Mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis: perfil epidemiológico e tendencial em um município de médio porte da região oeste do Paraná, 2011-2021 / Infant mortality from preventable causes: epidemiological and trend profile in a medium-sized municipality in the western Paraná region, 2011-2021 / Mortalidad infantil por causas prevenibles: perfil epidemiológico y tendencia en un municipio de tamaño medio de la región oeste del Paraná, 2011-2021

Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico e a tendência da mortalidade infantil por causas evitáveis em Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, de 2011 a 2021. Método: realizou-se um estudo de série temporal com dados obtidos dos Sistemas de Informações de Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas segundo categorias: neonatal precoce; tardia e pós-neonatal; evitáveis e não evitáveis; e reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mãe e neonato, com avaliação de tendência por regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: As maiores proporções de óbitos evitáveis, foram por inadequada atenção à mulher no parto (36,5%), à mulher na gestação (26,8%), e ao recém- nascido (16%). Observou-se redução percentual nos coeficientes de óbitos gerais (ß = - 0,32; IC95% -0,91;0,68) e por causas evitáveis (ß = -0,74; IC95% -0,98;0,50), mesmo não havendo significância estatística nos resultados relativos às tendências (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusão: A partir dos resultados obtidos, Constatou-se a necessidade de intervenções voltadas ao cuidado materno-infantil, essencialmente na atenção à mulher no pré-natal e no parto e ao neonato, visto que constituem percentuais expressivos dentre as causas de morte evitáveis. A redução da mortalidade infantil é um desafio global para os serviços de saúde e sociedade como um todo. Sua análise permite incorporar o uso de informação qualificada no planejamento e avaliação de ações e políticas públicas voltadas à saúde materno-infantil, tal como, embasar novos estudos, fundamentais para alicerçar a avaliação crítica da prática em relação aos achados de pesquisa e promover mudanças baseadas em evidências.

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile and the trend of infant mortality from preventable causes in Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, from 2011 to 2021. Method: a time-series study was conducted with data obtained from the Mortality and Live Births Information Systems. Mortality rates were calculated according to categories: early neonatal; late and post-neonatal; preventable and non-preventable; and reduceable by adequate attention to the mother and neonate, with trend evaluation by Prais-Winsten linear regression. Results: The highest proportions of avoidable deaths, were due to inadequate care of the woman in childbirth (36.5%), the woman in pregnancy (26.8%), and the newborn (16%). There was a percentage reduction in the coefficients of general deaths (ß = -0.32; 95%CI -0.91;0.68) and by preventable causes (ß = -0.74; 95%CI - 0.98;0.50), even though there was no statistical significance in the results regarding trends (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion: From the results obtained, there was a need for interventions aimed at maternal and child care, especially in the care of women in prenatal and childbirth and neonates, since they constitute significant percentages among the causes of preventable death. The reduction of infant mortality is a global challenge for health services and society as a whole. Its analysis allows us to incorporate the use of qualified information in the planning and evaluation of actions and public policies aimed at maternal and child health, as well as to support new studies, which are essential to support the critical evaluation of the practice in relation to research findings and to promote evidence-based changes.

Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico y la tendencia de la mortalidad infantil por causas evitables en Fazenda Rio Grande/PR, de 2011 a 2021. Material y método: se realizó un estudio de series temporales con datos obtenidos de los Sistemas de Información de Mortalidad y Nacidos Vivos. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad según las categorías: neonatal precoz; neonatal tardía y posneonatal; prevenible y no prevenible; y reducible por atención adecuada a la madre y al neonato, con evaluación de la tendencia por regresión lineal de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: Las mayores proporciones de muertes evitables, se debieron a la inadecuada atención a la mujer en el parto (36,5%), a la mujer en el embarazo (26,8%) y al recién nacido (16%). Hubo una reducción porcentual en los coeficientes de muertes generales (ß = -0,32; IC 95% -0,91;0,68) y por causas evitables (ß = -0,74; IC 95% -0,98;0,50), aunque no hubo significación estadística en los resultados en cuanto a tendencias (p ≥ 0,05). Conclusiones: De los resultados obtenidos se desprende la necesidad de intervenciones dirigidas a la atención materno- infantil, especialmente en la atención de la mujer en el prenatal y parto y de los neonatos, ya que constituyen porcentajes significativos entre las causas de muerte prevenible. La reducción de la mortalidad infantil es un reto global para los servicios de salud y la sociedad en su conjunto. Su análisis permite incorporar el uso de información cualificada en la planificación y evaluación de acciones y políticas públicas dirigidas a la salud materno-infantil, así como apoyar nuevos estudios, que son esenciales para apoyar la evaluación crítica de la práctica en relación con los resultados de la investigación y promover cambios basados en la evidencia.

