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ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution and trend of rehabilitation personnel of China Disabled Persons' Federation (CDPF) system and the people with disabilities (PWDs) using geographical gravity model. MethodsBased on ArcGIS and statistical data, the distribution of geographical center of gravity of the rehabilitation personnel of the CDPF system from 2011 to 2021 was analyzed. According to the economic development, the areas were divided into three regions, and the eastern region included eleven provincial units, the central region includes eight provincial units, and the western region included twelve provincial units. ResultsCompared with 2011, rehabilitation staffs per thousand PWDs increased at 107.5% in 2021, 81.1%, 114.2% and 174.1% for the eastern, central, and western regions, respectively; professional staffs increased at 190.5%, 148.8%, 284.6% and 280.6% for the eastern, central, and western regions, respectively; managerial staff increased at 80.0%, 46.8%, 554.3% and 128.1% for the eastern, central, and western regions, respectively. Compared with 2011, the geographical center of gravity of the rehabilitation personnel moved about 330.9 km in 2021, while the geographical center of gravity of the PWDs moved about 169.64 km. ConclusionThe rehabilitation personnel in the CDPF system is the most in the eastern region and least in the western region. The tracks of the geographical center of gravity of the three kind of rehabilitation personnel in the CDPF system are relatively consistent. The rehabilitation personnel in the eastern region are more concentrated than those in the western region, and the density of the PWDs is more westward than that of the rehabilitation personnel, and coordination is not a perfect match yet. It is necessary to strengthen the rehabilitation personnel allocation in the western region, to balance distribution of human resources for rehabilitation of PWDs among regions.
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STUDY DESIGN: Prospective physical measurement of the sagittal vertical axis (SVA). PURPOSE: To evaluate a simple method for measuring SVA by analyzing its relationship with radiographic measurements and clinical appearance. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: No studies have examined physical measurements using the cranial center of gravity (CCG) in a relaxed standing position. METHODS: The physical measurement of the horizontal distance between CCG and spina iliaca posterior superior (CCG-SIPS) was measured using a straight ruler in 252 healthy volunteers and 56 patients with adult spinal deformity. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) was evaluated using the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and clinical symptoms were assessed according to standing status and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). RESULTS: CCG-SIPS increased with age in the volunteer group and strongly correlated with radiographic SVA in the patient group (r=0.984). Differences increased between CCG-SIPS in patients in the relaxed position and radiographic SVA with an increase in sagittal malalignment (r=0.692, p120 mm) was significantly larger in the patient group than in the group with low sagittal malalignment (59.9±18.8 vs. 45.1±17.0; p=0.004); these patients (CCG-SIPS>120 mm) needed crutches or walkers for standing. The patient group with GERD had significantly larger sagittal malalignment than the group without GERD (160.3 mm vs. 81.0 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The CCG-SIPS correlated with age and strongly reflected radiographic SVA and HRQOL in the patients. Moreover, it reflects a relaxed posture without a backward shift in the radiographic position even in patients with severe sagittal malalignment. The critical limit of CCG-SIPS can be relevant to clinical appearance, including standing assistance (>120 mm) and the existence of GERD (>150 mm). Thus, it will be a useful predictor of true SVA in clinical practice before radiographic evaluation.
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Adult , Humans , Congenital Abnormalities , Crutches , Gastroesophageal Reflux , Gravitation , Healthy Volunteers , Methods , Posture , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Volunteers , WalkersABSTRACT
Abstract Results obtained in studies can contribute to the advancement of science and innovative methods and techniques for developing practical activities. Reporting conditions that may restrict the implementation of research is critical to ensure the optimal development of further technical studies. The objective of this study was to assess the walking stability of R. dominica on a flat and smooth surface. The study was based on the determination of mortality, morphology and walking stability of the insect outside the grain mass, on a flat and smooth surface. Mortality of adults of this Coleoptera in conditions with and without food was similar, which explains the difficulty that this insect had for accessing the food source on the flat and smooth surface. The measurements of body length (BOL), width (BOW) and height (BOH) of R. dominica were compared with those of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), which showed good ability to walk in these conditions. This study indicated that the former presents lower BOL and BOW, and greater BOH than the second, and all these variables showed differences when analyzed simultaneously by means of the construction of multivariate morphometric indices (Width × Height, Length × Height and Height × Length × Width). These morphometric variables, together with the definition of the geometry most similar to the body shape, resulted in determination of the center of gravity (CG) and static rollover threshold (SRTgeom) for both species. Rhyzopertha dominica and T. castaneum presented CGs considered high and low, respectively, and together with the values obtained for SRTgeom, may justify that R. dominica can be considered a less stable species during movement, and presents greater risk of rollover on flat and smooth surfaces.
