-CESD-R could be a reliable and valid scale to assess depressive symptoms. The K-CESD-R is expected as a useful and effective tool for screening and measuring depressive symptoms not only in outpatient clinic but also epidemiologic studies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Depression , Depressive Disorder , Depressive Disorder, Major , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Epidemiologic Studies , Mass Screening , Principal Component Analysis , Psychometrics , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Antecedentes La prevalencia de la depresión es cada vez mayor en los adolescentes y se relaciona con factores como el nivel socioeconómico, la historia familiar con problemas de depresión y de consumo de alcohol, experiencias con la violencia, abuso físico o sexual, así como consumo de tabaco y de drogas ilegales, todas las cuales aumentan el riesgo de otras conductas problemáticas. Objetivo Describir los síntomas depresivos en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México y del Estado de Michoacán. Método Se hicieron dos estudios transversales con muestras no probabilísticas (N=2127), utilizando las categorías clínicas de la Escala CESD-R. Resultados Un 12% de la muestra calificó dentro de la categoría de síntomas de probable episodio depresivo mayor (EDM) (13.3% D.F. y 9.2% Michoacán).La proporción fue significativamente mayor en las mujeres (χ² = 56.294, gl= 2, p<.001). Los estudiantes de la Ciudad de México tuvieron una proporción significativamente mayor de síntomas de probable EDM que los estudiantes de Michoacán (χ² = 30.78, gl= 2, p<.001). Discusión y conclusión Dada la proporción de adolescentes que presentaron síntomas clínicamente significativos, es necesario crear acciones de información, sensibilización y capacitación para padres, educadores, profesionales de la salud y adolescentes en cuanto a la relevancia de atender la depresión y mejorar el acceso a los servicios de atención especializada. La CESD-R puede ser una alternativa rápida para la detección oportuna del probable episodio depresivo mayor, pero faltaría construir el mecanismo para derivar a los individuos en riesgo a los servicios de salud mental pertinentes, así como estrategias para garantizar que éstos sean de calidad.
Background The prevalence of depression is increasing among adolescents. Depression is related to factors such as socioeconomic status, family history of problems with depression and alcohol use, experiences with violence, physical or sexual abuse and use of tobacco and illicit drugs. These may increase the risk of other problematic behaviors. Objective To describe the depressive symptoms in adolescents from Mexico City and the State of Michoacan. Method Data were generated with the revised version of the CES-D. Two cross-sectional studies with non-probabilistic samples were conducted (N=2127). Results A total of 12% of the adolescents had symptoms of a probable major depressive episode (MDE) (13.3% from Mexico City and 9.2% from Michoacan). The proportion of probable MDE was significantly higher among women (χ2 = 56.294, DF = 2, p <.001). The students from Mexico City had a significantly higher proportion of subjects with probable MDE than the ones from Michoacan (χ2 = 30.78, DF = 2, p <.001). Discussion and conclusion The proportion of students who had clinically significant symptoms underlines the need for information, awareness, training for parents, teachers, health professionals and adolescents for addressing the relevance for attending depression and to improve the access to health care services. Although the CESD-R may be a quick alternative for an early detection of a probable major depressive episode, it would be necessary to build a referral mechanism to mental health care services for individuals at risk, as well as strategies to ensure its quality.
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Introduction In order to understand what is happening with adolescents' emotional lives, this research analyzed factors associated with depressive symptomatology taking into account their personal, social and family resources and the experience of migration on their family. Material and methods The sample included 360 adolescents (50.6% women and 49.4% men; mean age=13.5, SD=.68) from ten different regions of Michoacan, Mexico. The instruments were CES-D-R (a=.93), Affective Resources Scale (a=.82), Social Resources Scale (a=.77), and Family Resources Scale (a=.81). The tests were performed in the classroom, with the agreement of the participants. Results A linear regression analysis was used. The main result was that 42% of variance of depressive symptomatology is explained by risk and protection factors. The risk factors were being a woman, difficulties in sadness management and in anger management, and inability to ask for help to the social support networks and migration of the mother. The protective factors were self-control and expression in the family. Conclusions The affective, social and family resources should be strengthened to promote wellbeing in adolescents.
Introducción Con la intención de comprender qué está pasando con la vida emocional de los adolescentes, esta investigación pretende identificar los factores asociados con la sintomatología depresiva tomando en cuenta los recursos individuales, familiares y sociales, así como la experiencia de migración en la familia. Material y métodos La muestra fue seleccionada por cuota con un número equivalente de participantes de cada una de las diez regiones socioeconómicas de Michoacán. En total participaron 360 estudiantes del segundo grado de secundaria (50.6% mujeres y 49.4% hombres), con una edad promedio de 13.5 años. Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: CES-D-R (a=.93), Escala de Recursos Afectivos (a=.82), Escala de Recursos Sociales (a=.77); y para medir los recursos familiares se utilizó la Escala de Evaluación de Interrelaciones Familiares [ERI] con una consistencia interna de a=.81. Se realizó un análisis de regresión múltiple lineal. Resultados El resultado central fue que el 42% de la varianza de la sintomatología depresiva puede explicarse por los siguientes factores de riesgo y de protección. Entre los factores de riesgo se encuentran: ser mujer, las dificultades para manejar la tristeza y el enojo, así como la incapacidad para buscar ayuda con la red de apoyo social y la migración de la madre. Como factores de protección están: el autocontrol y la expresión en la familia. Conclusiones Por lo tanto, los recursos individuales, familiares y sociales deben fortalecerse para promover un mayor estado de bienestar psicosocial en los adolescentes.