Sociology of Child Health Care Practices in Nanded District of Maharashtra, Central India — A Single Centre Hospital-based Crosssectional Study

Background : Despite the yearly increase in budget and improved health infrastructure, the improvement in the health indices is not parallel to them. It indicates that there are other factors influencing the health indices like morbidity and mortality. Objective : This study highlights the socio-demographic factors and their importance in child health care. Methods : A single-centre hospital-based cross-sectional study was done at a tertiary health care centre in central India. One thousand cases were enrolled over 3 years and evaluated for the association of socio-demographic parameters and child health status indicators. Results : Of the 1000 cases, immunization status in children had a significant association with mother’s education status (p=0.005), father’s education status (p=0.001), and religion (p<0.001) but not associated with socio-economic status (p=0.254) and place of residence (urban versus rural) (p=0.916). The pallor was significantly associated with the mother’s education status (p=0.001), father’s education status (p=0.005), socio-economic status (p=0.001) but not associated with the sex of the child (p=0.934), place of residence (p=0.807) and religion of the participant child (p=0.812). Conclusion : Immunization status of the child was significantly associated with the educational status of parents and religion while pallor was associated with the educational status of parents and economic status. The educational status of the parent is significant as for as child health care is concerned

A hospitalização de crianças menores de cinco anos e o uso de serviços da Atenção Primária em Ribeirão Preto - SP / The hospitalization of children under five years old and the use of primary care services in Ribeirão Preto - SP

Este estudo transversal, quantitativo, que analisou a hospitalização de crianças menores de cinco anos de idade e o uso de serviços da atenção primária em município paulista. Entre julho de 2020 e julho de 2021, entrevistou-se 184 cuidadores/responsáveis de crianças hospitalizadas em dois hospitais públicos de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Aplicou-se questionário (dados sócio-demográficos da família e clínicos da criança) e Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária - Brasil, versão criança, com transferência, dos dados coletados, para a plataforma digital RedCap®. Para analisar o uso dos serviços de saúde, utilizou-se o programa IBM® SPSS® Statistics, versão 25; considerou-se nível de significância α=0,05. Na análise inferencial, construiu-se tabelas de contingências das variáveis exploratórias em relação à três desfechos: Internação por Condição Sensível à Atenção Primária (ICSAP); acometimento respiratório; ocorrência dos atributos essenciais da atenção primária à saúde (APS). O Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto-USP aprovou a pesquisa. No período, identificou-se 184 hospitalizações, 102 (55,4%) eram por condições não sensíveis à APS; 82 (44,6%) eram ICSAP. Das ICSAP, houve maior frequência para doenças do aparelho respiratório (52; 28,3%). Mais de 80% das famílias estão acima da linha da pobreza; contudo, cerca de dois terços recebem benefício social. Quase metade das crianças internadas com menos de um ano de vida; mais de 80% nasceram a termo, com peso adequado e sugaram seio materno. Pouco mais de um terço das crianças possui condição crônica de saúde e tem hospitalização anterior; menos de 10% delas é dependente de tecnologia em saúde; quase um terço faz uso contínuo de medicamentos. Mais de três quartos das crianças do estudo têm calendário vacinal atualizado. Verificou-se associação entre o Escore Essencial da APS e a etnia e a criança fazer uso de alguma tecnologia para o cuidado em saúde. O desfecho ICSAP teve associação com renda familiar, moradia e a Integralidade (Serviços Disponíveis e Serviços Prestados). Houve associação entre o desfecho ICSAP por doença respiratória e a renda familiar e a mãe residir com o companheiro. Os aspectos sociodemográficos se reafirmaram como relevantes quando se tornam vulnerabilidades para que a criança tenha desfechos desfavoráveis em sua saúde. Assim, considerá-los nas consultas e nas visitas domiciliares pode potencializar planos de cuidados individualizados, e promover resultados favoráveis. O estudo contribui ao destacar fatores que demonstraram concorrer para o desfecho ICSAP. Variáveis sociodemográficas, condições clínicas da criança e experiências positivas de atributos na APS são elementos que podem ser incorporados na abordagem cotidiana dos profissionais que atendem a população infantil na atenção primária

