Efeito da germinação e da desidratação no valor nutritivo, compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante de farinhas de leguminosas / Germination and dehydration effects on nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of legume flours / Efectos de la germinación y la deshidratación sobre el valor nutritivo, los compuestos bioactivos y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o efeito da germinação no teor de macronutrientes e da desidratação em compostos bioativos, nutrientes e atividade antioxidante de farinhas das leguminosas Phaseolus lunatus L. e Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) germinadas. As condições de germinação foram controladas em laboratório e as amostras foram submetidas à desidratação térmica (55°C) e liofilização. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, fenólicos totais flavonoides, atividade antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos graxos (CG-FID) e de vitâmeros de tocoferol (HPLC- DAD). A germinação das leguminosas promoveu aumento de proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos. O processamento térmico para desidratação contribuiu para perdas de proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, e maior atividade antioxidantes em ambas as espécies. O perfil de ácidos graxos e vitâmeros de tocoferol mostraram-se com variações que dependem do tipo de leguminosa e condições de processamento, podendo ser positivas ou negativas. Farinhas de leguminosas germinadas pode ser uma alternativa para a inserção na dieta ou em formulações alimentícias e as condições de processamento devem ser monitoradas com intuito de otimiza propriedades nutritivas e funcionais.

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of germination on macronutrient content and dehydration on bioactive compounds, nutrients and antioxidant activity of flours from germinated Phaseolus lunatus L. and Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.) legumes. The germination conditions were controlled in the laboratory and the samples were submitted to thermal dehydration (55°C) and lyophilization. Analyses were carried out for centesimal composition, total phenolic flavonoids, antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP), fatty acid profile (GC-FID) and tocopherol vitamers (HPLC-DAD). Germination of the legumes promoted an increase in proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Thermal processing for dehydration contributed to losses of proteins, lipids, ash, and higher antioxidant activity in both species. The profile of fatty acids and tocopherol vitamers showed variations that depend on the type of legume and processing conditions, and can be positive or negative. Sprouted legume flours can be an alternative for insertion in the diet or in food formulations and the processing conditions must be monitored in order to optimize nutritional and functional properties.

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar el efecto de la germinación sobre el contenido en macronutrientes y de la deshidratación sobre los compuestos bioactivos, los nutrientes y la actividad antioxidante de harinas de leguminosas germinadas de Phaseolus lunatus L. y Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.). Las condiciones de germinación se controlaron en el laboratorio y las muestras se sometieron a deshidratación térmica (55°C) y liofilización. Se realizaron análisis de composición centesimal, flavonoides fenólicos totales, actividad antioxidante (DPPH, FRAP), perfil de ácidos grasos (GC-FID) y vitaminas tocoferol (HPLC-DAD). La germinación de las leguminosas promovió un aumento de proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos. El procesado térmico para la deshidratación contribuyó a pérdidas de proteínas, lípidos, cenizas y a una mayor actividad antioxidante en ambas especies. El perfil de ácidos grasos y vitaminas tocoferol mostró variaciones que dependen del tipo de legumbre y de las condiciones de procesado, pudiendo ser positivas o negativas. Las harinas de leguminosas germinadas pueden ser una alternativa para su inserción en la dieta o en formulaciones alimentarias y las condiciones de procesado deben ser monitorizadas para optimizar las propiedades nutricionales y funcionales.

Evaluation Of Anticonvulsant Activity Of Ethanolic Extract Of Leaves Of Cajanus Cajan (L) Millsp. In Rodents

Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. is the perennial plant belongs to family Fabaceae, commonly called as Pigeon pea plant. The presence of phytoconstituents like flavonoids, the flavanone (substituted) from Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. have in vitro neuroactive property. This flavanone named as pinostrobin helps to inhibit voltage – gated sodium channels. Because of its bioactive phytoconstituents it may act as antiepileptic drug. To avoid problems like ADR herbal plant might be alternative to treat epilepsy. The current study was therefore carried out to evaluate antiepileptic activity of Ethanolic extract of leaves of Cajanus cajan in rodents. The effect of ELECC in MES-induced convulsions in rat and PTZ-induced convulsion in mice was evaluated using doses 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. Phenytoin (25 mg/kg), Diazepam (4 mg/kg) was used as standard drug for respective model. Depending on the model, outcome measures were abolishment of Hind Limb Tonic Extensor phase in MES-induced convulsion in rat and onset of latency, recovery or death in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice as well as biochemical estimation of amino acid neurotransmitter (GABA, Glutamate) were evaluated. The ELECC at doses 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly delayed the HLTE phase in MES-induced convulsions in rat whereas, significantly increased onset of latency in PTZ-induced convulsion in mice. It also showed significant (p>0.0001) effect on the level of GABA and Glutamate in dose dependent manner in both models. The phytochemical study of C. cajan showed the presence of Glycosides, Flavonoids, Flavonones, Steroids, Tannins, Fixed oil, Fatty acids and Proteins. As the flavonoids present in C. cajan may contribute to the anticonvulsant activity of the plant. Therefore, the presence of such compounds in the extract may be responsible for the anticonvulsant effect. Therefore, present study validates its anticonvulsant activity. Further, research is required to elucidate its specific mechanism of action and isolation of responsible active principles.

Physical and chemical properties of an oxisol after maize cropping on rotation with leguminous plants / Propriedades físicas e químicas de um latossolo ver melho durante o cultivo do milho após rotação com plantas leguminosas

Crop rotation has been a daily management to ensure viability of no-tillage system; however, it is few accepted and practiced by farmers. Thus, this study aims to establish a crop rotation scheme in soil quality. Consequently, cover crops of dwarf mucuna, pigeon pea dwarf, sun hemp and maize were cropped in 2010 under no-tillage system. Soil properties were determined prior their beginning, after the management of cover crops and maize harvest. Results were submitted to ANOVA and averages were compared. The macroporosity and total porosity answered to the adopted management with some variation. So, cover crops need much time to express their potential, mainly related to the physical characteristics of the studied soil. Chemical properties are susceptible to this management since higher changes were observed after management with cover crops. This crop rotation in a long term may allow the maintenance of soil quality because it avoids losses of nutrients and carbon

A rotação de culturas é ação básica para garantir a viabilidade do sistema plantio direto, porém, é pouco aceita e praticada pelos agricultores. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer o esquema de rotação de culturas sobre a qualidade do solo. Para isso, sob sistema plantio direto, foramimplantadas, em 2010, as plantas de cobertura mucuna anã, feijão guandu anão, crotalaria juncea, e a cultura do milho. As propriedades do solo foram determinadas anteriormente à implantação, após o manejo da cobertura vegetal e após a colheita do milho. Os resultados encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação de médias. As plantas de cobertura podem precisar de mais tempo para que expressem seu potencial, principalmente relacionado às características físicas do solo, embora tenha sido observada variação da porosidade total e macroporosidade. As propriedades químicas são sensíveis ao manejo empregado, já que maiores alterações foram observadas após o manejo com as plantas de cobertura. Mesmo que não possibilite aumento significativo no teor de C no solo, o uso desta rotação, em longo prazo, poderá permitir a manutenção da qualidade do solo, evitando perdas de nutrientes e carbono

Prenylated stilbenes and flavonoids from the leaves of Cajanus cajan / 中国天然药物

Three new prenylated stilbenes, named as cajanusins A-C (1-3), and one new natural product cajanusin D (4), along with six known derivatives (5-10) were isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Their structures were fully elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic methods and comparison with data in the reported literatures. The new compounds of 1 and 2 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxic activities against a panel of human cancer cell lines.

