Capacidad de carga turística sustentable del Parque Nacional El Veladero, Acapulco, México / Sustainable tourism carrying capacity. The case of El Veladero National Park, Acapulco, Mexico

RESUMEN Las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) son demandadas por visitantes que buscan vivir experiencias con calidad ambiental y contacto con las comunidades anfitrionas. Es por ello que, su aprovechamiento turístico debe ser de bajo impacto y que proyecte un desarrollo armónico de los recursos naturales. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la capacidad de carga turística del sendero en el Parque Nacional El Veladero, que permita reducir el impacto de las actividades recreativas y prevenir el deterioro ambiental. La metodología se desarrolló a partir de una revisión documental y el análisis de las condiciones sociales y ambientales del parque, que permitieron calcular la capacidad de carga turística (CCT). La capacidad de carga física (CCF) se estimó en 1 988 visitantes, la real (CCR) en 34 visitas y la efectiva (CCE) en 11 visitas por día, la cual deberá ser respetada para no demeritar la calidad del medio ambiente. La implementación de acciones que posibiliten desarrollar un aprovechamiento turístico sustentable, acorde a las condiciones naturales del sitio, así como a las culturales y sociales de la comunidad anfitriona, permitirán preservar a largo plazo la ANP estudiada. La determinación de la CCT es de utilidad para el aprovechamiento turístico, sin afectar el medio ambiente ni la generación de recursos económicos de los habitantes de la zona analizada.

ABSTRACT Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) are demanded by visitors who seek to live experiences with environmental quality and contact with host communities. For this reason, its tourist use must be of low impact and project a harmonious development of natural resources. The objective of this work was to determine the tourism carrying capacity of a trail in el Veladero National Park, which enables a reduction of the impact of recreational activities and stop environmental deterioration. The methodology was based on documentary research, and the analysis of the social and environmental conditions of the park, which enabled the calculation of the tourism carrying capacity (TCC). Results showed that the physical carrying capacity (PCC) was 1 988 visitors, the real (CCR) was 34 visits, and the effective (ECC) 11 visits per day, which must be respected so as to not negatively impact the environmental quality. Conclusions indicate that it is advisable to implement actions that enable the development of sustainable tourism, which is in line with the natural conditions of the site. In a similar vein, respecting the social and cultural traditions of the host community, will enable the longterm preservation of the studied NPA. The calculation of the TCC has been proved useful for tourist use, without negatively impacting the environment or the generation of economic benefits for the host community in the studied area.

Study on resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry in various regions of China based on entropy weight TOPSIS method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry and guaranteeing the healthy and sustainable development of pharmaceutical industry of China. METHODS The evaluation system of resource carrying capacity was constructed ，including 4 primary indicators and 17 secondary indicators. The data of above indicators were selected from 31 provinces（autonomous regions and municipalities ）（hereinafter referred to as provinces ）of China during 2013-2020. The index weight and regional relevance were calculated by entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution（TOPSIS）method. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The weights of 4 primary indicators were 0.182 0 （industrial scale ），0.349 5（industrial innovation resources ），0.211 5（economic resources ）and 0.257 1（industrial development foundation）. It indicated that industrial innovation resources were the main factor affecting the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ，followed by industrial development foundation and economic resources ，and the impact of industrial scale was the least. From 2013 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2020，the average closeness of the pharmaceutical industry in China ’s provinces were 0.259 6，0.267 1，0.253 6，0.249 9，0.250 5，0.248 5 and 0.252 0，respectively. It indicated that the resource carrying capacity of China ’s pharmaceutical industry showed a stable development trend ，but the overall development was in low level. The top 5 regions in terms of closeness of carrying capacity were Jiangsu ，Guangdong，Shandong，Zhejiang and Beijing ；the regions in the bottom 5 were Gansu ，Hainan，Qinghai，Tibet and Ningxia. Overall ，the resource carrying capacity of China ’s pharmaceutical industry showed a gradual decreasing trend from the eastern coastal area to the western inland area. For the provinces with the highest resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ，further development can be carried out on the basis of maintaining the original carrying capacity ；for the provinces with the middle resource carrying cap acity of p harmaceutical industry ，enhancing the development potential and improving the industrialfoundation are the main methods to improve the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ；for the provinces wangjl@126.com with low resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry ， it can be considered to start from their own unique advantages ， make full use of characteri stic industrial resources ，form a characteristic industrial foundation ，actively promote interregional cooperation ，implement regional cluster development and improve the resource carrying capacity of pharmaceutical industry.