This cross-sectional, quantitative study analyzed the hospitalization of children under five years of age and the use of primary care services in a city in São Paulo. Between July 2020 and July 2021, 184 caregivers/guardians of children hospitalized in two public hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, SP, were interviewed. We applied a questionnaire (socio-demographic family and clinical data of the child) and the Primary Care Assessment Tool - Brazil, child version; all data were transferred to the RedCap® digital platform. In order to analyze the use of health services, the IBM® SPSS® Statistics program, version 25, was used; considering a significance level of α=0.05. In the inferential analysis, contingency tables of exploratory variables were built in relation to three outcomes: Hospitalization for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Condition (ACSC); respiratory impairment; occurrence of essential attributes of Primary Health Care (PHC). The Research Ethics Committee of the College of Nursing at Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo approved the research. During the period, 184 hospitalizations were identified, 102 (55.4%) were for conditions not sensitive to PHC; 82 (44.6%) were ACSC. Among the ACSC, there was a higher frequency for respiratory system diseases (52; 28.3%). More than 80% of families are above the poverty line; however, about two-thirds receive social benefits. Almost half of hospitalized children are under one year of age; more than 80% were born at term, with adequate weight and were breastfeeding. Just over a third of children have a chronic health condition and have been previously hospitalized; less than 10% of them are dependent on health technology; almost a third make continuous use of medication. More than three quarters of the children in the study have an up-to-date vaccination schedule. There was an association between the PHC Essential Score and ethnicity and the child using some technology for healthcare. The ACSC outcome was associated with family income, housing and Integrality attribute (Available Services and Services Provided). There was an association between the ACSC outcome for respiratory disease and family income and the mother living with her partner. The sociodemographic aspects were reaffirmed as relevant when they become vulnerabilities for the child to have unfavorable health outcomes. Thus, considering them in consultations and home visits can enhance individualized care plans and promote favorable results. The study contributes by highlighting factors that have been shown to contribute to the ACSC outcome. Sociodemographic variables, clinical conditions of the child and positive experiences of attributes in PHC are elements that can be incorporated into the daily approach of professionals who serve the child population in primary care

Investigation and analysis of on-the-job training of health technicians in maternal and child care institutions / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To analyze the current situation and requirements of education for health technicians in maternal and child health care institutions, and put forward feasible strategies and measures to improve the comprehensive quality and professional level of the talent team of maternal and child health care institutions.Methods:Questionnaire survey was carried out on education needs of health technical staff of 11 maternal and child health care hospitals in 4 provinces (regions), and provincial, municipal and district-level medical institutions. The survey results were recorded by Epidata 3.1. SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.Results:A total of 1 678 questionnaires were included in the analysis. A total of 1 313 people received training, accounting for 78.2%. The main reason for not receiving training was that the unit didn't arrange (180 people), accounting for 49.3%(180/365). There were 779 people who had more than 3 days of training, accounting for 59.3%. There were 384 people who were trained in superior general hospitals, accounting for 29.2%, and 268 people were trained in superior maternal and child health institutions, accounting for 20.4%. There were 837 people who learned the content of new professional progress, accounting for 50.8%(837/1 648). According to the interview, there were still some requirements for thematic training, further education, online learning, continuing education and standardized training.Conclusion:Maternal and child health care institutions have accelerated the construction of professional personnel, intensified training, and thoroughly implemented health personnel training programs, established a long-term mechanism, increased funding, improved training content, ensured the quality of training, and made a good job in hierarchical training to meet the learning needs of personnel at all levels. This is of great significance for strengthening the technical personnel of maternal and child health care institutions and improving their service capacity.

A atuação da Atenção Hospitalar como ponto da Rede de Enfrentamento à Violência contra a Criança / The role of hospital care as a point of the Network to Combat Violence against Children