Haematological and Biochemical Changes Observed Following Sub-chronic Administration of Crude Methanol Extracts of Stellaria media and Cajanus cajan to Wistar Rats

Aims: Stellaria media and Cajanus cajan are nutritive plants used as food and as components of several herbal remedies either singly or in combination with other medicinal plants in Southwestern Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate its effect on haematology and serum biochemistry after a sub-chronic administration to Wistar rats. Study Design: Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four groups and administered methanol extracts of S. media at doses of 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively per os. Same grouping and treatment was carried out for methanol extract of Cajanus cajan. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria between June and October, 2010. Methodology: The study evaluated the effect of the extract on haematology and serum biochemistry of rats administered with the extract by assessing changes in PCV, MCV, WBC and differential counts while ALT, AST, total protein, albumin, serum bilirubin and creatinine levels were used to assess effects on the liver and kidneys. Results: The study shows no toxic effect in the haematology rather an immunostimulatory effect is seen with both plants. Lymphocyte counts were between 4.6–8.6 X103/mm3 for S. media and 8.3-11.0 X103/mm3 for C. cajan compared to the control rats (4.3 X103/mm3). A possible hepatotoxicity was observed for C. cajan after sub-chronic usage. A non-significant (P>0.05) increase in AST levels were observed with significantly (P<0.05) decreased protein levels of 3.3-3.8 g/dl compared to control rats (5.9 g/dl). Conclusion: Lower doses of ≤100 mg/kg are recommended and caution should be taken when using Stellaria media or Cajanus cajan at high doses and or for prolonged administration.

Production and quality of forage under intercropping systems in the Cerrado/Pantanal ecotone / Produção e qualidade da forragem de consórcios no ecótonoCerrado/Pantanal

The aims of this study were to evaluate forage production and nutritional quality of the elephant grass, leucaena and pigeon pea beans, grown in monocrop or in intercropping systems in Cerrado / Pantanal ecotones in both, dry and rainy, seasons. Experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments were: elephant grass, leucaena and pigeon pea all of these in monocrop; intercropping elephant grass with Leucaena; intercropping elephant grass with pigeon pea. During the rainy season, it was carried out three cuts at intervals of 60 days, and in the dry season a single cut with 180 days. In the rainy season, the biomass produced of the forages elephant grass, leucaena and pigeon pea corresponded respectively to 72, 64, 76% of the annual production. Under intercropping system, fodder behaves similarly, with the average of 72% of annual production. During this period, the nutritional quality of the forages was also higher than the dry season. In the dry period, there was decreased the production of biomass and a reduction in the proportion of leaves in all the forage, regardless of cultivation system. In both seasons (rainy and dry), the forage grown under intercropping system showed higher dry matter production in relation to monocrop system, with most of this production coming of elephant grass. The intercropping elephant grass with the pigeon pea has the highest production of dry matter, while the intercropping elephant grass with Leucaena has better nutritional quality.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a produção de forragem e a qualidade nutricional do capim elefante, Leucaena e feijão guandu, cultivados de forma solteira ou em sistema de consórcio no ecótono Cerrado/Pantanal, em duas estações do ano (das águas e seca). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: capim elefante solteiro; Leucaena solteira; feijão gandu solteiro; consórcio capim elefante com Leucaena; consórcio capim elefante com feijão guandu. Na época das chuvas foram realizados três cortes em intervalos de 60 dias e na época da seca um único corte, com 180 dias. Na estação das chuvas, a biomassa produzida das forrageiras capim elefante, Leucaena e feijão guandu corresponderam, respectivamente, a 72, 64, 76% de toda a produção anual. No sistema de consórcio as forrageiras apresentaram um comportamento similar, com média de 72% da produção anual. Neste período a qualidade nutritiva das forrageiras também foi superior a época seca. No período seco, verificou-se menor produção de biomassa e uma redução na proporção de folhas, em todas as forrageiras, independentemente do sistema de cultivo. Em ambos os períodos (águas e seco), as forrageiras cultivadas em sistema de consórcio, apresentaram produção de matéria seca superior às cultivadas solteiras, sendo a maior parte desta produção oriunda do capim elefante. O consorcio do capim elefante com o feijão guandu apresenta a maior produção de matéria seca, enquanto o consórcio do capim elefante com a Leucaena possui melhor qualidade nutricional.