Resumo Resultados obtidos em pesquisas podem contribuir com o avanço da ciência e inovar métodos e técnicas para o desenvolvimento de atividades práticas. Relatar condições que podem restringir à execução de pesquisas é fundamental para garantir que seja observada a técnica ideal para o desenvolvimento de estudos posteriores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a estabilidade de caminhamento de R. dominica em superfície plana e polida. O estudo se baseou na determinação da mortalidade, morfologia e estabilidade de caminhamento do inseto fora da massa de grãos, em superfície plana e polida. A mortalidade dos adultos desse Coleoptera nas condições com e sem alimento foram semelhantes, o que justifica a dificuldade que esse inseto tem em acessar a fonte alimentar andando em superfície plana e polida. As medidas obtidas do comprimento (BOL), largura (BOW) e altura (BOH) do corpo de R. dominica foram comparadas com as de Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), que pode ser considerado um bom caminhador nessas condições. Esse estudo mostrou que o primeiro é menor no BOL e BOW, e maior BOH que o segundo, e que, todas essas variáveis apresentaram diferenças quando analisadas simultaneamente por meio da construção de índices morfométricos multivariados (Largura × Altura; Comprimento × Altura e Altura × Comprimento × Largura). Essas variáveis morfométricas, juntamente com a definição da forma geométrica que mais se aproxima do formato corporal, proporcionaram a determinação do centro de gravidade (CG) e do limite lateral de tombamento (SRTgeom) para ambas as espécie. Rhyzopertha dominica e T. castaneum apresentaram CGs considerados alto e baixo, respectivamente, e juntamente com os valores obtidos para os SRTgeom, podem justificar que R. dominica pode ser considerada uma espécie menos estável durante o caminhamento, e que, apresenta maiores riscos de tombamento em superfícies plana e polida.
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Animals , Coleoptera/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Walking/physiology , Body Weights and Measures , BrazilABSTRACT
Objective To study the reliability and validity of using sacral markers in evaluating the balance function in standing and walking of stroke patients with hemiplegia.Methods Twenty-one hemiplegic stroke patients were recruited and their baseline mean sway amplitude (MSA) and mean sway velocity (MSV) were measured using sacral markers and center of gravity analysis assuming a segmented body,thegold standard for such analysis.The data were analyzed using Bland-Altman plots to obtain the 95％ limits of agreement (LOA).Results ①Test-retest reliability:The 95％ LOA of the MSA in standing was (-4.42,5.14) on the X axis,(-6.04,4.52)on the Y axis,and (-1.75,1.31) on the Z axis.The MSV in standing was (-0.08,0.09) on the X axis,(-0.10,0.08) on the Y axis and (-0.03,0.02) on the Z axis.The 95％ LOA of the MSA in walking was (-185.74,105.53) on the X axis,(-22.57,2.76) on the Y axis and (4.43,2.76) on the Z axis.The MSV in walking was (-3.10,1.76) on the X axis,(-0.38,0.54) on the Y axis and (-0.07,0.02) on the Z axis.②Validity:The 95％ LOA of the MSA in standing was (-3.62,2.55) on the X axis,(-3.95,3.94) on the Y axis and (-7.35,19.43) on the Z axis.For the MSV in standing it was (-0.06,0.04) on the X axis,(-0.07,0.07) on the Y axis and (-0.12,0.32) on the Z axis.The 95％ LOA of the MSA in walking was (-4.40,4.74) on the X axis,(-17.35,4.14) on the Y axis and (-17.35,4.14) on theZ axis.For the MSV in walking itwas (-0.07,0.08) on the X axis,(-0.29,0.07) on the Y axis and (-0.12,0.18) on the Z axis.The 95％ LOAs of the variables representing their reliability and validity are small enough to be acceptable in clinical application.Conclusions The sacral marker method can be used in assessing the balance of stroke patients.
