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Objective To compare and analyze the event related potential ( ERP ) and behavioral characteristics of sleep disordered breathing ( SDB ) and normal children by the persistent operating test ( CPT-AX) task,and to explore the characteristics and neural mechanism of the cognitive deficits in the left and right brain of school age SDB children. Methods SDB children( n=20) and normal children( n=20) aged 6-8 were selected. All subjects were tested by CPT-AX ( Go/Nogo task) . The ERP behavior of SDB and normal children was recorded,and the N2,P3 amplitude and latency of F3,Fz,F4 lead were compared. Re-sults ( 1) There was no significant difference between SDB group and normal group in behavioral correct number (36. 45±4. 69 vs 35. 00±3. 46),the reaction time ((516. 84±54. 14)ms vs (496. 94±78. 89)ms) and false alarm number( 1. 0 ( 0. 25,3. 75) vs 0. 5 ( 0. 00,3. 00) ) ( all P>0. 05) . ( 2) Comparison of F3,Fz and F4 lead:(1) SDB group:there was no significant difference in Go-N2 amplitude (-7. 75(-12. 03,-1. 09)μV vs (-8. 69±5. 72) μV vs ( -7. 12±4,68)μV) and Nogo-N2 amplitude((-10. 72±4. 49)μV vs (-12. 16±4. 60) μV vs (-11. 78±4. 44) μV) in the left,middle,and right of frontal regions. (2) Control group:there was no statistical difference between F3 and Fz ((-7. 26±3. 18)μV vs (-9. 09±3. 11)μV)(P>0. 05) in N2 amplitude and there was no statistical difference between F3 and F4((-7. 26±3. 18) μV vs (-6. 10±3. 36)μV) in N2 amplitude (P>0. 05). The N2 amplitude difference of Fz and F4 ((-9. 09± 3. 11) μV vs (-6. 10±3. 36)μV ) was statistically significant (P<0. 05). The Nogo-N2 amplitude differ-ence between F3 and Fz((-14. 05±3. 31) μV vs (-15. 50±3. 52) μV) was no statistically significant (P>0. 05) . The left frontal lobe Nogo-N2 amplitude was significantly higher than that of the right frontal lobe ((-14. 05±3. 31) μV vs-11. 75(-12. 68,-10. 43) μV) (P<0. 05),and the center of the frontal lobe No-go-N2 was significantly higher than that in the right frontal lobe((-15. 50±3. 52) μV vs -11. 75(-12. 68,-10. 43) ) ,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05) . ( 3) There was no significant difference in N2 latency,P3 amplitude and latency between F3,Fz and F4 leads (P>0. 05). Conclusion Compared with normal children,SDB children showed no left dominant brain region while dealing with the same conflict monitoring tasks. It is suggested that left hemisphere activation is poor and function is incompatible. Left fron-tal lobe injury in SDB is more obvious than that in the right side.
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El artículo trata sobre diferentes caminos metodológicos que han demostrado su eficacia terapéutica: construcción de imágenes, uso de metáforas y sicodanza. Así mismo, se evidencia como las últimas investigaciones científicas dan, por fin, a la imagen el lugar que le corresponde en la configuración de los contenidos mentales o neurales siendo la base del pensamiento y de la conciencia. Y cómo el uso de la imagen en el ámbito terapéutico proporciona una transmisión del material del protagonista tal como es, ya que la utilización sólo del lenguaje lleva a la contaminación de los contenidos del terapeuta con los del paciente. La palabra es sólo una, en cambio la imagen contenida en la palabra es múltiple.
The article discusses different methodological paths that have proven therapeutic: the construction of images, the use of metaphors and psychodance. Likewise, evidence from the latest scientific research finally values image, as it deserves in the configuration of mental or neural contents with thought and conscience as their basis. In addition, how the use of image in the therapeutic field provides transmission of material from the protagonist such as it is, since the use only of language leads to the contamination of the content of the therapist with the patient. The word is only one; on the other hand, the image contained in the word is multiple.
O artigo centra-se nos diferentes caminhos metodológicos que provaram ser terapêuticos: construção de imagens, o uso de metáforas e psicodança. Da mesma forma, evidencia como as mais recentes pesquisas científicas, finalmente, dão à imagem o lugar que mais lhe agrada na configuração do mental ou do conteúdo neural, sendo a base do pensamento e da consciência. E como o uso da imagem no campo terapêutico fornece a transmissão do material do protagonista, tal como ele é, uma vez que o uso apenas da linguagem leva à contaminação do conteúdo do terapeuta com o do paciente. A palavra é apenas uma; no entanto, a imagem contida na palavra é múltipla.