Establishment of HPLC fingerprints of Cajanus cajan leaves and determination of two constituents / 中成药

AIM To establish the HPLC fingerprints of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.leaves and to determine the contents of orientoside and luteolin.METHODS The analysis of 65％ methanol extract from C.cajan leaves was performed on a 25 ℃ thermostatic Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-1％ acetic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 260 nm.RESULTS There were twenty-one common peaks in ten batches of samples (S1-S10),whose similarities were more than 0.950,except for that of S3 (0.516).Orientoside and luteolin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 0.089 5-3.960 μg and 0.015 5-0.408 μg,whose average recoveries were 99.43％ (RSD =1.32％) and 98.50％ (RSD =0.82％),respectively.The contents of two constituents in the samples from three growing areas (Guangdong,Yunnan and Hainan) showed obvious differences.CONCLUSION This simple,accurate and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of C.cajan leaves.

Antibacterial activity of naringenin-rich fraction of pigeon pea leaves toward Salmonella thypi

Objective To identify bioactive compound in pigeon pea leaves (Cajanus cajan) that inhibits Salmonella thypi (S. thypi). Methods The leaf sample was powdered and macerated with methanol and fractioned by liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The fraction was chromatographed and the isolates were identified for major component with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the antibacterial activity was tested against S. thypi by Kirby–Bauer method. Results Subfraction 1 from the ethyl acetate fraction formed a yellowish solid with m/z 272, identified as naringenin. The naringenin-rich fraction shows fairly well inhibitory toward S. thypi in comparison with chloramphenicol. Conclusions Naringenin shows antibacterial activity and can be developed to treat typhoid.

Antibacterial activity of naringenin-rich fraction of pigeon pea leaves toward Salmonella thypi

Objective: To identify bioactive compound in pigeon pea leaves (Cajanus cajan) that inhibits Salmonella thypi (S. thypi). Methods: The leaf sample was powdered and macerated with methanol and fractioned by liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate. The fraction was chromatographed and the isolates were identified for major component with liquid chromatography-mass spec-trometry and the antibacterial activity was tested against S. thypi by Kirby–Bauer method. Results: Subfraction 1 from the ethyl acetate fraction formed a yellowish solid with m/z 272, identified as naringenin. The naringenin-rich fraction shows fairly well inhibitory toward S. thypi in comparison with chloramphenicol. Conclusions: Naringenin shows antibacterial activity and can be developed to treat typhoid.

Sample size for estimating average productive traits of pigeon pea / Tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média de caracteres produtivos de feijão guandu

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to determine the sample size, in terms of number of plants, needed to estimate the average values of productive traits of the pigeon pea and to determine whether the sample size needed varies between traits and between crop years. Separate uniformity trials were conducted in 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. In each trial, 360 plants were demarcated, and the fresh and dry masses of roots, stems, and leaves and of shoots and the total plant were evaluated during blossoming for 10 productive traits. Descriptive statistics were calculated, normality and randomness were checked, and the sample size was calculated. There was variability in the sample size between the productive traits and crop years of the pigeon pea culture. To estimate the averages of the productive traits with a 20% maximum estimation error and 95% confidence level, 70 plants are sufficient.

RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho de amostra, em número de plantas, para a estimação da média de caracteres produtivos de feijão guandu e verificar se há variabilidade do tamanho de amostra entre caracteres e anos agrícolas. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios de uniformidade, um em 2011/2012 e o outro em 2012/2013. Em cada ensaio, foram demarcadas 360 plantas e, no florescimento, foram avaliadas as massas verde e seca de raiz, caule, folha, parte aérea e total, totalizando dez caracteres produtivos. Foram calculadas estatísticas descritivas, verificada a normalidade e a aleatoriedade e calculado o tamanho de amostra. Na cultura de feijão guandu, há variabilidade do tamanho de amostra entre os caracteres produtivos e entre os anos agrícolas. Para a estimação da média dos caracteres produtivos, com erro de estimação máximo de 20% da média e com grau de confiança de 95%, 70 plantas são suficientes.

