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1.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-210832

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out to assess food and foraging niches of carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard selecting two transects I and II at Punjab Agricultural University campus from March 2015 to February 2016. There were observed 12 and 11 carnivorous bird species out of total 52 and 38 bird species recorded in transect I and II respectively. Habitat features (hedgerows, un-cemented water channel), irrigation schedules and fruit developmental stages seemed to determine the bird composition, especially carnivorous bird species in mixed fruit orchard

2.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(3): 950-957, Sept. 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893079

ABSTRACT

The present study describes the morphology and histology of the digestive tract of juvenile pirarucu, which is a Neotropical fish species with great potential for aquaculture in the Amazon region. Three size classes of pirarucu juveniles from commercial fish farms were sampled for histological examination of the oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca, intestine and liver. The morphological and histological features of the pirarucu digestive tract are similar to other carnivorous teleosts and enable the species to ingest, store and digest large food items. Acidic and neutral mucins are secreted by the mucosa of the oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca and intestine to protect the mucosal epithelium and to lubricate and facilitate food passage along the digestive tract. Complex transverse folds are predominant in the intestinal mucosa and most likely contribute to optimization of the digestion and nutrient absorption processes, thereby offsetting the relatively short length of the intestine. The exocrine pancreas appears diffuse in the liver and mesentery around the pyloric region of the stomach, pyloric caeca and initial part of the intestine. The digestive tract morphology and thickness become increasingly developed with the size of pirarucu.


El presente trabajo describe la morfología e histología del tracto digestivo de una especie juvenil de paiche, un pez neotropical con gran potencial acuícola en la region Amazónica. Se tomaron muestras de tres clases de tamaño de juveniles de paiche de granjas acuícolas comerciales para examen histológico del esófago, estómago, ciego pilórico, intestino e hígado. El tracto digestivo del paiche tiene características morfológicas e histológicas comunes a otros teleósteos carnívoros que permiten a la especie la ingestión, el almacenamiento y la digestión de grandes alimentos. Mucinas ácidas y neutras son secretadas por la capa mucosa del esófago, estómago, ciego pilórico e intestino para proteger el epitelio de esta capa, además de lubricar y facilitar el paso de los alimentos a lo largo del tracto. Pliegues complejos y de orientación transversal son predominantes en la mucosa intestinal, contribuyendo, probablemente, a la optimización de los procesos de digestión y absorción de nutrientes, y compensando la longitud relativamente corta del intestino. El páncreas exócrino se encuentra difuso dentro del hígado y en el mesenterio alrededor de la región pilórica del estómago, ciego pilórico y porción inicial del intestino. La morfología y el espesor del tubo digestorio se desarrollan de forma gradual a medida que el paiche crece.


Subject(s)
Animals , Digestive System/anatomy & histology , Fishes/anatomy & histology
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(3): 1297-1310, jul.-sep. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-958214

ABSTRACT

ResumenLas plantas carnívoras del género Utricularia, capturan un amplio ámbito de organismos acuáticos. La mayoría se desarrollan en ambientes con carencias de nutrientes y tienen la capacidad de cambiar las condiciones de su microambiente. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar la selectividad, en la captura de zooplancton por Utricularia foliosa en la Ciénaga de Paredes; entre febrero y noviembre 2014. Se determinó si existe selección en los recursos alimentarios de la planta con el índice de Czekanowski y el grado de selección, a través de los índices de Savage e Ivlev. Se estableció la relación existente entre los patrones de captura y selección del zooplancton, con variables físicoquímicas y la disponibilidad de nutrientes en la Ciénaga. En nuestros resultados, el índice de Czekanowski evidenció selección, en los recursos alimentarios de la planta, durante todo el pulso de inundación, con valores entre 0.28 y 0.41. Se encontró selección positiva significativa, con el índice de Savage, para los géneros Lecane sp., Alona sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., y Bosmina sp. (p < 0.05). Se obtuvieron resultados similares, con el índice de Ivlev. La intensidad en la selección de los géneros varió entre periodos hidrológicos y por periodos de aguas altas y bajas. Se identificó que los cambios en la concentración de amoniaco y nitrato, además de la variación en la conductividad eléctrica de la ciénaga influencian la captura que realiza U. foliosa. Este es el primer trabajo que permite dar un acercamiento al entendimiento de la selección de recursos alimentarios dentro de la especie a través de índices de selectividad y uno de los pocos para el género.