Stray dogs in urban fragments: relation between population's perception of their presence and socio-demographic factors / Cães errantes em fragmentos urbanos: relação entre o relato de visualização de cães errantes e fatores sociodemográficos da população local

Stray dogs are associated with environment and public health impacts. São Paulo is a city with approximately 2.5 million owned dogs and until the time of writing no studies describing the distribution of the stray dog population have been conducted in this city. Therefore, no scientific support for intervention plans is available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of local sociodemographic and environmental factors with the population perception of presence of stray dogs in urban fragments of São Paulo city. A convenience sample of six urban fragments was selected. In-depth interviews were performe, using a systematic random sample of households in each study area, between October/2010 and January/2011 to identify socio-demographic factors of interest and determine the population's perception of stray dogs. Additionally, the presence of stray dogs was estimated by photographic mark-recapture method. The degree of human-dog proximity and environmental factors such as waste handling were associated to the sighting of stray dogs. Stray dogs were observed in two of the six study areas, agreeing with the greater population perception of this issue on those areas. Intervention in these factors and encouragement of responsible ownership are two potential solutions for management and reduction of problems associated with the presence of stray dogs.(AU)

A presença de cães errantes está associada a impactos no meio ambiente e na saúde pública. São Paulo é uma cidade com aproximadamente 2.5 milhões de cães domiciliados e até o presente momento, não foram desenvolvidos estudos que descrevam a distribuição da população errante na cidade. Desta forma, não há suporte científico para planejar intervenções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre os fatores sociodemográficos e ambientais da população local com a frequência com que relataram a visualização de cães errantes em fragmentos urbanos da cidade de São Paulo. Foi definida uma amostra de conveniência composta por seis fragmentos urbanos, onde um questionário foi aplicado em uma amostra sistemática dos domicílios de cada área de estudo. Este questionário, aplicado entre outubro de 2010 e janeiro de 2011, determinou os fatores socio-econômicos de interesse e a percepção da presença de cães errantes pela população. Também foi estimada a presença de cães pelo método de marcação e recaptura fotográfica. Foi possível estabelecer uma relação entre a visualização de cães errantes pela população local e o grau de proximidade com cães e o manejo de resíduos do domicílio. Cães errantes foram observados em duas das seis áreas trabalhadas, em concordância com a maior percepção da sua presença pela população local. Intervenções nestes fatores e incentivo a guarda responsável são duas ações com potencial de contribuir para redução dos problemas causados pela presença de cães errantes.(AU)

Dieta y disponibilidad de forraje del venado cola blanca Odocoileus virginianus thomasi (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) en un campo experimental de Campeche, México / Forage use and availability for white tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus thomasi (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) in an experimental unit of Campeche, Mexico

In Campeche state, 122 Wildlife Conservation and Management Units have been recently conformed. In these units, eventhough the white tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus thomasi is a game species, no studies on its diet have been undertaken. The objectives of this work were to estimate the botanical composition of the diet and its seasonal change, to determine forage availability, carrying capacity and stocking rate of O. virginianus thomasi. The study was conducted in the experimental unit of Colegio de Postgraduados in Campeche, Mexico, from October 2010 to May 2012. The diet was determined through microhistological analyses of the white tailed deer feces by the use of reference material. Forage availability was determined through the Adelaide´s method; the stocking rate, using the grazing pressure factor; and carrying capacity considering forage availability and 35% of utilization efficiency. In this experimental unit, the deer diet included 40 species belonging to15 families. The highest species richness ocurred during the rainy season with 29 species. However, deers preferred shrubs during all seasons, and herbaceous species during the rainy season. The diet composition, forage availability, carrying capacity and stocking rate varied throughout the year. Carrying capacity ranged from 0.04 to 1.08deer/ha. Additional studies are required to detail about the composition of the diet, habitat availability and use throughout its geographical range, and to detail on nutritional and health aspects. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 699-710. Epub 2014 June 01.

