ABSTRACT
Se presentan los resultados de una evaluación de las operaciones matemáticas de adición y sustracción, en un grupo de niños de enseñanza primaria (5 niñas y 2 niños) de 7, 9 y 11 años, de una comunidad nativa Shipibo-Konibo de la región Ucayali, en la Amazonía del Perú. Se realizó con dos métodos distintos, la Entrevista Clínico-crítica de Piaget, que incluyó problemas culturalmente contextualizados y material representativo y manipulable como figuras de animales y bolitas para armar collares, y una prueba tradicional de lápiz y papel. Ambas pruebas evaluaron el mismo tipo de operaciones, extraídas de lo que propone el diseño curricular nacional para esos grados. Los resultados muestran que los niños tienen dificultades tanto en la adición como en la sustracción y no logran resolver con éxito todas las tareas. Sin embargo, se pueden observar mejores resultados con la evaluación cualitativa por medio de la entrevista clínico-crítica, en contraste con la evaluación tradicional de lápiz y papel que evidencia resultados mucho más pobres. La primera otorga además mayor información sobre el proceso operativo de los niños y muestra que los niveles de desarrollo de sus competencias matemáticas van de la mano con lo que plantea la teoría piagetiana. Los resultados se discuten señalando la universalidad del conocimiento lógico-matemático y su pertinencia para comprender los procesos de aprendizaje en contextos de diversidad cultural y analizando críticamente el modo en que la evaluación constructivista ofrece mayor información y recursos para los docentes de educación intercultural bilingüe de comunidades amazónicas del Perú.
Elementary-school children from a Shipibo-Konibo indigenous community in the Ucayali region, in the Amazonian rainforest of Perú, were evaluated regarding their abilities to solve addition and subtraction problems. These operations were assessed by two means: through Jean Piaget's clinical-critical method (using culturally contextualized problems and concrete materials such as pictures of Amazonian fish, pictures of arrows, or beads and thread to make necklaces), and by a traditional pencil-and-paper test. Both the clinical interview and the pencil-and-paper test evaluated the same type of operations, which were taken from the national curricular program for these school grades. The Shipibo-Konibo people are an Amazonian indigenous group that speaks a native language in the Panoan family; since most members of this group are fluent in Spanish, however, no translator was needed and the assessments were conducted in Spanish. The Shipibo-Konibo people are principally settled along the Ucayali River in the Amazon rainforest in Perú, although currently many of them have relocated to other areas of the country, including Lima the capital city, in search of better work or education opportunities. After the Asháninka and the Awajún, the Shipibo-Konibo is the third largest Amazonian indigenous group in Perú. Informed consent was obtained following the guidelines of Frisancho, Delgado, and Lam (2015), which are based on previous experience working with Amazonian indigenous communities in the Ucayali region of Peru. As research has shown that individuals from cultural diverse backgrounds may have different expectations for the research process, and may perceive it in a different way than people from industrialized nations (Lakes, Vaughan, Jones, Burke, Baker, & Swanson 2012), informed consent included both individual consent and a communitarian meeting. It also included the donation of gifts (tools, groceries, and other useful items) for the community, and a debriefing meeting with the community's school teachers. The assessment was conducted by two researchers in a school classroom. It took around 30 minutes with the older children and 45 with the younger ones. In all cases the clinical-critical interview was applied first (addition and then subtraction), and finally the pencil-and-paper test. Although a native speaker of shipibo was present during the evaluation, his services were not needed as children were fluent in Spanish. Results show that children have difficulties in the development of both addition and subtraction. They make counting mistakes and have trouble understanding the logic of subtraction (taking a number from another, larger one). Some do not conceptualize subtraction as the opposite of addition and, in consequence, cannot foresee that joining two numbers that were previously separated will result in the same original quantity. Children aged seven were unable to solve any of the operations in the pencil-and-paper test. However, better results were obtained through qualitative, Piagetian assessments, in contrast to the quantitative, pencil-and-paper assessments. During the interviews, children were able to show their cognitive processes and ways of thinking while solving the problems, and with scaffolding, the use of concrete materials such as pictures or beads, and strategic help from the evaluators (Parrat, 2016a, 2016b), many of them were also able to develop a better comprehension of the problem and self-correct their initial answers. Developmental levels for addition and subtraction consistent with Piagetian theory were identified. These levels show a progression from the impossibility of grasping logical addition or subtraction, to the capabilities of psychological reversibility and logical composition of inverse and direct operations. The results are discussed using Piaget's theory and the problem of particulars and universals in cognitive development, and analyzing critically how this kind of assessment can help elementary school teachers respond to the needs of intercultural bilingual education in Peru's Amazonian indigenous communities.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine the weight coefficient and optimize the processing technology of decoction pieces of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP). Methods The contents of narirutin, hesperidin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3’,4’-heptamethoxy flavone (HF), and hesperetin were simultaneously determined by HPLC. The weight coefficient of each component was evaluated by CRITIC-AHP (analytic hierarchy process) methods. With composite score as index, Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology was adopted to investigate the effects of water addition, soaking time, and soaking temperature on the quality of the processed products and optimize the processing technology of decoction pieces of CRP. Results Optimal processing parameters were as follows: 33% of water was added to 1 000 g of herbs, soaking time was 64 min, and soaking temperature was 45 ℃. Conclusion The optimized processing technology is simple and feasible, which can provide a reference for the processing of decoction pieces of CRP. The method established to simultaneously determine the contents of five components in decoction pieces of CRP is rapid and reliable for controlling the quality of decoction pieces of CRP.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the index weight and optimize the microwave processing technology of carbonized Gardenia jasminoides (CGJ). Methods: The contents of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were determined by HPLC and used as comprehensive evaluation indexes, the weighting coefficient was determined by CRITIC method, and the microwave processing technology of CGJ was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology (BBRSM). The pharmacological activity of CGJ processed by microwave was also evaluated. Results: The weighting coefficients of geniposid and tannins in CGJ processed by traditional method were 0.27 and 0.73. The optimal parameters of microwave processing technology were as follows: microwave power of 600 W, microwave time of 6 min and medicines mass of 120 g, the contents of geniposidic and tannins were 35.19 and 4.76 mg/g. The results of pharmacological evaluation showed that CGJ processed by microwave and traditional method could shorten the bleeding time and clotting time of mice. There was no obvious difference between the two processed products. Conclusion: Microwave processing can be used as a processing method to enrich the traditional processing technology.
ABSTRACT
Objective To obtain the weight coefficient of indicators for evaluating the service capacity of maternal and child health care institution at county level.Methods Expert scoring method and CRITIC method were used to calculate the subjective weight coefficient and objective weight coefficient respectively,then comprehensive weight coefficient of each indicator was calculated.Results A total of 25 indicators were selected,among which the minimum comprehensive weight coefficient was 0.033 4 and the maximum was 0.050 4.The 5 lowest weight coefficient indicators were the proportion of financial subsidies accounted for general income (X12),number of equipment valued above 10,000 Yuan (X7),number of available beds (X6),annual person -time number of hospitalization (X22)and annual person -time number of outpatient and emergency treatment (X21).The 5 highest weight coefficient indicators were the outpatient expenditure each time (X25),mortality rate of pregnant and lying -in women (X18),proportion of medical expenditure accounted for total expenditure (X13),indicators of the average hospital stay each time (X9)and diagnosis coincidence rate of hospital admission and discharge (X19).Conclusion This weight coefficient of indicators focuses more on the public health service and the comprehensive weight coefficient calculated by combining subjective weighting method and objective weighting method is more reasonable.