Tamanho de parcela e número de repetições em feijão guandu / Plot size and number of repetitions in pigeonpea

RESUMO:Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela e o número de repetições para avaliar a massa verde de feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), em épocas e anos de avaliação. Foram realizados 80 ensaios de uniformidade de 6m×6m (36m2). Cada ensaio foi dividido em 36 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1m×1m, totalizando 2.880UEB. Foi pesada a massa verde das plantas de cada UEB. No ano agrícola 2011/2012, foram avaliados 16 ensaios aos 127 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e 24 aos 139DAS. Em 2012/2013, foram avaliados quatro ensaios em cada uma das épocas (163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 181, 184, 188, 191 e 195DAS). O tamanho ótimo de parcela foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação e as comparações de médias, entre épocas e os anos de avaliação, foram feitas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. O número de repetições, em cenários formados pelas combinações de i tratamentos (i=3, 4, ..., 50) e d diferenças mínimas entre médias de tratamentos a serem detectadas como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, expressas em percentagem da média do experimento (d=10%, 15%, ..., 50%), foi determinado por processo iterativo até a convergência. O tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de feijão guandu é 8,39m2. Quatro repetições, para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, são suficientes para identificar, como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 54,1% da média do experimento.

ABSTRACT:The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum plot size and number of repetitions, to evaluate the fresh weight of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), in times and years. Eighty uniformity trials of 6m×6m (36m2) were conducted. Each trial was divided in 36 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1m×1m, totaling 2,880BEU. The fresh weight of plants, in each BEU was weighed. The agricultural year 2011/2012, were evaluated 16 trials at 127 days after sowing (DAS) and 24 to 139DAS. In 2012/2013, four trials at each of times (163, 167, 170, 174, 177, 181, 184, 188, 191 and 195DAS) were evaluated. The optimum plot size was determined by the method of maximum curvature of the coefficient of variation model and the means compared, among evaluation times and years, by Scott-Knott test. The number of repetitions, in scenarios of combinations of i treatments (i=3, 4, ..., 50) and d minimal differences between treatments means, to be detected as significant, 5% probability by Tukey's test, expressed in percentage of experiment avarage (d=10%, 15%, ..., 50%), was determined by iterative process until convergence. The optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh weight of pigeonpea is was 8.39m2. Four replications, to evaluate up to 50 treatments, are sufficient to identify, as significant at 5% probability by Tukey's test, differences between treatment means of 54.1% of the average experiment.

Protective effects and mechanism of extract from Cajanus cajan leaves against H2O2-induced oxidative injury on H9c2 cardiomyoblasts / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the protective effects and mechanism of the extract from Cajanus cajan leaves (ECCL) against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Methods: A model of H2O2-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was established. Cell viability was determined colorimetrically by MTT assay. The supernates and cells were collected, respectively, after the different treatments for measuring the LDH, MDA, and SOD levels with the corresponding detection kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Western blotting was performed to exam the expression of p-Akt and p-eNOS in H9c2 cells respectively. Results: Compared with H2O2 group, the cell viability was increased significantly in ECCL + H2O2 groups (P < 0.01). The activity of LDH in the culture medium was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The content of MDA in the culture medium was decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The activity of SOD was increased significantly (P < 0.01). Treated with ECCL, the expressions of p-Akt and p-eNOS in H9c2 cells injured from H2O2 were increased significantly (P < 0.01), When LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3K) was added, the effects of ECCL were cancelled. Conclusion: ECCL protects H9c2 cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury partly through PI3K signaling pathway.

Bebida achocolatada alta en proteínas con base en cajannus cajan fermentado y avena / High protein content chocolate beverage based on fermented cajanus cajan and oats

Se formuló una bebida achocolatada a base de concentrado de Cajanus cajan extraído de granos fermentados y hojuelas de avena. La formulación de la bebida se realizó siguiendo un diseño factorial 23. Se evaluó la aceptabilidad por parte de consumidores, la intensidad de atributos por un panel semientrenado y se describieron las fórmulas más aceptadas utilizando la metodología de perfil de libre elección. Finalmente, se determinó la composición proximal de la bebida seleccionada. Los resultados obtenidos indican que existe correlación negativa entre el contenido de avena y la aceptabilidad. En el panel semientrenado, las fórmulas más aceptadas por los consumidores se caracterizaron por ser calificadas con la mayor intensidad en los atributos de color, olor y sabor a chocolate y la menor intensidad en el atributo de viscosidad. El perfil de libre elección de las fórmulas más aceptadas, permitió la identificación de descriptores que pudieran atribuirse a compuestos formados durante el proceso de fermentación de la leguminosa. Según la composición proximal de la fórmula seleccionada, 200mL de la bebida constituyen un alimento con alto contenido de proteína y bajo en grasa(AU)