Abstract:Utricularia is a genus of carnivorous plants that capture a wide range of aquatic organisms. Most of these plants grow in environments with nutrients deficiency and have the ability to change the conditions of their microenvironment. The aim of this research was to study the selectivity in the zooplankton capture by Utricularia foliosa in the Ciénaga de Paredes. Our study was undertaken between February and November, 2014. We tried to determine if there is selection in the plant's food resources by the Czekanowski's index, and the selection degree by the Savage and Ivlev's indexes. Additionally, we studied the possible relation between the patterns of zooplankton capture and selection, with physicochemical variables in the swamp. The Czekanowski's index showed a food selection in plant resources throughout the flood pulse, with values between 0.28 and 0.41. We also found a significant positive selection with Savage's index for Lecane sp., Alona sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., and Bosmina sp. (p < 0.05); similar results were obtained with Ivlev's index. The intensity in the selection of each captured genus varied significantly between hydrological periods and between high and low water levels in the swamp. It was possible to identify some changes in the ammonia and nitrate concentration and some variability in the electric conductivity of the swamp, which influenced the captures made by U. foliosa. This is the first paper that allows an approach to understand the selection of food resources for the species, using a selectivity index, and one of the few for the genus. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1297-1310. Epub 2016 September 01.


Subject(s)
Animals , Zooplankton/classification , Lamiales/physiology , Seasons , Temperature , Zooplankton/physiology , Cluster Analysis , Colombia , Statistics, Nonparametric , Rivers/chemistry , Food Preferences
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 67(5): 1408-1414, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-764451

ABSTRACT

O surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) é uma das espécie de peixe mais apreciadas para o consumo. Por ser uma espécie carnívora, exige atenção especial no que tange às suas exigências nutricionais. Até o momento, poucos estudos foram realizados para estabelecê-las na fase de engorda, em especial em sistema de cultivo intensivo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os desempenhos zootécnico e econômico de surubins (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) na fase final de crescimento, estocados em tanque-rede e alimentados com dietas com diferentes níveis de proteína. Os peixes, com peso de 356,6±40,3g, foram acondicionados em 12 tanques-rede de 18m3, nos quais permaneceram por cinco meses até adquirirem o peso comercial para abate. O tratamento experimental foi constituído por três dietas extrusadas comerciais, com os níveis de proteína bruta (36, 38, 40%PB) sendo substituídos gradativamente por carboidratos. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento, rendimento de filé, enzimas metabólicas e desempenho econômico. O ganho de peso, o ganho de peso diário, o consumo de dieta, a taxa de eficiência proteica, a sobrevivência e o rendimento de filé não apresentaram diferença significativa. A conversão alimentar foi melhor para os peixes alimentados com a dieta com 38 e 40%PB. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros de índice hepatossomático e de enzimas hepáticas. Apesar dos maiores gastos com a ração contendo 38%PB em comparação à dieta com 36%PB, esta foi a que apresentou o melhor índice de custo por kg de peixe produzido. Os melhores índices de crescimento e o menor custo de arraçoamento foram obtidos pelos peixes alimentados com a dieta 38%PB, sendo esta, portanto recomendada para o arraçoamento na fase final de surubins em tanque-rede.


The Pseudoplatystoma sp. is one of the most appreciated fish species for consumption. Being a carnivorous species, the painted requires special attention regarding their nutritional requirements. To date, few studies have been conducted to establish them in their stage of fattening especially in intensive cultivation systems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth and economic performance of Pseudoplatystoma sp fed with protein levels reared in net cages. The fish weighing from 356.6 ± 40.3g were packed in twelve net cages in 18 m3 in which they remained for five months until acquiring the commercial weight for slaughter. The experimental treatment was constituted by three commercial extruded diets with different crude protein levels (36, 38, 40% CP) gradually being replaced with carbohydrate. Growth parameters, metabolic enzymes, fillet yield and economic performance were evaluated. The gain in weight, daily weight gain, diet consumption, protein efficiency rate, survival and fillet yield did not show significant difference. The feed conversion was best for fish fed a diet with 38 and 40% CP. No significant differences were observed for the hepatossomatic index parameters and liver enzymes. There were larger expenditures on rations containing 38% PB compared to the diet with 36% CP, this presented the best index of cost per kg of fish produced. The best growth rates and lower cost of feeding were obtained by fish fed with a 38% CP diet, which is, therefore, recommended for feeding in the final phase of surubins monitored via net cages.