O fenômeno da violência coloca para os níveis de saúde a necessidade do desenvolvimento de ações intrassetoriais, intersetoriais e o fortalecimento das ferramentas disponíveis para o cuidado de crianças e famílias em situação de violência. A Atenção Hospitalar possui portas de entrada que atendem casos de crianças violentadas, porém ainda não reconhece-se como um ponto de atenção capaz de atuar sob forma de rede para o enfrentamento da violência. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e compreender as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança nas últimas duas décadas no Brasil. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS:Identificar as normativas implementadas pelo governo brasileiro no período de 2000 até 2020 sobre a caracterização dos serviços que compõem a rede de enfrentamento às violências intrafamiliar contra criança; Analisar as estratégias de intervenção e atuação das instituições hospitalares como ponto de atenção da Rede de enfrentamento à violência contra criança; Identificar o perfil das unidades hospitalares no manejo dos casos de violência contra crianças METODOLOGIA: Foi estudo exploratório e descritivo realizado através de revisão bibliográfica do tipo integrativa, para a coleta dos dados foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde (BVS) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online. O critério de seleção das fontes foi a disponibilidade via web, na base de dados da área, dentro do período de tempo delimitado do estudo - 2000 - 2020. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 17 artigos, 03 teses, 01 capítulo de livro e 01 protocolo de rede de proteção municipal e com análise do material foram construídas cinco categorias de análises: I) Políticas Públicas Brasileiras e o enfrentamento da Violência contra Criança na Atenção Hospitalar; II) Percepção dos profissionais de saúde acerca do atendimento da criança violentada/maltratada no serviços hospitalares que tratou dos significados e sentimentos desencadeados nos profissionais de saúde no cuidado de crianças violentadas; III) Elementos da Rede de Proteção/Prevenção à violência contra criança na perspectiva dos profissionais (ou elementos que apontem para isso) como a formação de equipes multidisciplinares e multiprofissionais na discussão dos casos suspeitos ou confirmados de violência; criação de protocolos, diretrizes e normatizações que orientem a conduta dos profissionais no acolhimento, atendimento, registro e encaminhamento dos casos; fomento de práticas intersetoriais para o cuidado integral de crianças e famílias em situação de violências; capacitação e educação permamente para as equipes profissionais que atuam no serviço hospitalar; IV) Programa de Proteção à Criança - a experiência institucional do Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre no enfrentamento da violência contra criança; e V) Rede de Proteção à Criança e ao Adolescente em Situação de Risco para a violência - protocolo do município de Curitiba. CONCLUSÃO: As Redes de Atenção são concepções de trabalho que coloca para os pontos de atenção os desafios da integração, da conectividade, da reorganização das normativas de trabalho, da criação de espaços de gestão compartilhada e o direcionamento para um único objetivo a todos os serviços da rede.

The phenomenon of violence places the need to develop intrasectoral and intersectoral actions and the strengthening of available tools for the care of children and families in situations of violence at the health levels. Hospital care has gateways that assist cases of violent children, but it is not yet recognized as a point of care capable of acting in the form of a network to face violence. OBJECTIVES: To identify and understand how hospital institutions' intervention and performance strategies have been a point of attention in the network to combat violence against children in the last two decades in Brazil. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: Identify the norms against children by the Brazilian government 2000 of 2020 family period services on the characterization of coping with family violence; To analyze the intervention and performance strategies of hospital institutions as a point of attention of the network to combat violence against children; Identify the profile of hospital units in the management of cases of violence against children METHODOLOGY: It was an exploratory and descriptive study carried out through an integrative literature review. For data collection, a literature search was carried out in the Virtual Health Library (BVS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases. The source selection criterion was availability via the web, in the area's database, within the delimited period of time of the study - 2000 - 2020. RESULTS: 17 articles, 03 theses, 01 book chapter and 01 research protocol were selected. municipal protection network and with analysis of the material, five categories of analysis were constructed: I) Brazilian Public Policies and the confrontation of Violence against Children in Hospital Care; II) Perception of health professionals about the care of abused/abused children in hospital services that dealt with the meanings and feelings triggered in health professionals in the care of abused children; III) Elements of the Protection/Prevention Network against violence against children from the perspective of professionals (or elements that point to it) such as the formation of multidisciplinary and multiprofessional teams in the discussion of suspected or confirmed cases of violence; creation of protocols, guidelines and norms that guide the conduct of professionals in the reception, care, registration and referral of cases; fostering intersectoral practices for the comprehensive care of children and families in situations of violence; permanent training and education for the professional teams that work in the hospital service; IV) Child Protection Program - the institutional experience of Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre in dealing with violence against children; and V) Network for the Protection of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Violence - protocol of the city of Curitiba. CONCLUSION: The Care Networks are works concept that places the challenges of integration, connectivity, reorganization of work regulations, the creation of shared management spaces and the direction towards a single objective for all the services.

Qualificação dos profissionais da atenção básica para fortalecimento da vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil e ações intersetoriais / Qualification of primary care professionals to strengthen child development surveillance and intersectoral actions / Calificación de profesionales de atención primaria para el fortalecimiento de la vigilancia del desarrollo infantil y las acciones intersectoriales

A vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil é composta por atividades que visam a promoção do desenvolvimento típico e a detecção de problemas, durante a atenção primária à saúde da criança. A Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Criança (Pnaisc) reconhece a criança como prioridade, como o grupo mais vulnerável e como o maior potencial transformador da humanidade, tornando a atenção integral à sua saúde uma ação com repercussões no presente e no futuro. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar a experiência do curso de qualificação de profissionais da rede de atenção básica (AB) no cuidado à criança com deficiência, discutindo o uso da caderneta da criança para acompanhamento e vigilância do desenvolvimento infantil, bem como a identificação precoce dos sinais de alerta de prováveis desvios do desenvolvimento. O curso foi construído e organizado em três eixos temáticos distintos e complementares, a saber: Eixo I ­ Desenvolvimento global da criança de 0 a 5 anos, Eixo II ­ Identificação, acolhimento e encaminhamento da criança com provável atraso de desenvolvimento e/ou deficiência e Eixo III ­ Acompanhamento na rede de AB da criança com provável atraso de desenvolvimento e/ou deficiência. Por meio desta experiência relatada, destacamos a necessidade da elaboração de estratégias, como as qualificações profissionais, que fortaleçam a utilização adequada da caderneta da criança para que seja um instrumento que favoreça o cuidado integral desse grupo.