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effects of a relatively protruded head and neck posture on postural balance, in computer based worker. METHOD: Thirty participants, who work with computers for over 6 hrs per day (Group I), and thirty participants, who rarely work with computers (Group II), were enrolled. The head and neck posture was measured by estimating angles A and B. A being the angle between the tragus of the ear, the lateral canthus of the eye, and horizontal line and B the angle between the C7 spinous process, the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal line. The severity of head protrusion with neck extension was assessed by the subtraction of angle A from angle B. We also measured the center of gravity (COG) and postural balance by using computerized dynamic posturography to determine the effect of computer-based work on postural balance. RESULTS: Results indicated that group I had a relatively more protruded head with extensive neck posture (angle B-A of group I and group II, 28.2+/-8.3, 32.9+/-6.0; p<.05). The COG of group I tended more toward the anterior than that of group II. Postural imbalance and impaired ability to regulate movement in forward and backward direction were also found. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that forward head postures during computer-based work may contribute to some disturbance in the balance of healthy adults. These results could be applied to education programs regarding correct postures when working at a computer for extended periods of time.
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Adult , Humans , Ear , Eye , Gravitation , Head , Neck , Postural Balance , PostureABSTRACT
Objective To study the impact of active control of the trajectory of the center of gravity on the effectiveness of balance training and balance assessment. Methods Two groups of subjects ( group 1 30-45 years old, group 2 45-60 years old ) were evaluated and trained using both active center of gravity trajectory control and static balance methods. Results The percentages of success in controlling the center of gravity were the same when both groups were trained using static balance. Group 1's success percentage was higher than that of group 2 after active center of gravity trajectory training. Their affected lower limbs performed better in wave trace training than after static balance training, and performance improved with increased wave trace amplitude. Conclusions Wave tracing can stimulate the lower limbs of patients with active control force and improve their balance. The wave assessment is superior to static assessment, as it can objectively reflect ability in active center of gravity control and adjust the lower limbs of subjects whose static balance ability is at the same level.
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O centro de gravidade está intimamente ligado ao equilíbrio corporal, porém algumas vezes essa relação é pouco enfatizada. Diante disso, esse estudo buscou analisar as influências e relações do CG com o equilíbrio corporal dos indivíduos, por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Para isso, realizou-se uma busca em base de dados, livros e demais produções cientificas da área de biomecânica. Os resultados dessa pesquisa mostram que muitas variáveis influenciam na posição do CG e por conseqüência no equilíbrio corporal. Conclui-se que a relação específica da altura do centro de gravidade com o equilíbrio, é uma abordagem pouco estudada e pode ainda ser bem desenvolvida, relacionando diversos tipos de indivíduos como obesos, idosos, atletas, entre outros.
The center of gravity (CG) is closely linked to the body balance, however sometimes this relationship is not very emphasized. So far, this study tries to analyze the influences and the relationship between the CG and the individuals body balance, by a review of literature. To do that, a search for data base, books and many scientific productions were made. The research showed that many variables have influenced on the CG position and consequently, on the body balance. What can be seen is that the specific relation between the height of the center of gravity and the balance, given in percent value, is a kind of approach that has not been much studied yet. Moreover, it can be much more developed, relating many kinds of people like obese, elderly, athletes, among others.
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Humans , Postural Balance , Posture , Aged , AthletesABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a velocidade e o deslocamento do centro de gravidade global (CGG) com as centro de gravidade da cabeça (CGC) e do centro articular do quadril (CAQ), durante um passo em corridas de velocidade. A partir disso, determinar se tais pontos podem ser utilizados como indicadores de parâmetros da performance nos estudos envolvendo a cinemática das corridas. Participaram deste estudo 8 sujeitos do sexo masculino, com idade média de 12,5 ± 0,66 anos e estatura média de 163,00 ± 5,40 cm. Realizou-se uma análise cinemática da corrida, utilizando-se o método de videografia tridimensional, com quatro câmeras de vídeo do sistema de análise do movimento Peak Motus, operando na freqüência de 180 Hz. As variáveis analisadas foram deslocamento, velocidade média e velocidade instantânea horizontal do CGG, CGC e CAQ referentes a um passo. Os resultados encontrados mostraram não haver diferenças significativas na velocidade média e amplitude de deslocamento entre os três pontos analisados. Em relação à velocidade instantânea analisada em todo passo, não verificou-se diferenças significativas, porém, as variações na curva de velocidade do CAQ não ocorreram na mesma escala de tempo quando comparado com os demais pontos. Concluiu-se assim que, tanto o CGG, assim como o CGC e CAQ, podem ser utilizados para descrever parâmetros cinemáticos da corrida, quando o objetivo da análise referir-se a deslocamentos e velocidade média de um passo. Em relação à descrição da velocidade instantânea do atleta nas diferentes fases do passo, o uso do CGG e CGC parecem ser os mais adequados a serem utilizados.
