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The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in July 2020.The current edition was officially implemented on December 30,2020.The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines,which are the common re-quirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity,versatility,operability,and sustainable development,there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions.Further,the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded,the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened,and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards.The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety,effectiveness,and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technolo-gies,improving the quality control of medicines,and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China.This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide references for the correct understanding and accurate implementation of the physical and chemical analysis general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition volume . METHODSE: The principles, processes, and main considerations of the development of the physical and chemical analysis general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition volume IV are introduced, and the content and main characteristics are summarized and analyzed. RESULTS: According to the goals and key tasks of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition, the principles of scientificity, versatility, operability, gradual and sustainable development, and harmonization with international standards, the physical and chemical analysis committee of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia commission carry out the development of the physical and chemical analysis general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition volume . Further expand the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques, strengthen the applicability of analytical methods and the development of the external pollution control methods for Chinese medicinal materials, and improve the harmonization of analytical techniques and impurity control requirements with international technical requirements. CONCLUSION: The physical and chemical analysis general chapters of Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition volume provide method and technical support to ensure the safety, effectiveness and controllable quality of China's pharmaceuticals, and play an important and positive role in encouraging the application of advanced analytical technology, strengthening drug regulatory measures, and enhancing the international influence of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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The Human Variome Project (HVP) is an international effort aiming systematically to collect and share information on all human genetic variants. It has been working for years in collaboration with local scientific societies by establishing systems to collect every genetic variant reported in a country and to store these variants within a database repository: LOVD (Argentinian chapter: ar.lovd.org). Formally established in 2017 in the Argentinian Node, up to June 2019 we collected more than 25,000 genetic variants deposited by 17 different laboratories. Nowadays the HVP country nodes represent more than 30 countries. In Latin America there are four country nodes: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela; the first two interacted recently launching the LatinGen database. In the present work we want to share our experience in applying the HVP project focusing on its organization, rules and nomenclature to reach the goal of sharing genetic variants and depositing them in the Leiden Open Variation Database. Contributing laboratories are seeking to share variant data to gain access all over the country. It is one of our goals to stimulate the highest quality by organizing courses, applying current nomenclature rules, sponsoring lectures in national congresses, distributing newsletter to serve the Argentinian genomics community and to stimulate the interaction among Latin America countries.
El Proyecto Varioma Humano (HVP) es un esfuerzo internacional que tiene como objetivo recopilar y compartir sistemáticamente información sobre todas las variantes genéticas humanas. Hemos estado trabajando durante tres años en colaboración con sociedades científicas locales, mediante el establecimiento de sistemas para recolectar todas las variantes genéticas reportadas en el país y almacenarlas dentro de la base de datos LOVD (capítulo argentino: ar.lovd.org). En el año 2017 fue establecido formalmente el Nodo Argentino del HVP, habiéndose recolectado más de 25.000 variantes genéticas depositadas por 17 laboratorios diferentes hasta junio de 2019. Hoy en día existen al menos 30 nodos del HVP, correspondientes a diferentes países. En América Latina hay cuatro nodos: Argentina, Brasil, México y Venezuela; Los dos primeros interactuaron recientemente lanzando la base de datos LatinGen. En el presente trabajo queremos compartir nuestra experiencia en la aplicación del proyecto HVP centrándonos en su organización, reglas y nomenclatura para alcanzar el objetivo de compartir variantes genéticas y depositarlas en la base de datos de variaciones abiertas de Leiden (LOVD). Es uno de nuestros objetivos estimular la más alta calidad mediante la organización de cursos, aplicación de las reglas de nomenclatura actuales, patrocinio de conferencias en congresos nacionales, distribución de boletines informativos para la comunidad de genómica argentina, y estimulación de la interacción entre los países de América Latina.
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OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for introducing new methods and technologies to the physical and chemical testing methods general chapters in Chinese Pharmacopoeia Volume . METHODS: By reviewing the general chapters of drug physical and chemical testing methods (appendices)in the new editions of European, US, Japanese and British Pharmacopoeias, the harmonization results of the Pharmacopoeia Discussion Group (PDG)and the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), the authors summarized the overview and new, revised and harmonized texts of physical and chemical testing methods, and made a preliminary comparison with the related testing methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition) Volume . RESULTS: The new and revised text on the physical and chemical testing methods in the new editions of European, US, Japanese and British Pharmacopoeias are mainly concentrated in elements impurities, spectrometry and chemometrics. Chinese Pharmacopoeia can learn from the technology of identification tests, spectrometry and chromatography, impurities analysis and functionality-related characteristics of pharmaceutical excipients. CONCLUSION: Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be based on the actual level of China's pharmaceutical industry, follow the principles of progressive and sustainable development, introducing new drug testing technologies and methods to strengthen the quality control of drugs and improve drug controllability.