Child development surveillance comprises activities aimed at promoting typical development and detecting problems during primary child health care. The National Policy for Comprehensive Child Health Care recognizes children as a priority, as the most vulnerable group and as the greatest transformative potential of humanity, making comprehensive health care an action that affects the present and the future. This study reported on the experience of a qualification course for primary care professionals who attends children with disabilities, discussing the use of the child's booklet for monitoring and surveillance of child development, and the early identification of warning signs concerning probable development deviations. The course was elaborated and organized into three distinct and complementary thematic axes, as follows: Axis I ­ Global development of children aged 0 to 5 years; Axis II ­ Identification, reception, and referral of children with probable developmental delay and/or disabilities; and Axis III ­ Follow-up in the AB network of children with probable developmental delay and/or disability. This experience report allowed us to highlight the need to develop strategies, such as professional qualifications, to strengthen the proper use of the child's booklet so that it can be an instrument that favors the comprehensive care of this group.

La vigilancia del desarrollo infantil comprende actividades destinadas a promover el desarrollo y detectar problemas durante la atención primaria de salud infantil. La Política Nacional de Atención Infantil Integral del Niño (PNAISC) reconoce a los niños como una prioridad, como el grupo más vulnerable y como el mayor potencial transformador de la humanidad, haciendo de la atención integral de la salud una acción con repercusiones para el presente y el futuro. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar la experiencia del curso de calificación para profesionales de la red de atención primaria (AP) en el cuidado de niños con discapacidad, discutiendo el uso del folleto del niño en el seguimiento y vigilancia del desarrollo infantil, así como la identificación temprana de alertas de signos y posibles desviaciones del desarrollo. El curso se construyó y se organizó en tres ejes temáticos distintos y complementarios: Eje I - Desarrollo global de niños de 0 a 5 años, Eje II - Identificación, recepción y derivación de niños con probable retraso y/o discapacidad en el desarrollo, y Eje III - Seguimiento en la red AP de niños con probable retraso y/o discapacidad en el desarrollo. Desde esta experiencia es necesario desarrollar estrategias, como la calificación profesional, que fortalezcan el uso adecuado del folleto del niño para que sea un instrumento de ayuda en la atención integral de esta población.

Service quality dimensions regarding maternal and child health-care provided to the beneficiaries attending a Nagrik Hospital Rohtak Haryana

Background: Understanding service quality dimensions regarding maternal and child health (MCH) care are important for their utilization, and it could help in planning interventions for their betterment. It also encourages adherence to the services and contributes to enhancing the quality of MCH care services provided in health-care facility. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the services quality dimensions related to MCH care provided to beneficiaries. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted in Nagrik Hospital among women of reproductive age group (15–49 years) who had come at least once previously to avail the MCH services. Systematic random sampling and exit interview technique were followed and data collected using pre-designed, pre-tested semi-structured schedule and permission from Institutional Ethics Committee Maulana Azad University Jodhpur taken. To determine services quality dimensions related to MCH care, factor analysis was used. This statistical approach was utilized to construct new factors affecting the quality of MCH care services availed by the beneficiaries. The analysis was done using software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 18.0. Results: Among 226 study participants, 125 beneficiaries utilized maternal health care services and 101 availed child health-care services. Health-care provider’s characteristics, expectations of beneficiaries toward healthcare services attributes were found statistically significant toward perceived satisfaction for utilization pattern of MCH care services. Conclusion: Services quality dimensions related to MCH care provided to beneficiaries concluded as health-care provider’s characteristics, expectations of beneficiaries toward health-care services and support and help by supporting staff such as Yashoda, Class IV employees, and sweepers from this study.