The objective of this study was to compare the speed and the displacement of the global gravity center (CGG) with the head gravity center (CGC) and the hip joint center (CAQ) during a step in speed races. After, to determine if these points could be used as indicators of the performance parameters in the studies involving the kinematics of the speed races. To accomplish this study, eight male subjects participated. They were around 12.5 ± 0.66 years old and their average height was 163.00 ± 5.40 cm. A kinematic analysis of the running was carried out by using the method of three-dimensional videography, with four video cameras of the Peak Motus system operating in the frequency of 180 Hz. The analyzed variables were displacement, average speed and horizontal instantaneous speed of CGG, CGC and CAQ that refer to one step. The results showed that there are not significant statistical differences in both the average speed and the displacement amplitude among the three analyzed points. Concerning the instantaneous speed analyzed in the whole step, no significant differences were found. However, the variations in the CAQ speed curve did not occur in the same scale of time when compared with the other points. Thus, one concluded that the CGG, the CGC and the CAQ can be used to describe kinematics parameters of the running when the aim of analysis refers to displacement and average speed of one step. Concerning the description of instantaneous speed of athletes in different step phases, the use of CGG and CGC seems to be the most appropriate.
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Humans , Male , Adult , Athletes , Running , Outflow Velocity Measurement , Gravity SensingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of balance control of affected lower extremity on berg balance scale and gait in hemiparetic patients, using the newly developed balance control trainer of lower extremity. METHOD: Thirty five hemiparetic patients who could stand and ambulate more than 10 meters without assist on even surface were included in this study. The balance control trainer of lower extremity was designed to measure weight shift and knee flexion angle of hemiparetic side and to play a game named "Board cleaner" which use these data, so considering the vertical movement of the center of gravity. We measured above three parameters, and also evaluated with clinical tests including berg balance scale (BBS). We evaluated correlations between parameters on the balance control trainer of lower extremity and clinical parameters. RESULTS: Weight shifting to affected side statistically significantly correlated only with BBS. Affected knee flexion had statistically significant correlations with all clinical tests examined, especially 10 meters walking time (10mWT), timed up and go test (TUG), and BBS. Scores earned from board cleaner game also had statistically significant correlations with all clinical tests examined, especially 10mWT, TUG, and BBS. CONCLUSION: Correlation exists between the ability to control the affected knee measured by balance control trainer of lower extremity and clinical parameters including 10mWT, TUG, and BBS, so we think the balance control trainer can be a useful tool for the evaluation in hemiparetic patients.
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Humans , Gait , Gravitation , Knee , Lower Extremity , WalkingABSTRACT
The six major determinants of gait, as proposed by Saunders et al., were reviewed. The results showed that each of the first three determinants (pelvic rotation, pelvic list, and stance phase knee flexion) have only a minor effect on decreasing the vertical displacement of the center of gravity (COG). The major determinant of COG displacement is heel rise, and the second is the inclination of the lower extremity in the stance phase. In spite of the assumption that decreasing the COG displacement decreases gait energy consumption, the energy required for walking with a flat COG trajectory increased dramatically. Therefore, the major gait determinants as defined by Saunders et al. should be corrected in terms of both the COG displacement and energetics.
