ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Frontaly and anteriorly the orbit is closed by a skin-muscular closure of eyelids. The eyelids limit the palpebral fissure, which is subject to geographical, racial, and age variations. As a part of the face, eyelids and palpebral fissure play a very important role in the attractiveness of the individual, but al so in the diagnosis of certain local and systemic pathological processes. The aim of the study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the palpebral fissure in a young population without pathological conditions and syndromes. The study was conducted on 90 subjects (45 male and 45 female) aged 19.28±0.69 years. Subjects were photographed with a Nikon D3400 camera, and the morphometric parameters were measured with the ImageJ 1.48v software. Statistical analysis of the data was performed in Windows Excel. The measurements in the study were the distance between the mid-points of both pupils, distance between both external canthi, distance between both internal canthi, palpebral fissure width and palpebral fissure height at three points. The average height of the palpebral fissure to the right is 9.35±1.55 mm and to the left is 9.41±1.56 mm. The average width of the palpebral fissure on the right is 27.05±1.71 mm and on the left is 27.18±1.68 mm. It was found that there was some difference in the measured parameters, however, this difference was not statistically significant.
RESUMEN: El músculo orbicular de los ojos se encuentra en la cara, delante de la órbita y debajo de la piel. Los párpados limitan la fisura palpebral, la abertura natural, sujeta a variaciones geográficas, raciales y de edad. Los párpados y la fisura palpebral juegan un papel importante en la estética de las personas, pero también en el diagnóstico de ciertos procesos patológicos locales y sistémicos. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar un análisis morfométrico de la fisura palpebral en una población joven sin enfermedades o condiciones patológicas. El estudio se realizó en 90 sujetos (45 hombres y 45 mujeres) de 19,28 ± 0,69 años. Los sujetos fueron fotografiados con una cámara Nikon D3400, y los parámetros morfométricos se midieron con el software ImageJ 1.48v. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó en Windows Excel. Se midieron la distancia entre los puntos medios de ambas pupilas, la distancia entre ambos cantos laterales, la distancia entre ambos cantos mediales, el ancho de la fisura palpebral y la altura de la fisura palpebral en tres puntos. La altura promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha fue 9,35 ± 1,55 mm y a la izquierda fue 9,41 ± 1,56 mm. El ancho promedio de la fisura palpebral a la derecha era 27,05 ± 1,71 mm y a la izquierda era 27,18 ± 1,68 mm. Se determinó una diferencia leve en los parámetros medidos, sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Eyelids/anatomy & histology , Prospective Studies , Eye/anatomy & histology , SerbiaABSTRACT
The measurement of craniofacial parameters have clinical, forensic and anthropologic significance. Local data on inner canthal and outer canthal distances and the canthal index may reveal the pattern of differential growth in craniofacial features resulting from factors such as sex, diet and genetic distinctions. In the present study, we provide normative data on canthal distances in a Nigerian population which has not been studied previously, utilizing a study design which optimises the effect of age and minimise bias and confounding than previous studies in Nigerian groups. The mean inner canthal distance was 1.85 +/-0.30cm and 2.07 +/- 0.29cm (males vs. females, p= 0.000); mean outer canthal distance, 10.39 +/- 0.56cm and 10.40 +/- 0.98cm (males vs. female, p= 0.899). The results were found to be considerably lower than what has been reported among Nigerian groups.
La medición de parámetros craneofaciales tiene importancia clínica, forense y antropológica. Los datos locales sobre la distancia cantal interna y cantal externa y el índice cantal puede revelar el patrón de crecimiento diferencial en las características craneofaciales como resultado de factores como el sexo, la dieta y las diferencias genéticas. En el presente estudio, se proporcionan datos normativos sobre la distancia cantal en una población de Nigeria que no ha sido estudiada previamente, utilizando un diseño de estudio que optimiza el efecto de la edad, como también minimiza el sesgo y la confusión de estudios anteriores en los grupos de Nigeria. La media de distancia cantal interna fue de 1,85 +/- 0,30cm y 2,07 +/- 0,29cm (hombres v/s mujeres, p = 0,000), mientras que la media de distancia cantal externa fue 10,39 +/- 0,56cm y 10,40 +/- 0,98cm (hombres v/s mujeres, p = 0,899). Los resultados de este estudio son considerablemente más bajos que lo que se han reportado previamente para los grupos nigerianos.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Cephalometry/methods , Facial Bones/anatomy & histology , Facial Bones/growth & development , Anthropology, Medical/methods , Anthropometry/methods , Body Weights and Measures , Nigeria/ethnologyABSTRACT
Objectives: Even though the constant relation of golden proportion and inner canthal distance (ICD) with the width of the maxillary central incisor (CIW) has been found in European population, it may not be applied to Indian population as we differ from Europeans racially and genetically. Hence, this study was carried out with the objectives of determining if these parameters are applicable to our population also. Materials and Methods: Three hundred south Indian subjects between 18 and 26 years of age, free from facial and dental deformities were examined. Inner canthus of each eye was used as soft tissue landmark. The maxillary central incisors were measured at the contact point area with the help of digital vernier caliper. The CIW was also calculated using golden proportion ratio to obtain the calculated central incisor width. A comparison was made with measured width. Statistical analyses were done to identify any significant difference using "Z" tests. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient test was used to evaluate the measured and the calculated width of the central incisor. Results: ICD and the width of two maxillary incisors were in golden proportion in south Indian population. Also, ICD when multiplied by a decreasing function value of the golden proportion and divided by 2 is a reliable predictor of determining CIW. Conclusion: As in the European population, the ICD and the golden proportion are reliable predictors for determining the width of the maxillary central incisors in the south Indian population also.