En Campeche, México no existen estudios de la dieta de Odocoileus virginianus thomasi; a pesar de la existencia de 122 Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre (UMAS) en donde se realiza aprovechamiento del venado cola blanca. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron conocer la composición botánica de la dieta y su cambio estacional, la disponibilidad de forraje, la capacidad de carga y carga animal de O. virginianus thomasi. El trabajo se realizó de octubre 2010 a mayo 2012 en el Campo Experimental del Colegio de Postgraduados en Campeche, México. La composición de la dieta se determinó mediante el análisis de heces de venado y material de referencia con la técnica microhistológica; la disponibilidad de forraje se estimó con el método de Adelaide; la capacidad de carga utilizando la presión de pastoreo y la carga animal considerando el forraje disponible y 35% de eficiencia de utilización. La dieta incluyó 40 especies de 15 familias. La riqueza de especies más alta fue de 29 especies en la época de lluvia; las arbustivas fueron preferidas en las tres épocas del año y las herbáceas en la época de lluvia. La composición de la dieta, disponibilidad de forraje, la capacidad de carga y carga animal variaron a través del año. La capacidad de carga fluctuó entre 0.04 a 1.08 venados/ha.

Carrying Capacity and Sustainability Appraisals on Regional Water Supply Systems under Climate Change.

This study aims to appraise the carrying capacity and sustainability of four water supply systems which are in the same watershed under climate change. An integrated assessment tool, TaiWAP, which integrates the common procedures of impact assessment of climate change, i.e., downscaling, weather generation, hydrological model, and interface for linking system dynamics model, is used to evaluate the sustainability of regional water resources systems. The GWLF physical model is used to simulate surface water processes and Vensim (a specialized software tool) is used in a system dynamics approach to simulate Taiwan’s Danshuei river watershed supply system to analyze climate impact on sustainable water resource utilization, which are both included in TaiWAP. To understand the sustainability of water supply systems, definition of a sustainable index are necessary to reveal the effects of response strategy and climate change. The results of this study could support making governmental strategies to enhance adaptive capacity, mitigate the impact of climate changes on water supplies and achieve sustainable and resilient water supply systems for the future.

Significance of pH changes of arterial blood in patients with acute left heart failure / 中国综合临床

Objective To investigate the pH changes of arterial blood in patients with acute left heart failure.Methods Thirty-eight patients with acute left heart failure were selected as our subjects,who all underwent diuresis,the strong heart diuresis,dilation of blood vessels,reducing the load on the heart,and making water and electrolyte balance of conventional medication,and then parallel oxygen mask,respirator mode synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation(SIMV).If hypoxia was not significantly improved,and positive pressure ventilation with end expiratory(PEEP) treatment was conducted.Results After treatment,the level of pH,heart rate(HR),breathing rate(RR),arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PaO2),arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) were (7.4 ± 0.3,86.3 ± 6.2) times/min,(22.5 ±4.8) times/min,(84.8 ±7.3) mmHg,(43.3 ±5.5) mmHg,(81.1 ±3.2) mmHg,different from those before treatment(7.1 ±0.1),(118.3 ±8.2) times/min,(36.2 ±7.1) times/min,(47.2 ±6.6) mmHg,(48.3 ±5.2) mmHg,(96.2 ±4.5) mmHg),and the differences were significant (t =5.848,19.188,9.854,23.552,4.072,16.857 respectively; P ＜ 0.01).With the progress of treatment,pH value and pHi value in patients showed a rising trend.Regression analysis showed a positive correlation and the regression equation was Y =-0.559 4 + 1.103 7X.Conclusion Patients with acute left heart failure show abnormal blood pH level and the corresponding change inside red blood cells.Then it causes changes in arterial blood oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells,reduces the cell through the capillary capacity.Therefore,it can result in decrease of gas exchange levels in patients and hypoxia.Treatment should be considered imbalance the body of the improved state of acid-base.