Subject(s)
Animals , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Diet/veterinary , Fishes , Carnivora , Weight Gain
5.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 30(3): 823-829, may/june 2014. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-947470

ABSTRACT

Procyon cancrivorus é um animal adaptado em vários biomas, desde florestas tropicais até regiões semiáridas, tendo médio porte, farta pelagem, cauda longa, com anéis escuros e máscara facial, pertencente ao filo Chordata, classe Mammalia, ordem Carnívora e agrupado a família Procyonidae. O cone medular é uma leve dilatação situada no final da medula espinal, onde partem vários nervos espinais em desnível com os espaços intervertebrais, chamado de cauda equina, região importante para procedimentos de técnicas anestésicas regionais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a topografia do cone medular de Procyon cancrivorus, subsidiando a realização de técnicas anestésicas nesta espécie de carnívoro silvestre. Utilizamos dois animais procedentes de coleta em rodovias (mortos por acidente), submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa a 20% de formaldeído. As dissecações foram feitas para observação da intumescência lombar, cone medular e cauda equina e a documentação fotográfica. Observou-se que a coluna vertebral do Procyon apresenta divisão em 7 cervicais, 13 torácicas, 7 lombares e 3 sacrais. Retirou as vértebras, visualizou a medula espinal e verificou a localização da intumescência lombar entre a vértebra L3 e L4 com comprimento de 1,8 cm, o cone medular tem sua base na L4 e ápice na L7, com comprimento variando entre 5,1 cm e 5,6 cm e a cauda eqüina entre L7 e S3. A disponibilização deste estudo tem importante papel que serve de base para a prática das anestesias epidurais, e sobre a topografia do cone medular em Procyon cancrivorus.


The Procyon cancrivorus is an animal adapted in various biomes, from tropical forests to semiarid regions, and midrange, abundant coat, long tail with dark rings and a face mask, belonging to the phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, Carnivora order and grouped family Procyonidae. The conus is a slight dilation located at the end of the spinal cord, from where multiple spinal nerves sunken with the intervertebral spaces, called cauda equina region important for this procedure regional anesthetic techniques. The aim of this study was to describe the topography of the conus of Procyon cancrivorus, supporting the achievement of anesthetic techniques in this kind of wild carnivore. We used two animals from collecting on highways (killed by accident), underwent fixation in 20% aqueous solution of formaldehyde. The dissections were made to observe the lumbar intumescence, conus and cauda equina and photographic documentation on Sony 200 10.2 mpx camera. We observed that the backbone of Procyon shows division into seven cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar sacral and 3. We removed the vertebrae, the spinal cord visualize and verify the location of swelling lumbar vertebra between the L3 and L4 length of 1.8 cm, the conus has its basis in the L4 and L7 in the apex, and with length ranging between 5.1 cm and 5.6 cm and the cauda equina between L7 and S3. The release of this study has an important role that underpins the practice of epidural anesthesia, and the topography of the conus in Procyon cancrivorus.


Subject(s)
Spinal Cord , Carnivora , Procyonidae
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(6): 1895-1898, Dec. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-696878

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work was to evaluate different transport times for pacama juvenile (Lophiosilurus alexandri) previously trained to feed formulated diets. Four hundred and eighty-six pacama juveniles (2.52±0.71g) were submitted to 24 hours of fasting before transport. The animals were divided into nine plastic bags, with density of 54 juveniles in 5L of clean water for each bag after that inflated with pure oxygen and then sealed. Fish were transported for three hours and bags were open at 5, 6 and 7.5 hours after closing. For each time three replications were used. Survival was monitored for 96 hours post-transport. The longest time tested showed the lowest values of dissolved oxygen and pH, while the total ammonia was similar in the different treatments. Survival was 100% for different transport times after 96 hours. Some juveniles returned to feed 48 hours and the majority 72 hours after opening the bags, suggesting the efficiency of transport made at different times.