Assessment of the availability of infrastructure, manpower, materials and knowledge of health care providers regarding child health care services in the sub centers of a block of Dibrugarh district, Assam

Background: The SCs are under constant criticism for their inability to deliver quality services. Every year some 12 million children of developing countries die before they reach their fifth birthday. Around 90% of mortality rate can be prevented by the improvement of health care quality. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted among health care providers of sub-centers in a randomly selected block of Dibrugarh district of Assam. Results: All SCs had two health worker (female)/ANMs and a multipurpose health worker male (MPW Male). Only 20% SCs adhered to scheduled opening but 100% adhered to scheduled closing time of the health facilities. 100% of SCs were housed in government building. 70% of the SCs had motorable roads. All the SCs had a regular and good supply of BCG, OPV, measles, TT, pentavalent (90% SCs) vaccines. Conclusions: SCs play a crucial role to decrease the morbidity and mortality of under five children in the rural areas. Full-fledged SCs with sufficient manpower, good infrastructure and good knowledge of delivery of child health care among health care providers would definitely improve the level of child health care provided to the community.

Renovation of Maternal-child Healthcare Centers and the National Maternal-child Medical Center Based on the Mother and Child Act

The Mother and Child Act is the most important law set up to maintain and improve maternal-child healthcare. This act was established in 1973 and was revised to improve maternal-child healthcare. This act includes the establishment and management of a maternal-child healthcare center in the district, a maternal-child regional healthcare center in the province, and a national maternal-child medical center. In the baby boom era, maternal-child healthcare centers provided maternity care and delivery services as well as emergency obstetrical management, but those centers stopped providing maternity care in the low birth-rate era. The last revised act included the establishment of a national maternal-child medical center to care for the increase in the number of high-risk pregnancies. This review briefly evaluates the goals and roles of a maternal-child healthcare center and a national maternal-child medical center according to the Mother and Child Act, and integrates high risk pregnancies with a neonatal care center to renovate the maternity healthcare system.

Prediction of maternal and child health care indicators in China based on GM(1,1) model / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To study the predictive effect of model ［GM(1,1)］ in China’s maternal and child health indicators, and to predict the future maternal and child health indicators in a short-term, and provide a scientific basis for the gradual improvement of maternal and child health care services in China. Methods The maternal mortality rate (MMR), neonatal mortality rate (NMR), infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR) were collected from 2008 to 2017 in China. Models were established and MATLAB 2018b software was used for predictive analysis. Results The prediction models of maternal mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate were as follows: x

Analysis on Health Resource Allocation and Service Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care Institutions in Guizhou / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To discuss on the allocation and service utilization of health resources in maternal and child health care institutions and the existing problems in Guizhou Province,to provide a scientific basis for the further development of maternal and child health care.Methods:It analyzed the situation of health resource allocation,service utilization efficiency and maternal and child mortality in Guizhou province by means of statistical description,comparative analysis and correlation analysis.Results:The average number of health workers per hospital increased rapidly,the average number of beds per hospital grew slowly.The number of outpatient visits,the number of admissions and the number of people discharged were positive growth.The number of bed turnover,the working day of the bed,the bed use rate and the average hospitalization date appeared a certain degree of negative growth.Infant mortality rates,child mortality rates and maternal mortality rates under the age of five were all higher than the national average.Conclusion:Health resources of maternal and child health institutions in Guizhou should be tilted to the grassroots health institutions.It needed to further improve the efficiency of maternal and child health care use,strengthen the training of personnel and enhance the comprehensive service capacity of grassroots organizations.

Use of mother and child healthcare services according to social and demographic characteristics in a city in Paraíba, Brazil / Utilizaςão de serviς os de saúde materno-infantil segundo características sociodemográficas em cidade do interior do estado da Paraíba, Brasil / Utilización de servicios de salud materno-infantil según características sociodemográficas en una ciudad del interior del estado de Paraíba, Brasil

Objective: To analyse the type of service used (public or private) for antenatal care and during delivery and post-partum according to maternal social and demographic characteristics in the city of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional analytical study of 633 mothers with children under one year of age who were surveyed in order to gather social, demographic, antenatal, partum and post- partum data, including the type of service used. The association between maternal social and demographic characteristics and the type of service used was analysed. Results: The usage of public services was 77% for antenatal care and 80.1% for delivery/puerperium. A systematic difference was found in the use of public services among women with a lower level of schooling (PR = 1.31 95% CI: 1.14-1.43) and families covered by the social programme (PR = 1.28 95 % CI: 1.14-1.33). Conclusion: Findings highlight inequalities in the use of antenatal and partum/post-partum healthcare services.