Integração de critérios técnicos, ambientais e sociais em estudos de alternativas locacionais para implantação de aterro sanitário / Integrating technical, environmental and social criteria in landfill sitting studies

A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente tem como objetivo a conciliação do desenvolvimento econômico e social com a qualidade ambiental, e dispõe de vários instrumentos que procuram contemplara capacidade de suporte do meio. Assim, a discussão sobre a localização das atividades é uma etapa importante para a avaliação da viabilidade ambiental de um determinado empreendimento, notadamente em processos de licenciamento ambiental. O trabalho apresenta uma abordagem metodológica para integração de critérios técnicos, ambientais e sociais em estudos de alternativas de localização de aterros sanitários, com especial atenção à interação entre os aspectos ambientais e os elementos fundamentais de um projeto (a saber, requisitos locacionais e concepção tecnológica), aplicado em um estudo de caso em São Carlos (SP). Como resultados principais, destacam-se o maior foco nos impactos significativos e a possibilidade de envolvimento de segmentos importantes da sociedade previamente à elaboração dos estudos ambientais.

The National Environment Policy aims to reconcile economic and social development with environmental quality and has several instruments to address environmental issues within the decision making processes. Thus, the discussion about the location of activities is an important step in the evaluation of the environmental acceptability of aparticular activity, even though the systematic procedures do not require neither to the entrepreneur or to the government studies of sitting alternatives. This paper presents the integration of technical, environmental and social criteria in a landfill sitting study, in order to present a systematic integration of environmental factors and applies in a case study in São Carlos, Brazil. The results allowed the development of an environmental impact statement more focused on significant impacts and the participation of segments of society at early stages of project's development.

Digestibilidade do fósforo em dietas como estratégia nutricional para redução de efluentes da tilapicultura / Digestibility of phosphorus in feed as a nutritional strategy for reduce of effluents from tilapia culture

Avaliou-se a digestibilidade do fósforo em dietas isoproteicas e isoenergéticas contendo 28 por cento de proteína bruta e 3000kcal de ED/kg com porcentagens de 0,8 e 1,2 por cento de fósforo total para juvenis de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) para o fósforo total, ortofosfato, DBO5 e condutividade. A digestibilidade das dietas foi de 75,3 por cento para os peixes alimentados com 0,8 por cento de fósforo total e de 77,5 por cento para os alimentados com 1,2 por cento de fósforo total. As taxas de eficiência da absorção do fósforo foram de 74,8 por cento e 76,3 por cento para as tilápias alimentadas com 0,8 por cento e 1,2 por cento de fósforo, respectivamente. O aumento do percentual de 0,4 por cento de fósforo na dieta levou ao acréscimo de 55 por cento de fósforo na água. Dessa forma, a utilização de valores abaixo de 0,8 por cento de fósforo total é uma estratégia que auxilia na redução do impacto causado pelos efluentes oriundos da criação de peixes, sem comprometer a eficiência do aproveitamento das dietas pelas tilápias.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of phosphorus in isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 28 percent crude protein and 3000kcal DE/kg at different levels of total phosphorus, 0.8 percent and 1.2 percent, in Nile tilapia juveniles (Oreochromis niloticus). The water quality parameters presented significant differences (P<0.5) for total phosphorus, orthophosphate, BOD5 and conductivity. The digestibility of diets was 75.3 percent for fish fed 0.8 percent total phosphorus and 77.5 percent for treatment with 1.2 percent total phosphorus. It was observed that the efficiency rate in phosphorus absorption among the treatments was 74.3 and 76.3 percent for tilapia fed 0.8 percent and 1.2 percent phosphorus, respectively. It can be concluded that a percentage increase of 0.4 percent phosphorus in tilapia diets contributes to the increase of 55 percent of phosphorus in water and the lower phosphorus input in the diet can be a nutritional strategy to be practiced. Thus, it will help to reduce the impact caused by effluents from fish farming, without lowering the efficiency of tilapia diet utilization.