A chocolate flavored beverage was developed based on Cajanus cajan concentrate, extracted from fermented grains, and oats. The beverage formulation was performed following a 23 factorial design. Consumer acceptability and intensity of attributes were evaluated by a semi-trained panel, and the accepted fórmulas were described using the methodology of free choice profile. Finally, the proximal composition was determined on the selected beverage. The results indicate that there is a negative correlation between the content of oats and acceptability. For the semi-trained panel, fórmulas with higher consumer acceptance were scored with the highest intensities of color, smell and flavor of chocolate and lower intensity in the attribute of viscosity. The free choice profile of the most accepted formulas, allowed the identification of descriptors that could be attributed to compounds formed during the fermentation process of the legume. According to the proximal composition of the selected formula, a portion of 200mL constitutes a high protein and low fat beverage(AU)

Estimação da área foliar de feijão guandu por dimensões foliares / Leaf area estimation of pigeonpea by leaf dimensions

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e identificar os melhores modelos para a estimação da área foliar de feijão guandu, determinada por fotos digitais em função do comprimento, ou da largura e/ou do produto comprimento vezes largura do limbo do folíolo central da folha. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com a cultura de feijão guandu. No primeiro experimento, foram realizadas coletas de 200 folhas aos 45, 52, 59, 65, 72, 79, 86, 94, 100, 106 e 114 dias após a emergência (DAE), totalizando 2.200 folhas. No segundo experimento, foi realizada uma coleta de 220 folhas aos 69 DAE. Nessas 2.420 folhas, foram mensurados o comprimento (CFC) e a largura (LFC) e calculado o produto do comprimento vezes a largura (CFC×LFC) do limbo do folíolo central. A seguir, determinou-se a área foliar de cada folha (soma da área foliar dos folíolos esquerdo, central e direito), por meio do método de fotos digitais (Y). Posteriormente, foram separadas, aleatoriamente, 90% das folhas do primeiro experimento (1.980 folhas), para a geração de modelos do tipo quadrático, potência e linear, de Y em função do CFC, da LFC, e/ou do CFC×LFC. Os 10% das folhas restantes do primeiro experimento (220 folhas) e as 220 folhas coletadas no segundo experimento foram usadas, separadamente, para a validação dos modelos. Em feijão guandu, os modelos do tipo quadrático (Ŷ=0,4295+1,5895x+0,0011x2, R2=0,9710), potência (Ŷ=1,6591x0,9983, R2=0,9769) e linear (Ŷ=-1,3555+1,6858x, R2=0,9708), de Y em função do CFC×LFC, são adequados para a estimação da área foliar e o linear, pode, preferencialmente, ser utilizado.

The objective of this research was to model and identify the best models to estimate the leaf area of pigeonpea determined by digital photos with the length or width and/or the product length width of the central leaflet limb of the leaf. Two trials were carried with the culture of pigeonpea. In the first experiment, samples from 200 leaves were taken at 45, 52, 59, 65, 72, 79, 86, 94, 100, 106 and 114 days after emergence (DAE), totaling 2,200 leaves. In the second experiment, a sample from 220 leaves was collected at 69 DAE. In these 2,420 leaves, were measured the length (CFC) and width (LFC) and calculated the product length width (CFC×LFC) of the central leaflet. Then, was determined the leaf area of each leaf (sum the leaf area of the leaflets left, center and right) by the method of digital photos (Y). After, were separated, randomly, 90% of the leaves from the first experiment (1,980 leaves), to build models of quadratic type, potency and linear for Y function of the CFC, LFC and/or CFC×LFC. The remaining 10% of the leaves from the first experiment (220 leaves) and the 220 leaves collected in the second experiment, separately, were used to validate the models. In pigeonpea, the quadratic model (Ŷ=0.4295+1.5895x+0.0011x2, R2=0.9710), the potency model (Ŷ=1.6591x0.9983, R2=0.9769) and the linear model (Ŷ=-1.3555+1.6858x, R2=0.9708), of Y as a function of CFC×LFC are adequate for estimation of the leaf area and linear, may preferably be used.