Subject(s)
Animals , Carnivora , Fishes
7.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 65(5): 1500-1508, out. 2013. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-689770

ABSTRACT

Most studies in nutrition for the South American catfish (surubim) were limited to the initial phase of development. However, it is clear that performance and nutrient utilization can change during the life stages of a fish. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutrient utilization in juveniles of surubim fed diets varying in protein and energy levels. Two experiments were performed to test different levels of energy and protein in formulated diets. In the first experiment, surubim juveniles (89.2±4.8g) were fed five diets containing different levels of energy (18.0, 18.8, 19.6, 20.5, 21.3 MJ/kg). In the second experiment, juveniles (170.03±3.35g) were fed five diets containing different levels of protein (360, 400, 440, 480 and 520g/kg). The most favorable energy level for weight gain was 20.3 MJ/kg. The increasing energy levels provided a rise in fat and decrease in protein whole-body composition. The protein amount was between 360 to 400g/kg (383g/kg), which was adequate for performance and nutrient assimilation in surubim juveniles.


A maior parte dos estudos a respeito dos aspectos nutricionais do surubim está limitada às primeiras fases de desenvolvimento. Entretanto, é claro que o desempenho e a utilização dos nutrientes podem mudar durante os diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento destes animais. Assim sendo, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e a utilização de nutrientes em juvenis de surubim alimentados com dietas contendo níveis variáveis de energia e proteína. Dois experimentos foram realizados para testar os diferentes níveis de proteína e energia. No primeiro experimento, juvenis de surubim (89,2±4,8g) foram alimentados com cinco dietas contendo níveis diferentes de energia (18.0, 18.8, 19.6, 20.5, 21.3MJ/kg). No segundo experimento, os juvenis (170,03±3,35g) foram alimentados com dietas contendo cinco níveis de proteína (360, 400, 440, 480 e 520g/kg). O melhor nível de energia para ganho de peso foi 20,3 MJ/kg. O aumento dos níveis de energia levou a um incremento nos níveis de lipídeo e diminuição da proteína corporal. Níveis de proteína entre 360 a 400g/kg foram os mais adequados para o desempenho e utilização dos nutrientes em juvenis grandes de surubim.


Subject(s)
Animals , Sequence Analysis, Protein/veterinary , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Fishes/classification , Fishes/genetics
8.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 33(5): 651-661, maio 2013. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-678347

ABSTRACT

A maioria das doenças dos animais de natureza e cativeiro encontra-se associada à proximidade humana, que resulta da fragmentação e degradação do habitat destes animais, no isolamento das espécies e no contato mais próximo entre estes e animais domésticos e o homem. Foram estudados os sincrânios de 104 mãos-peladas (Procyon cancrivorus) por meio de avaliação direta, preenchimento de ficha odontológica veterinária e documentação fotográfica, que relataram anormalidades encontradas, as quais foram classificadas e contabilizadas para fins estatísticos. Os achados deste trabalho aludem que os animais de cativeiro foram mais acometidos com as lesões relacionadas à doença periodontal, como cálculo, reabsorção óssea alveolar, deiscência, fenestração, exposição de furca, além de maloclusão, apinhamento dentário e os níveis mais graves de desgaste dentário. Os animais de vida livre apresentaram mais altos índices de fraturas, perdas dentárias ante-morte e escurecimento dentário, que caracterizam maior trauma dentário, durante o processo alimentar. Pretendeu-se, assim, estabelecer um parâmetro do estado de saúde oral da espécie estudada, sua frequência e se esta apresenta as mesmas enfermidades orais em vida livre e em cativeiro, relacionando a prevalência de afecções orais com características da ecologia da espécie.


Most diseases of animals in nature and captivity is linked to human proximity, resulting from habitat fragmentation and degradation of these animal habitats, the isolation of the species and the close contact between them and domestic animals and manhood. We studied 104 crab-eating raccoons (Procyon cancrivorus) skulls by direct assessment of sheet filling veterinary dental and photographic documentation reporting these abnormalities, which were classified and recorded for statistical purposes. The findings show that the captive animals were most affected with injuries related to periodontal disease, such as calculus, alveolar bone resorption, dehiscence, fenestration, furcation exposure, as well as malocclusion, crowding and severe levels of tooth wear. The free-living animals showed the highest rates of fractures, ante-mortem tooth loss and tooth blackout, which feature larger dental injuries during the feeding process. The intention was therefore to establish a parameter of oral health status of the species studied, their frequency and whether it has the same oral diseases in the wild life and in captivity, relating the prevalence of oral diseases with ecological characteristics of the specie.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mouth/physiopathology , Raccoons/anatomy & histology , Dentistry/veterinary , Feeding Behavior
9.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 15(2): 115-120, jul-dez. 2012. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-681410