Capybaras in an anthropogenic habitat in Southeastern Brazil

Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are widely distributed in the Neotropics, living in both natural and anthropogenic habitats. In the present study, we monitored the fluctuating capybara population at the Campus "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo, in Piracicaba, Southeastern Brazil from 1998 to 2000. To assess population fluctuation and growth rates, we used an abundance index based on direct weekly daylight counts. Population monitoring was carried out in an anthropogenic wetland associated with an agroecosystem. The observers’ bias was established as directly related to their distance from the animals. The capybara population density and biomass in the anthropogenic wetland in question were found to be significantly higher than in pristine habitats. The species seems to present a seasonal pattern of fluctuation, with a peak in late spring (Oct to Dec). Unlike young capybaras, adults and juveniles present similar seasonal fluctuation patterns. In this anthropogenic wetland, the carrying capacity may be as high as 195 individuals/Km². At a conservative exploitation rate (17%) in anthropogenic wetlands of Southeastern Brazil, capybara productivity may reach approximately 630 Kg/Km²/year.

Capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) distribuem-se amplamente na região neotropical em habitats naturais e antrópicos. No presente estudo, a flutuação populacional de capivaras foi monitorada no Campus "Luiz de Queiroz" da Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba, Região Sudeste do Brasil no período entre 1998 e 2000. Para avaliar a flutuação populacional e suas taxas de crescimento, foi usado um índice de abundância baseado em contagens diurnas semanais. O monitoramento foi conduzido em uma área de várzea antrópica. O viés de observadores foi avaliado, sendo diretamente proporcional à sua distância em relação aos animais. A densidade populacional e biomassa de capivaras na área antrópica estudada foram significativamente maiores do que em habitats naturais. A espécie apresentou um padrão sazonal de flutuação com pico no final da primavera (outubro a dezembro). Adultos e juvenis apresentaram padrões de flutuação sazonal similares, diferindo do apresentado por filhotes. Neste habitat de vázea antrópica, a capacidade de suporte foi de aproximadamente 195 indivíduos/Km². Para uma taxa de extração conservadora (17%) em várzeas antrópicas da Região Sudeste do Brasil, a produtividade de capivaras pode alcançar cerca de 630 Kg/Km²/ano.

Analysis of Compression Behavior in Lumbar Spine Under Simple Vertical Load vs Follower Load / 대한척추외과학회지

PURPOSE: To clarify the behavior of the lumbar spine under vertical compressive load and follower compressive load and to confirm the effect of the follower load on the stability of the spinal column using finite element method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Describing follower compression test to overcome underestimation of load carrying capacity, the problem in existing ex-vivo lumbar spine compression test, with finite element analysis, comparing with the result of simple vertical compressive load, we analyze the property of kinetic behavior. After performing finite element modelling about L1-L5 lumbar vertebral column, analyze it about vertical compressive load and follower compressive load. Intervertebral discs with complex structure and mechanical properties was modeled using spring element that compensate stiffness and tube-to-tube contact element was employed to give follower load. With compressive load, change of lumbar spinal curve is so much, that geometrical analysis should be done. RESULTS: Under the follower compressive load, the vertebral column was so stiff that vertical displacement of the upper end plate of L1 was markedly reduced, comparing with that under the simple vertical compressive load. Sagittal rotation of that upper end plate was also decreased in the opposite direction. Compressive load on the intervertebral disc was evenly distributed along the entire column. The bending moment at each disc was reduced in the opposite direction. A lesser A-P shear force occurred at the intervertebral disc. CONCLUSION: As a result of finite element interpretation of lumbar spine, the stability and load carrying capacity was increased largely, and the compressive load was transmitted through the column in a more pattern, when follower compressive load applied. This can provide the basis for explaining the difference of early buckling occurrence reported in ex-vivo testing, and load carrying capacity of the lumbar spine in-vivo, but, for more precise replication of behavior of lumbar spine in-vivo to variable loading. A invention of a more precious finite element interpretation model which consider the role of muscle around the spine is loaded.