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Introducción: El estudio de la superficie externa del cerebro es analizado desde diferentes puntos espaciales, es decir unasuperficie lateral, medial y basal. La superficie lateral del cerebro se distingue por la presencia de dos puntos de referencia quedividen a cada hemisferio cerebral en lóbulos. Estos dos puntos son la fisura de Silvio (fisura lateral) y el surco de Rolando (surcocentral). Estos dos surcos dividen a cada hemisferio en lóbulo frontal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando),el lóbulo temporal (inferior a la fisura de Silvio) y lóbulo parietal (superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando). Ellóbulo occipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital, y el lóbulo de la ínsula que se sitúa en la profundidad de la fisurade Silvio. Objetivo: Describir la anatomía Microquirúrgica de la superficie cerebral en imágenes estereoscópicas anaglíficas tridimensionales.Material y Métodos: La superficie cerebral fue examinada en 30 cerebros humanos con la ayuda de microscopioquirúrgico D.F. Vasconcellos M900 con una magnificación de 16x y 40x, el equipo fotográfico marca Nikon modelo D60, lenteAF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED de Nikon, instrumental de microcirugía y sistema de vernier calibrado en décimasde milímetros. Resultados: La superficie cerebral de cada hemisferio esta dividida por medio de la fisura de Silvio y el surco deRolando en; Lóbulo frontal que se localiza superior a la fisura de Silvio y anterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulo temporal que sesitúa inferior a la fisura de Silvio, lóbulo parietal de localización superior a la fisura de Silvio y posterior al surco de Rolando, el lóbulooccipital se ubica por detrás del surco parietooccipital. En la profundidad de la fisura de Silvio se encuentra el lóbulo de la ínsula...
Introduction: Brain cortex is studied from different views: lateral, medial and basal surfaces. The brain lateral surface is distinguished by the presence of referential points and sulci. Those specific surgical points consist of the Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) and the Rolandic sulcus (central sulcus). Those sulci divide each hemisphere in frontal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and anterior to the Rolandic sulcus), temporal lobe (inferior to the Sylvian fissure), and parietal lobe (superior to the Sylvian fissure and posterior to the Rolandic sulcus). The occipital lobe is located posteriorly to the parietooccipital sulci, and the insular lobe is located deep into the Sylvian fissure. Objetive: To describe the microsurgical anatomy of the brain cortex in tridimensional surface imaging reconstruction. Material and Methods: Human cadaveric speciments of 30 human brains were studied through the surgical microscopy D.F. Vasconcellos M900, 16x and 40x magnification, Nikon D60 camera, AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor 105 mm f/2.8G IF-ED lens, and microsurgical instruments. Results: Brain surface is divided in each hemisphere basically through the Sylvian fissure and the Rolandic sulcus in frontal lobe, superiorly to the to the Sylvian fissure and anteriorly to the Rolandic sulcus, temporal lobe, inferiorly to the Sylvian fissure, parietal lobe, superiorly to the Sylvian fissure and posteriorly to the Rolandic sulci, and occipital lobe behind the parietooccipital sulci. Deep into the Sylvian fissure is located the insular lobe...
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Humans , Anatomy, Cross-Sectional/methods , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebral Cortex/anatomy & histology , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Microsurgery/methodsABSTRACT
Extra-axial medulloblastoma is a rare phenomenon. We report a case in a 5-year-old boy who presented with nausea, vomiting, and gait disturbance. He was treated with total removal of the tumor. This is the first case of an extra-axially located medulloblastoma occurring in the cerebellar hemisphere posteriolateral to the cerebellopontine angle in Korea. Although the extra-axial occurrence of medulloblastoma is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extra-axial lesions of the posterior fossa in children.
Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Cerebellopontine Angle , Cerebellum , Cerebrum , Diagnosis, Differential , Gait , Korea , Medulloblastoma , Nausea , VomitingABSTRACT
Objective To compare the differences of event-related potentials (ERP) of left and right cerebral hemispheres and behavioral characteristics in the mental arithmetic practice between ADHD and normal children,and to explore the neural mechanisms of mental arithmetic by ADHD children.Methods ERP and behavioral data of 32 ADHD and 32 normal children in mental arithmetic,to illustrate,simple addition,subtraction and multiplication within 20 were recorded.Results ERP:① The differences of N2 amplitudes in ADHD children 's left and right cerebral hemispheres while doing mental arithmetic,such as,addition,subtraction and multiplication were not statistically significant (addition:(-6.2±7.3) μV,(-6.6± 8.1) pV ; subtraction:(-5.5±6.4) μV,(-5.8± 6.5) μV ; multiplication:(-5.9± 8.2) μV,(-6.0± 8.6) μV ; all P＞0.05).However,normal group's N2 amplitude of left hemisphere(F3) were obviously higher than those of the right hemisphere (F4),considered to be statistically significant difference (addition:(-6.8±4.0) μV,(-5.9±4.3) μV ; subtraction:(-7.5±4.8) μV,(-6.3±4.4) μV ;multiplication:(-6.9±3.7)μV,(-5.7±4.4)pV ; all P＜0.05).② ADHD group's N2 amplitude of subtraction practice was significantly lower than that of addition and multiplication,while normal control group was the opposite.③There were not statistically difference between N2 incubation of left and right hemisphere while addition,subtraction,and multiplication were done (P＞0.05).Behaviorism:① ADHD group's reaction time towards answer making were much longer than those of the normal control group (addition:(983± 183) ms,(833± 164) ms ; subtraction:(1005±160)ms,(859±170)ms;multiphcation:(975±180)ms,(836±175)ms; P＜0.05).② Accurate rate:ADHD group were all lower than those of normal group.Conclusion There were functional limitations of no obviously advantage hemisphere and two hemisphere coordination while ADHD children were performing mental arithmetic,also hmitations in conflicting information processing,decision making,and more obviously in subtraction practice.