ABSTRACT

Although pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri), a fish species native to Brazil, is suitable for farming, it has been little investigated. The present experiment evaluates the effect of food processing on the performance and survival rate of pacamã fingerlings. An experiment in a completely randomized design was carried out with 48 pacamã fingerlings aged 45 days and weighing 1.94 ± 0.01 g. Fingerlings were assigned to three treatments with four repetitions. Each aquarium containing four fingerlings was considered one experimental unit. Fingerlings were submitted to feed treatments with 47.5% crude protein processed in bran, micro-pellet, and moist forms. The average final weight and apparent feed conversion were significantly (P<0.01) affected by food processing. Pacamã fingerlings that fed on moist food performed the best, such that moist food rather than bran or micro-pellet forms is recommended.


Embora o pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri), uma espécie de peixe nativa do Brasil, seja apropriado para o cultivo, pouco se conhece a seu respeito. O presente experimento avaliou o efeito do processamento da ração no desempenho e na sobrevivência de alevinos de pacamã. O desenho experimental foi completamente casualizado, com 48 alevinos de pacamã com 45 dias de idade e peso de 1,94 ± 0,01 g distribuídos em três tratamentos com quatro repetições. Cada aquário com quatro alevinos foi considerado uma unidade experimental. Os alevinos foram submetidos a tratamentos com rações contendo 47,5% de proteína bruta, processadas na forma farelada, micropeletizada e úmida. O peso final e a conversão alimentar aparente apresentaram efeito significativo (P<0,01) para o processamento da ração. Os alevinos de pacamã alimentados com ração na forma úmida apresentaram melhor desempenho. Desse modo, recomenda-se a ração na forma úmida em vez daquelas nas formas farelada e peletizada.


Aunque el pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri), una especie de pez nativo de Brasil, es apto para el cultivo, poco se sabe acerca del mismo. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del procesamiento del pienso en el rendimiento y la supervivencia de los alevines de pacamã. El diseño experimental fue completamente casualizado, con 48 alevines de pacamã con 45 días de edad y peso de 1,94 ± 0,01 g distribuidos en tres tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones. Cada acuario con cuatro alevines se consideró una unidad experimental. Los alevines fueron sometidos a tratamientos con piensos conteniendo 47,5% de proteína bruta, procesadas como harina, micro peletizado y húmedo. El peso final y la conversión alimentaria mostró efecto significativo (P <0,01) para el procesamiento de la ración. Los alevines de pacamã alimentados con la forma húmeda mostraron mejor rendimiento. Por lo tanto, se recomienda pienso en la forma húmeda en lugar de las formas en harina y micro peletizado.

10.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 53(2): 425-430, Mar.-Apr. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-546574

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was the study of the abiotic environment of the carnivorous pitcher plant Heliamphora nutans (Sarraceniaceae), including the microclimate and the geochemistry of the soil of the growing sites on Roraima Tepui and discuss their relevance within the recent model of carnivorous plant ecology. The soil was peaty and low in nutrients. The microclimate on the site was very balanced, with moderately cool temperatures, a constant high humidity and very low wind speed. Heliamphora was not exposed to any recognizable climatic stress. Previous macroclimatic measurements reflected the growth conditions of Heliamphora only incorrectly, since humidity decreased drastically with height. The apparent conflict with the common model of carnivorous plant ecology was caused by the dense surrounding vegetation. However, the leaf coverage of these non carnivorous plants was too low to cause significant insolation decrease for Heliamphora. Furthermore, the temperature regime of the pitcher fluid was more balanced than the temperature of the leaf. This may improve conditions for the growth of microorganisms in the pitcher fluid that contribute to the degredation of the plant's prey.