Objetivo: Analisar o tipo de serviςo utilizado (se público ou privado) na assistência pré-natal e ao parto/puerpério segundo características sociodemográficas maternas na cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. Materiais e métodos: Estudo transversal analítico no qual entrevistaram-se 633 mães de filhos menores de um ano, obtendo-se informaςões sociodemográficas e da atenςão ao pré-natal, ao parto e ao puerpério, inclusive sobre o tipo de serviςo utilizado. Analisou-se a associaςão das caraterísticas sociodemográficas maternas com o tipo de serviςo utilizado. Resultados: A utilizaςão do serviςo público foi de 77,0% na assistência pré-natal e de 80,1% no caso do parto/puerpério. Verificou-se vantagem sistemática na utilizaςão de serviςos públicos de saúde durante o pré-natal e o parto/puerpério nas mulheres de menor escolaridade (PR=1.31 95%CI: 1.14-1.43) e nas de famílias beneficiadas pelo Programa Bolsa Família (PR= 1.28 95%CI: 1.14-1.33). Conclusões: Os achados destacam desigualdades no uso de serviςos de saúde do pré-natal e parto/ puerpério.

Objetivo: analizar el tipo de servicio utilizado (público o privado) en la asistencia prenatal y el parto/ posparto según características sociodemográficas maternas en la ciudad de Campina Grande, Paraíba (Brasil). Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal analítico, en el cual se entrevistaron 633 madres de hijos menores de un año, obteniéndose información sociodemográfica del prenatal, parto y puerperio, incluido el tipo de servicio utilizado. Se analizó la asociación de las características sociodemográficas maternas con dicho servicio. Resultados: la utilización del servicio público fue de 77,0 % en la asistencia prenatal y de 80,1 % en el parto/puerperio. Se encontró una diferencia sistemática en la utilización de servicios públicos en las mujeres de menor escolaridad (PR = 1,31; IC 95 %: 1,14-1,43) y en familias beneficiadas por programa social (PR = 1,28 IC 95 %: 1,14-1,33). Conclusión: los hallazgos destacan desigualdades en la utilización de los servicios de salud prenatal y parto/posparto.

Saúde nas fronteiras: análise quantitativa e qualitativa da clientela do Centro Materno Infantil de Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil / Health at the border: quantitative and qualitative analysis of patients treated at the Maternal and Child Care Center in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil

Resumo Foz do Iguaçu participa do SIS-Fronteiras e instalou o Centro Materno Infantil (CMI), ofertando atendimento ao pré-natal das gestantes brasileiras moradoras no Paraguai (brasiguaias). Para analisar as características do CMI e comparar o perfil de brasiguaias com gestantes brasileiras residentes no Brasil, conciliou-se abordagem quanti-qualitativa na metodologia. Verificou-se que gestantes brasiguaias atendidas no CMI procuram o local devido à precariedade do sistema de saúde paraguaio. Elas são mais jovens, apresentam maior paridade, menor escolaridade e não têm companheiro, quando comparadas às moradoras no Brasil. Elas omitem onde moram, tentando minimizar a possiblidade de terem atendimento inferior ao das brasileiras do local, ou terem negado seu direito à consulta; e buscam o serviço de obstetrícia tardiamente para evitar a negativa do atendimento. Elas geram custo alto para o município, sobretudo pela desinformação sobre a sua história reprodutiva e gestacional, o que aumenta as chances de serem submetidas a parto cesáreo e de internação da mãe e/ou do bebê, por complicações. Ações efetivas em relação à saúde materno-infantil nas zonas de fronteira precisam ser priorizadas.

Abstract Foz do Iguaçu participates in the SIS-Fronteiras program and installed the Maternal and Child Care Center (CMI) to offer prenatal care service to pregnant Brazilian women resident in Paraguay (Brasiguaias). To analyze the characteristics of the CMI and compare the profile of Brasiguaias with pregnant Brazilian women resident in Brazil, a quantitative and qualitative approach in methodology was applied. It was found that Brasiguaias go to the CMI because of the precariousness of services of the Paraguayan Health System. They tend to be younger, bear more children, have lower education and are unmarried compared with pregnant Brazilian woman resident in Brazil. They omit where they live to avoid being denied the right or receiving inferior treatment than local pregnant Brazilian women and seek obstetric treatment later to avoid being denied attendance. Pregnant Brazilian women resident in Paraguay are onerous to the municipality, especially due to misinformation about their reproductive and pregnancy history, which increases the chances of undergoing cesarean delivery and hospitalization of the mother and/or infant due to complications. Effective actions in relation to maternal and child health in the border areas need to be prioritized.