Metales pesados en hojas de Myrciaria dubia (kunth) Mc. vaugh. "Camu camu" y Cajanus cajan (l) huth. "puspo poroto", que se expenden en el centro herbolario "Pasaje paquito" de la ciudad de Iquitos / Heavy metals in leaves of Myrciaria dubia (kunth) Mc. vaugh. "Camu camu" and Cajanus cajan (l) huth. "Puspo poroto", which is sold at the "Pasaje paquito" herbalist center in the city of Iquitos

Las hierbas medicinales son usadas ampliamente a lo largo de todo el mundo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud ha promocionado la medicina tradicional y ha dado pautas para su control de calidad de manera que estos medicamentos herbarios sean seguros y eficaces. La contaminación natural y la proveniente de las actividades humanas hicieron necesario monitorear los niveles de metales pesados en las hierbas medicinales. En el presente trabajo se realizó la determinación y cuantificación de plomo y cadmio en las hojas de las especies Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh y Cajanus cajan (L) Huth comercializados ambos en la ciudad de Iquitos por su uso etnomedicinal. El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo y la muestra se adquirió por conveniencia en el mercado herbolario "Psje. Paquito", al costado del mercado de Belén, las concentraciones de los metales se determinaron por absorción atómica de flama. En los resultados obtenidos, ninguna de las especies estudiadas supero los limites de plomo de 10µg/g para hierbas medicinales sugerida por la OMS. En las tres muestras de Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh, presenta un promedio de concentraciones por debajo de los limites de detección < 0,05 ug/g y Cajanus cajan (L) Huth presenta un promedio de concentraciones de 0,310 µg/g . En el caso de los limites permisibles de cadmio para hierbas medicinales de 0,30 µg/g sugeridas por la OMS se observo: el promedio de concentraciones de cadmio en Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc. Vaugh, se encontraron por debajo de los límites de detección < 0,001 µg/g; sin embargo los resultados de la especie Cajanus cajan (L) Huth no supero estos limites con un promedio de concentraciones de 0,156 µg/g.

Revisão das Propriedades Medicinais de Cajanus cajanna Doença Falciforme / Review of Medicinal Cajanus cajan of properties in Sickle Cell Disease

RESUMO Este artigo descreve a ocorrência, características botânicas, fitoquímicas e a composição nutricional do feijão guandu [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp], e sua relação no processo de inibição da falcização na doença falciforme, um distúrbio genético que acomete as hemácias, gerando hemólise e anemia crônica. Dois constituintes químicos estariam mais relacionados aos efeitos inibitórios na falcização de células falciformes: L-fenilalanina e o ácido p-hidroxibenzóico. Estudos químico-biológicos detalhados com o feijão guandu no Brasil poderão esclarecer melhor os mecanismos pelos quais ocorre a inibição da falcização das hemácias e a diminuição do estresse oxidativo, ajudando no tratamento de pessoas com DF.

ABSTRACT This article describes the occurrence, botanical characteristics, phytochemical and nutritional composition of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp], and their relationship in the process inhibition of sickling in sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, causing hemolysis and chronic anemia. Two chemical components would be related to the inhibitory effect on sickling of sickle cells: the L-phenylalanine and the p- hydroxybenzoic acid. In Brazil, detailed studies with pigeonpea chemical-biological may clarify the mechanisms by which the inhibition of sickling of red blood cells occurs, reducing oxidative stress and thus helping treating people affected by this disease.