11.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 52(5): 1261-1266, Sept.-Oct. 2009. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-536403

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to use the residues of fermented sardine to elaborate the acid fish silage and its use in feed for aquaculture. Biological assay was performed by feeding largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fingerlings (initial weight 22g), with extruded diets (41 percent crude protein; 3,600 kcal/kg digestible energy) containing 0.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, or 15.0 percent of fish silage in partial substitution to the fish meal. The feed conversion ratio and weight gain for the treatments were: 1.26 and 15.76g; 1.11 and 17.07g; 1.19 and 17.81g; 1.18 and 19.83g; 1.47 and 14.64g, respectively. No significant differences (P<0.05) were detected among the treatments. Results indicated that it was possible to use up to 15 percent of acid fish silage as partial substitute for fish meal in the formulation of carnivorous fish feed.


O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar a utilização de resíduos de sardinha fermentada para elaboração de silagem química e sua utilização em rações para aquacultura. Foi realizado ensaio de ganho de peso utilizando juvenis de "black bass" (Micropterus salmoides), com peso inicial de 22 gramas, onde utilizou-se rações extrusadas (41 por cento de proteína bruta, 3.600 kcal/kg de energia digestível) contendo 0,0; 7,5; 10,0; 12,5; 15,0 por cento de silagem em substituição à farinha de peixe. A composição química da silagem de pescado (matéria seca) apresentou valores de proteína bruta de 28,47 g 100g-1; lipídeo 8,24 g 100g-1; cinza 60,68 g 100g-1 A conversão alimentar e o ganho de peso para os tratamentos foram, respectivamente: 1,26 e 15,76g; 1,11 e 17,07g; 1,19 e 17,81g; 1,18 e 19,83g; 1,47 e 14,64g. Nenhuma diferença significativa (P<0,05) foi encontrada entre os tratamentos. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade da utilização de até 15 por cento de silagem na substituição da farinha de peixe, em rações para peixes carnívoros.

12.
Rev. biol. trop ; 57(1/2): 195-209, March-June 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-637712

ABSTRACT

Diet of the chub, Notropis moralesi (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in the Amacuzac River, Morelos, Mexico. Notropis moralesi, locally known as "carpa tepelneme", is a small endemic fish of the Papaloapan River. We analyzed its diet and feeding habits. Specimens were captured monthly from Amacuzac, River, Morelos, Mexico. The gut content of 294 specimens was identified to the most specific taxonomic category possible. We quantified gut content by the numerical and frequency of occurrence methods and used the Levin’s amplitude of trophic niche indices and MacArthur and Levin`s indices for niche overlaping. The N. moralesi diet was composed by eleven prey categories, ten of which were of animal item. Chironomids and mayfly were the most consumed prey, independently of season and fish sex or size. We found ten nutritional components in the dry season, and eight in the rainy season. The estimated amplitude of trophic niche (Levin’s method) revealed high values in both seasons. The diet had ten nutritional components in immatures, eight in females and five in males. A Chi-squared test showed not significant differences in the diet by development stage, sex, and season. The niche overlaping index was high (above 0.60) for all analyses. N. moralesi is a carnivorous species with entomophagus tendencies. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 195-209. Epub 2009 June 30.


Notropis moralesi, conocido comúnmente como "carpa tepelneme", es un pez endémico del río Papaloapan. Se analizó su dieta y hábitos alimentarios. Se tomaron muestras mensuales en el río Amacuzac, Morelos, México. La identificación del contenido estomacal (294 ejemplares) se llevó hasta el taxon más específico posible. Para la cuantificación se utilizaron los métodos numérico (No) y frecuencia de aparición (F.O.). Se utilizó el índice de amplitud de nicho trófico de Levin y el índice de traslape de MacArthur y Levin. N. moralesi presentó la ingestión de once componentes alimenticios, de los cuales diez son de origen animal y uno vegetal. Los quironómidos y efemerópteros fueron los más consumidos independientemente del sexo, talla y época del año. El análisis por épocas del año, reportó diez componentes en el estiaje y ocho en las lluvias. La dieta de los inmaduros estuvo constituida por diez componentes, la de las hembras por ocho y el de los machos por cinco. La prueba de Ji-cuadrada reveló que no existen diferencias significativas entre las dietas por estadio de desarrollo, sexos y épocas del año. El traslape de los nichos tróficos, reveló valores superiores a 0.60 en todas las combinaciones por sexos y épocas del año. N. moralesi es una especie carnívora con tendencias insectívoras y presenta hábitos alimentarios de tipo bentófago.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Cyprinidae/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Cyprinidae/classification , Gastrointestinal Contents , Mexico , Rivers , Seasons , Sex Factors
13.
Rev. biol. trop ; 55(3/4): 795-803, Sep.-Dec. 2007. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-637627