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Sexual dimorphism in human corpus callosum is controversial, and only a limited number of studies have been done on foetuses. Corpus callosum of 50 foetal brains, 25 male and 24 female were studied however, one foetus with undifferentiated sex, was excluded from the present study. The crown rump length (CRL) and the brain weight of these foetuses ranged from 5 to 39 cm and 10 to 550 gm. Brain was divided into two equal halves by median section after fixation. The length of the corpus callosum, pre-callosal and post-callosal lengths, were measured on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere. The thickness of splenium was measured in the sagittal section. The brain weight increased with increase in the CRL length in all the foetuses. The average length of the corpus callosum was more in males than in females. The z test value was 1.3871, which is not significant. The thickness of splenium was more in females than male. The z test value was 2.28, which is highly significant. Sex difference was not observed in any of the other parameters.
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The organization of the prefrontal cortex can hold important clues to understanding its functioning. The Cebus apella present cerebral particularities and behavioral and cognitive flexibility, possessing abilities that demonstrate an overlap with those of big primates. Objectives: To provide evidence of correlations between anatomical particularities of the brain areas analyzed and some cognitive abilities previously described in these simians. Methods: The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres and prefrontal areas (PFA) were measured using a Universal caliper, in 24 hemispheres of C. apella fixed with 10% formaldehyde and kept in 70% alcoholic solution. Results: Data gathered allowed the calculation of the approximate volume (cm3) of the areas under study: right antimere 35.2 cm3 (±5.3), left antimere 31.3 cm3 (±5.4) and of the left PFA 6.0 cm3 (±1.5) and right PFA 6.9 cm3 (±1.7). Conclusions: We concluded that the PFA represents about 20% of the cerebral volume of this primate. No significant differences were found in the antimeres in terms of volume and area of the hemispheres and likewise for the PFA. These animals have a proportionally bigger brain than that of other neotropical primates in the literature. This allows us to infer that the frontal lobe of C. apella is also larger; possibly related to its maturity and developed cognitive functions indicative of the culture transfers characteristic of this species.
A organização do córtex pré-frontal pode conter dados importantes para a compreensão de seu funcionamento. Os Cebus apella apresentam particularidades cerebrais e flexibilidade comportamental e cognitiva, possuindo habilidades que demonstram destacada sobreposição sobre grandes primatas. Objetivos: Fornecer subsídios para realização de correlações entre particularidades anatômicas das regiões encefálicas analisadas e algumas habilidades cognitivas já descritas nestes símios. Métodos: Analisamos o tamanho relativo dos hemisférios cerebrais e da região pré-frontal (RPF), utilizando paquímetro universal, em 24 hemisférios cerebrais de C. apella fixados em formol a 10% e conservados em solução alcoólica a 70%. Resultados: Os dados obtidos permitiram-nos calcular o volume (cm3) aproximado das áreas estudadas: antímero direito 35,2 cm3 (±5,3), antímero esquerdo 31,3 cm3 (±5,4) e das RPF esquerda 6,0 cm3 (±1,5) e a direita 6,9 cm3 (±1,7). Conclusões: Concluímos que a RPF representa aproximadamente 20% do volume cerebral deste primata. Não constatamos diferenças significativas nos antímeros em relação aos volumes e às áreas tanto dos hemisférios cerebrais como das RPF. Estes animais apresentaram tamanho cerebral proporcionalmente maior que os demais primatas neotropicais quando comparamos nossos achados com a literatura disponível, permitindo-nos inclusive inferir que há uma grande amplitude do lobo frontal em C. apella; possivelmente relacionada à maturidade e às funções cognitivas elaboradas indicativas de transferência de cultura características deste animal.