THE EFFECTS OF HEMODILUTION ON HEMODYNAMICS AND OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY IN GRAVID EWE AND FETAL LAMB / 대한마취과학회지

Massive bleeding during pregnancy has a significant effect on the mother and the fetus. To evaluate the safety of hemodilution as a therapy for hemorrhage during pregnancy, the author compared maternal and fetal hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity at varying conditions in gravid ewes. Six Corriedale-breed, near-term pregnant ewes (120-140 days gestation) were anesthetized with nitrous oxide, halothane and oxygen. After the vital signs became stable, the maternal and fetal parameters of hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity were measured as control values. After then, 15% of total estimated matemal blood volume (12.5 ml/kg) was removed over approximately 15 minutes and infusion of the same amount of a mixture of lactated Ringer's solution and 10% pentastarch was done simultaneously (15% bleeding). Twenty minutes later the same parameters were measured. After then, a second phlebotomy was performed to remove an additional 15% of the total estimated maternal blood volume and infusion of the same amount of a mixture of the same solutions was done simultaneously (30% bleeding). And the same parameters were measured. Data collections included matemal heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum lactate, arterial and mixed venous pH, oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, oxygen saturation, and fetal heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum lactate, and umbilical arterial and venous blood gas analysis. Matemal arterial blood pressure, heart rate, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and carfiac output revealed no significant changes, and there was neither hypoxemia nor acidosis in gravid ewes. Serum lactate concentration at 30% bleeding increased significantly but within normal range. Oxygen flux, oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction ratio revealed no significant differences. In fetal lamb blood pressure was not changed, but heart rate, serum lactate concentration and oxygen extraction ratio were revealed significant increases in 15% bleeding and 30% bleeding cases. In conclusion, gravid ewe was well tolerated to acute hemodilution, and.fetal lamb was well compensated.

The Effects of Combined Use of Hemodilution and Induced Hypotension on Hemodynamics and Oxygen Carrying Capacity in the Patients Under Posterior Spinal Fusion / 대한마취과학회지

To decrease homologous transfusion and bleeding, hemodilution may be combined with in- duced hypotension. The effects of the above method on hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity in human is not studied. Ten patients, age 16-62 yr, having posterior spinal fusion, were studied. Acute preoperative hemodilution to hematocrit 27% with infusion of 10% pentastarch was performed in the patients. After induction of anesthesia and positioning we deereased mean arterial pressure to around 55mmHg by isoflurane and sodium nitroprusside. We observed the changes of hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity before hemodilution, after hemodilution, after induced hypotension and before the end of operation. After hemodilution, heart rate and arterial pressure were not changed significantly. Cardiac output and central venous pressure increased significantly. Systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly. There were no significant changes in arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis. Oxygen flux was not changed significantly. Oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction ratio increased significantly but remained within normal range. After induced hypotension, heart rate was not changed. Cardiac output became lower than that after hemodilution, but was not different from the preoperative value. Systemic vascular resistance became lower than the preoperative value. There were no significant changes in arterial and mixed venous blood gas analysis except for mixed venous blood oxygen saturation. The mixed blood oxygen saturation increased to the preoperative level. Oxygen flux decreased, but oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction ratio were not significantly different from the preoperative values. There were no clinically significant changes in hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity before the end of operation. By the above results, we concluded that the combined use of hemodilution and induced hypotension is safe in the aspect of hemodynamics and oxygen carrying capacity.