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Nearly nothing is known of medicine in ancient Korea due to insufficient materials. With several extant prescriptions and esoteric methods of treating diseases alone, it is impossible to gauge in depth the management of medicine during this period. If one exception were to be cited, that would be the fact that the annotations for understanding the contents on Indian medicine in the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light, a Buddhist sutra originating from India, reflected the medical knowledge of Buddhist monks from Silla (新羅, 57 BC-935 AD) who were active immediately after the nation's unification of the two other kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula (668 AD) such as Wonhyo (元曉, 617-686 AD), Gyeongheung (憬興, 620?-700? AD), and Seungjang (勝莊, 684-? AD). Along with those by other monks, these annotations are collected in the Mysterious Pivot of the Sutra of Golden Light (金光明經最勝王經玄樞), which was compiled by Gangyō(願曉, 835-871 AD), a Japanese monk from the Heian era (平安, 794-1185 AD). Representative versions of the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light include: a classical Chinese translation by the Indian monk Dharmakṣema (曇無讖, 385-433 AD); the eight-volume edition by Chinese monk Baogui (寶貴), which differs little from the preceding work in terms of the contents of the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease”; and the ten-volume edition by Yijing (義淨, 635-713 AD), who had full-fledged knowledge of Indian medicine. When the contents of the annotations thus collected are examined, it seems that Wonhyo had not been aware of the existence of the ten-volume edition, and Gyeongheung and Seungjang most certainly used the ten-volume edition in their annotations as well. Especially noteworthy are Wonhyo's annotations on the Indian medical knowledge found in the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” in the Sutra of Golden Light. Here, he made a bold attempt to link and understand consistently even discussions on Indian and Buddhist medicine on the basis of the traditional East Asian medical theory centering on the yin-yang (陰陽) and five phases (五行, wuxing). In accordance with East Asia's theory of the seasonal five phases, Wonhyo sought to explain aspects of Indian medicine, e.g., changes in the four great elements (四大, catvāri mahā-bhūtāni) of earth, water, fire, and wind according to seasonal factors and their effect on the internal organs; patterns of diseases such as wind (vāta)-induced disease, bile (pitta)-induced disease, phlegm (śleṣman)-induced disease, and a combination (saṃnipāta) of these three types of diseases; pathogenesis due to the indigestion of food, as pathological mechanisms centering on the theory of the mutual overcoming (相克, xiangke) of the five phases including the five viscera (五藏, wuzang), five flavors (五味, wuwei), and five colors (五色, wuse). They existed in the text contents on Indian medicine, which could not be explicated well with the existing medical knowledge based on the theory of the five phases. Consequently, he boldly modified the theory of the five phases in his own way for such passages, thus attempting a reconciliation, or harmonization of disputes (和諍, hwajaeng), of the two medical systems. Such an attempt was even bolder than those by earlier annotators, and Wonhyo's annotations came to be accepted by later annotators as one persuasive explanation as well. In the case of Gyeongheung and Seungjang, who obtained and examined the ten-volume edition, a new classical Chinese translation produced following Wonhyo's death, annotated the “Chapter on Eliminating Disease” based on their outstanding proficiency in Sanskrit and knowledge of new Indian and Buddhist medicine. This fact signifies that knowledge of the eight arts (八術) of Ayurvedic medicine in India was introduced into Silla around the early 8th century. The medical knowledge of Wonhyo, Gyeongheung, and Seungjang demonstrates that intellectual circles in contemporary Silla were arenas in which not only traditional East Asian medicine as represented by works such as the Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor (黃帝內經, Huangdi Neijing) but also Indian medicine of Buddhism coexisted in almost real time.