ABSTRACT

Las plantas carnívoras acuáticas del género Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae), capturan pequeños organismos acuáticos, como rotíferos, copépodos, y cladóceros, por medio de estructuras anatómicas semejantes a vesículas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el tamaño y tipo de presas de U. gibba y U. inflata, recolectados en un pequeño lago y en un pastizal inundado, respectivamente, en la localidad de la Península de Paria (Estado Sucre, Venezuela). La acidez, conductividad, cantidad de oxígeno disuelto y la salinidad del agua se midieron in situ para cada sitio de muestreo; también se tomaron muestras de agua para determinar niveles de N-Kjeldahl, P-total, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y Cl-. Se midieron cincuenta vesículas de cada especie y se analizaron sus contenidos. Los valores de N-Kjeldahl y P-total fueron similares en ambos sitios, y semejantes a los conocidos para ecosistemas eutróficos; sin embargo, las concentraciones de Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ y los valores in situ de los parámetros del agua fueron más altos en el pastizal inundado. Las vesículas contenían los siguientes grupos de zooplancton: rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodos, anélidos, rizópodos, e insectos; y las siguientes divisiones de fitoplancton: Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta y Euglenophyta. Las vesículas presentadas por U. inflata fueron menores en tamaño y en cantidad, pero mayores en abundancia y riqueza total de morfoespecies algales y animales en comparación con U. gibba. La similitud en cuanto a composición de presas a nivel taxonómico, entre las dos especies de plantas carnívoras, fue baja.


Subject(s)
Animals , Magnoliopsida/physiology , Insecta/classification , Phytoplankton/classification , Zooplankton/classification , Magnoliopsida/classification , Venezuela
14.
Rev. biol. trop ; 54(4): 1247-1255, dic. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-492157

ABSTRACT

Girardinichthys multiradiatus, locally known as "mexcalpique", is a small endemic fish of the Lerma river basin. Its presence in lakes (Zempoala) suggests a long-standing connection between these lakes and the river basin. The current range of this species in the Mexico and Toluca valley appears to have been reduced, making this park a refuge for the species. Nevertheless, little is known about its biology. We studied its diet and feeding habits in Acoyotongo Lake, Lagunas de Zempoala National Park (19 degrees 01'30"-19 degrees 06' N, 99 degrees 16'20"-99 degrees 21' W) where seasonal collections were carried out. The gut contents of 97 specimens were identified to the most specific taxonomic category possible and analyzed with numeric and frequency of occurrence methods. The general diet of this species consists of twelve dietary components, eleven of which are of animal origin. Hymenopterans, springtails and chironomids represented the highest percentage of ingestion and preference. G. multiradiatus is as a carnivorous species with entomophagous tendencies.


Girardinichthys multiradiatus, conocido comúnmente como “mexcalpique” un pequeño pez endémico de la cuenca del río Lerma, cuya presencia en el parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala, sugiere una antigua conexión entre estos lagos y la cuenca. El área de distribución actual en la porción del valle de México y Toluca se ha visto reducida, por lo que este parque representa un refugio para laespecie. Sin embargo, se conoce poco de la biología del mexcalpique. Presentamos datos sobre su dieta y hábitos alimentarios. El estudio se realizó en el Lago Acoyotongo del Parque Nacional Lagunas de Zempoala mediante muestreos estacionales. La identificación del contenido estomacal (97 ejemplares) se llevó hasta el taxón más específico posible. Para la cuantificación se utilizaron los métodos numérico y frecuencia de aparición. La dietageneral de esta especie se encuentra constituida por doce componentes alimenticios, de los cuales once son de origen animal. Himenópteros, colémbolos y quironómidos fueron los que presentaron los mayores porcentajes de ngestión y preferencia. Esta es una especie carnívora con tendencias insectívoras.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cyprinodontiformes/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Gastrointestinal Contents , Ecosystem , Mexico
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