Neuroprotection of Stilbenes from Leaves of Cajanus cajan against Oxidative Damage Induced by Corticosterone and Glutamate in Differentiated PC12 Cells / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To investigate the neuroprotective effects of four stilbenes, namely cajaninstilbene acid (CSA), longistyline A, longistyline C, and cajanolactone A, isolated from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Methods: Neuroprotective effects of the four stilbenes were evaluated using rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells) damage models induced by corticosterone (Cort) or glutamate. In order to elaborate whether the neuroprotective effects of stilbenes are related to anti-oxidant properties, both oxidant and anti-oxidant parameters were measured. Results: The results of MTT assay and LDH release assay demonstrated that the four stilbenes possessed neuroprotective effects. Moreover, the treatment on PC12 cells with Cort or glutamate (Glu) could significantly increase the levels of ROS and MDA with decreasing the activities of SOD and CAT. However, the four tested stilbenes could significantly alleviate such situation by dropping out the levels of ROS and MDA, as well as enhancing the activities of SOD and CAT. Conclusion: These results provide a scientific basis for further studies to explore the potential neuroprotective effects on neurodegenerative diseases.

Adubação fosfatada no desenvolvimento e produção de feijão guandu em latossolo vermelho do cerrado em primeiro cultivo / Phosphorus fertilization on the development and production of pigeonpea in the cerrado oxisol in first cultivation

O fósforo é um importante macronutriente, requerido por todas as plantas para crescimento, desenvolvimento e reprodução, sendo o fator de produção mais importante para a agricultura após a calagem em solos sob vegetação de Cerrado. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento e produção do feijão guandu submetido à adubação fosfatada, sem inoculação de sementes, em Latossolo Vermelho do Cerrado em primeiro cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no período de agosto a novembro de 2010. Utilizaram-se vasos contendo 3 dm-3 de solo coletado na profundidade de 0-0,20 m em área de Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis doses de fósforo (P2O5): 0; 50; 100; 150; 200 e 250 mg dm-3 em quatro repetições. Houve efeito significativo a 5% de probabilidade para todas as variáveis avaliadas com ajuste aos modelos quadrático e linear de regressão. O melhor desenvolvimento e produção de feijão guandu ocorre no intervalo de doses de fósforo de 162 a 225 mg dm-3. O feijão guandu responde de forma positiva a adubação fosfatada, sem a inoculação de sementes em Latossolo Vermelho do Cerrado em área de primeiro cultivo.

Phosphorus is an important macronutrient required by all plants for growth, development and reproduction, and the most important production factor for agriculture after liming in soils under Cerrado vegetation. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the development and production of pigeonpea subjected to fertilization without inoculation of Cerrado Oxisol in first cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in August-November 2010. We used 3 dm3 pots containing soil collected at 0-20 cm depth in the Cerrado. The experimental design was completely randomized design with six levels of phosphorus (P2O5): 0; 50; 100; 150; 200, e 250 mg dm-3 with four replications. There was a significant effect at 5% probability for all variables adjusted for the quadratic and linear regression. The best development and production of pigeonpea occurs within phosphorus levels of 162 the 225 mg dm-3. The pigeonpea respond positively to fertilization, without the inoculation of seeds in the soil of the Cerrado in first cultivation area.

Chemical constituents from leaves of Cajanus cajan / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical compounds from the leaves of Cajanus cajan. Methods: Normal phase silica gel, medium-pressure ODS, MCI, and Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatographies were used to isolate and purify the constituents. And their structures were identified by their physical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, mass spectrometry, etc. Results: Twenty-three compounds were separated from the alcohol extract in the leaves of C. cajan. They were cajanine (1), longistyline A (2), longistyline C (3), cajanolactone A (4), pinostrobin (5), orientin (6), isovitexin (7), vitexin (8), cajanol (9), cajanin (10), prunetin (11), pratensein (12), (2R, 3R)-2, 3-dihydro-5-7, 4'-dimethoxyflavone (13), ethyl 10', 16'-dihydroxy hexadecanoate (14), vanillic acid (15), ethyl heptadecanoate (16), 2-O-quebrachitol (17), 2, 3, 4-trihydroxy-isovaleric acid (18), stigmasterol (19), betulinic acid (20), heptadecanoic acid (21), β-sitosterol (22), and β-daucosterol (23). Conclusion: Compounds 10-19 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Field evaluation of a botanical formulation from the milky mangrove Excoecaria agallocha L. against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. (E. agallocha) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera).@*METHODS@#About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions.@*RESULTS@#On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan, 1% E. agallocha, 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera, under field conditions.