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@#ObjectiveTo explore the influence of slow and mild movements in Taichiquan kinesitherapy.MethodsForty healthy males were divided into Taichiquan group and walking group with 20 persons in each group. The shift of practicing a 5-min bout of the simplified Taichiquan exercise, time of walking 18 m at a comfortable pace and change of one person's body center of gravity during exercise were measured respectively.ResultsTaichiquan group had (1796.4±91)cm shift during 5 min Taichiquan exercise; walking group spent (14.1±1.7)s when walking 18 m at a comfortable pace; and the downward shift of body center of gravity due to the exercise style undulated ( 5.5 ±12.7)cm vertically below the umbilicus (P>0.05).ConclusionSlow, mild and continual movement is the kinesiological basis of Taichiquan kinesitherapy.
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Objective To evaluate quantitatively the standing balance function of patients with lower limb prosthesis. Methods Twenty-two patients were divided into three groups according their conditions: group 1 consisted of patients with one leg amputated, group 2 consisted of patients with one amputated at high level, group 3 consisted of patients with both thighs amputated, and twenty-one normal subjects served as control. Parameters including the sway magnitude of gravity center, circumference area, drift in X vector, etc., were recorded and analyzed. Results The data obtained revealed that the sway magnitude, circumference area were increased, in all the cases, especially in those with lower limb prosthesis at both sides. Compared to the control group, the difference was significant( P
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BACKGROUND: It is well known that many patients with vertigo become vertinous when all alteration o the body position occurs while either head-shaking or after standing up. Posturaphy conducted with those patients when standing still is thus not always successful in detecting abnormal symptoms However. such abnormalities can be easily detected when the patients are subjected to motion-stress, such as head -shaking or alterations of the body position. The effect of such motion-stress on the disturbance of the centroid in normal individuals has yet to he clarified. METHODS: In this study, posturography was conducted normal subjects who were subjected to motion-stress in the manner mentioned above and the results of this test were then compared with the findings of a conventional test. RESULTS: Through this comparison no increase in the unbalance, as a result of the applied motion-stress, was observed for the X distance(XD), Y distance(YD) and Length(LNG). However, a significant increase in the imbalance was found for the XD and LNG itt (lid subjects. CONCLUSION: Therefore, motion-stress, such its head-shaking or alterations of the body position can be helpful in detecting vertiginous symptoms in vertigo patients. But in the elderly patients the merit of above stimuli during the test should be vet clarified
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Aged , Humans , Head , VertigoABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the dynamic morphological change of the femoral extensor evoked by contraction.<BR>In this study, the morphological changes during contraction and relaxation of the femoral extensor were analysed using MRI, and, the centers of gravity of the entire extensor group and of each extensor component were calculated using a pattern analyzer. The subjects were 10 female college basketball players, aged 18 to 22 years, with no history of knee injuries.<BR>The results were as follows:<BR>1. The shift of the center of gravity of each component was very characteristic.<BR>2. The greatest dynamic morphological change was observed in the middle of the femoral extensors when the most muscle volume was involved, and the muscles were at their maximal volume.<BR>3. During muscle contraction, obvious anterior protrusion of the muscle belly of each component of the quadriceps femoris was observed. The muscular force may be transferred effectively into the patellar tendon insertion.
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Development of body equilibrium control in elementary school children was examined by analysing movement of the center of gravity (CG) during maintenance of an upright stance under various visual conditions. Eightyfour healthy subjects aged 7 to 12 years were instructed to stand in the Romberg position on a force plate for 30s with the eyes open, eyes closed, or eyers restricted to a 15-degree visual field. The length of trace, root mean square (RMS), and the power spectra of fore-aft CG movement were calculated by a personal computer.<BR>The results were as follows;<BR>1. The length of trace and RMS of CG increased in accordance with the decrease in the amount of visual information, and consequently increased in order: eyes closed, restricted visual field, eyes open.<BR>2. The length of trace and RMS of CG for boys decreased with increasing age, but none of these factors in girls was related to age.<BR>3. The power spectrum analysis of CG movement showed a peak of power at 0.4 to 0.7 Hz during both eyes closed and eyes restricted.<BR>4. This feature was shown in all age groups for girls, but only in the 11 to 12-year age group for boys.<BR>5. The greater the decrease in the length and the RMS of CG with increasing age, the higher the amplitude of the power spectrum peak.<BR>In conclusion, it was clarified that stability of posture in elementary school children is dependent upon the amount of visual information. The characteristics of the change in frequency zone manifested by decreasing the amount of visual information may reflect the developmental process of visual postural control in children.