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Humans , Asian People , Bile , Buddhism , Dissent and Disputes , Dyspepsia , Fires , History of Medicine , India , Korea , Medicine, Ayurvedic , Medicine, East Asian Traditional , Monks , Prescriptions , Seasons , Viscera , Water , Wind , Yin-YangABSTRACT
Nos últimos anos, a expansão da cultura do girassol promoveu uma busca por material genético mais competitivo, além de sementes com uma máxima qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária. No campo, a época de colheita e a nutrição das plantas são de fundamental importância na expressão dessas qualidades. Com isso, objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol submetidas a diferentes doses de fósforo e suas localizações dentro da inflorescência. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x2), sendo o primeiro fator a localização da semente na inflorescência (periferia, meio e centro) e, o segundo, doses de fósforo (zero e 70kg ha-1 de super-simples), sendo sua aplicação realizada durante a implantação da cultura. As sementes foram submetidas à determinação do teor de água, peso de mil sementes, peso das sementes por localização na inflorescência e a testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação). A adubação fosfatada proporciona aumento na qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol. A região da periferia junto com o meio contribui em maior parte para a obtenção de uma melhor qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes de girassol. A qualidade física é afetada pela localização das sementes na inflorescência, cujas mais pesadas se encontram na periferia, seguidas das do meio e tendo o centro com as sementes mais leves.
In recent years, the expansion of sunflower promoted a search for genetic material more competitive, and for seeds with a maximum physical, physiological and health quality. In the field, harvesting time and plant nutrition are essential in the expression of these qualities. With this objective, this research aimed to evaluate the physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds under different phosphorus levels and locations within the same inflorescence. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial (3x2), being the first factor, the location of the seed in the inflorescence (outside, middle and center) and the second phosphorus levels (zero and to 70kg ha-1 super-simple). Its application was performed during the culture deployment . Seeds were subjected to the moisture content determination, thousand seed weight, seed weight per inflorescence location in germination and vigor (first count and index of germination rate). Phosphorus fertilization allowed an increase in physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds. The region along the periphery with the environment contributes in most to obtain a better physical and physiological quality of sunflower seeds. The physical quality is affected by the location of seeds in inflorescences, which are heavier in the periphery, followed by middle and having the center with lighter seeds.
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BACKGROUND: Analysis of outpatient visits to primary care offers essential data for residency training by understanding 'reasons for encounter (RFE).' This study was designed to recognize the effect of population aging on demographic characteristics and RFEs. METHODS: We included all patients who had visited family practice clinic in Kyung Hee University Hospital in Seoul during each first 5 working days of September, October, and November in 2001 and 2008. New patients included those who hadn't visited within the last 6 months or more. Information on each patient's age, sex, and reason for encounter was obtained from the electronic medical record. The RFEs were compared using International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)-2-E. RESULTS: Mean age of overall outpatients was 50.5 and 52.4 years in 2001 and 2008 respectively. The number of new outpatient visits increased from 215 (21.3%) to 326 (29.7%) between 2001 and 2008 (P < 0.001) along with the number of patients aged 65 or more from 7.4% to 12.0% (P = 0.08). Mean age of established patients was 52.5 and 56.9 years (P < 0.001), and the patients aged 65 or more was 14.1% and 35.8% (P < 0.001) in 2001 and 2008 respectively. Analysis by ICPC-2-E revealed a decrease in chapter A in 2008 (P = 0.03) and an increase in chapter F, L, and X (P = 0.01, 0.003, <0.001). Component 1 had increased (P = 0.01), and component 2 had decreased (P = 0.04) in proportion. CONCLUSION: Changes in population composition have brought a shift of the distribution of age in outpatients, more significantly in follow-up patients. Comparison by ICPC-2-E showed changes in RFEs of new patients between 2001 and 2008.
Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Aging , Electronic Health Records , Family Practice , Follow-Up Studies , Internship and Residency , Outpatients , Primary Health CareABSTRACT
In oriental medicine, we consider the living body to be a microcosm and understand it as a general complex of systems. The rhythm of the five basic elements in the living body controls these complex systems and maintains the whole by adding restrictions to chaos. Therefore, when distortion of the five basic elements occurs, the living body develops disease. Under these conditions, the first, 69th chapter of “Nan Ching” describes the therapy principle useing the mother and child relationship of the creative cycle in the five basic elements, and the second describes the therapy principle of individual meridian diseases. Accordingly, we developed a therapy model for deficiency-pathogen, excess-pathogen and original-pathogen and tried to interpret the 69th chapter.<BR>The results showed that there is no distortion in relationship of the destructive becoming successful condition of therapy in these models. In addition, it was thought that the original-pathogen is the therapy principle of individual meridian diseases, and these changes suggested the formation of assumptions regarding tonification and sedation therapy for deficiency-pathogen and excess-pathogen. These results suggest that the 69th chapter is a therapy principle based on the relationship of the creative cycle through the whole organism.