Structuralization of Hospital Nursing Records of Community Child Health Care in Liaoning Province and its cross-mapping with International Classification of Nursing Practice / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To analyze the language structure of nursing records and the application of defined vocabulary in nursing records of community child care,and to explore the possibility of structuralization and standardization of community nursing records by researchers' consulting International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP(R)2.0).Methods Convenient sampling method was used.A total of 432 handbooks about child health care were extracted from three community health service centers in Liaoning province.By analyzing the nursing records,the vocabulary was selected,and a coding book was built.Then researchers compared them with ICNP(R)2.0 Chinese version.Results Totally 567 terms were extracted.All phrases in nursing records about community child health care can be classified into three categories and seven shafts,which were nursing phenomenon,nursing action and nursing outcome.Our community nursing records about child health care could not fully meet shaft level of nursing record writing requirements from the International Council of nurses.Only 146 records were labeled as perfect fit with ICNP(R)2.0 terminology,223 records as not fit at all.The difference of different levels of suitability distribution about nursing phenomenon,nursing action and nursing outcome had statistically significant difference.Words of able to adapt and can't adapt about nursing action had larger proportion.Words that can't adapt about nursing phenomenon and nursing outcome had larger proportion.Conclusions There is still certain gap between domestic nursing records and ICNP(R)2.0 terminology.The list of terms from comparison nursing records about community child health care with ICNP(R)2.0 can lay the foundation for nursing language system structure and perfect community nursing record language in our country.

Development of Beijing Mother and Child Health Care Information System and its problems / 中华医学图书情报杂志

After a description of Beijing Mother and Child Health Care Information System and its characteristics , the needs of its users were analyzed, its problems were summarized, its functions were verified, and suggestions were proposed for its future development .

Implementation of student evaluation in child health care teaching and its reflection / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Student evaluation is an important part of the teaching process.The Children's Hos-pital of Chongqing Medical University focused on the characteristics of individual child's growth and overall development according to the own condition and integrated formative assessment and summa-tive evaluation in the classroom teaching and clinical internship process. All the measures mentioned above not only help promote students' learning interests,master of knowledge and clinical skills but also exert positive effect on the improvement of teaching level.

Pre-service training of IMNCI in medical colleges – MUHS experience.

Background: IMNCI training improves knowledge and skills in newborn and child health care. If adopted in pre service training, this will help in improvising the health system. Objectives: To investigate the opinion and effectiveness of in-service training of IMNCI and impact on medical college teachers and students which will reflect on their management and care of the seriously ill newborn or child at community set up. So It was decided to take feedback of the students and medical college teachers who have undergone IMNCI training. Methodology: 115 students and 36 medical college teachers were given prevalidated questionnaire to test knowledge, methodology and open comments about IMNCI. Questionnaire with 30 items was designed to know feedback about IMNCI Training. Results: It was found that the 66 % were satisfied with IMNCI training, 50 % use IMNCI in practice,72% knew principles of IMNCI and 91% understood assessment of the children based on IMNCI guidelines, colour coded system and components of IMNCI. Introducing IMNCI in syllabus and textbooks may improve usage of IMNCI in practice. The students felt color coded system of IMNCI will help in early referral. Integration at field and in other subjects was appreciated and students wanted more hands on training at hospital and field level. Only 25% medical college teachers who have undergone F IMNCI training felt it is better than IMNCI which includes protocol based and skill based workshop. Conclusion: IMNCI and FIMNCI adopted in pre service training will improve skill and knowledge of health professionals.

Is Maternal and Child Health Handbook effective? : Meta-Analysis of the Effects of MCH Handbook / 国際保健医療

<B>Background:</B><BR>Maternal and child health handbook (MCHH) consists of records of pregnancy, delivery, child development and immunization, as well as child growth charts. MCHH has been utilized in Japan since 1947 and it is now introduced in more than 20 countries in the world.<BR><B>Objectives:</B><BR>The objectives of this study were to collect research documents and reports in the past studies of MCHH and to analysis the effect of MCHH on maternal and child health through systematic review.<BR><B>Methods:</B><BR>The systematic searches were conducted for the studies published between 1980 and October 2011. After the initial screening of titles and abstracts of the studies, we reviewed 57 documents which were studied for MCHH in maternal and child health (MCH) programs or activities. After the final selection, we identified only 5 documents with 43 question items in Indonesia (1999 and 2001), Bangladesh (2003), the Philippines (2009) and Cambodia (2010).<BR><B>Results:</B><BR>The relationship between MCHH and pregnancy care revealed that mothers who used MCHH during pregnancy had higher level of knowledge (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22-1.70) than whose did not use MCHH during pregnancy. The strong significant effects of MCHH were observed in knowledge of antenatal care visit (OR 1.86, 95% CI: 1.59-2.18), and mother should consume more food during pregnancy (OR 1.97, 95% CI: 1.37-2.83). Mothers who got MCHH during pregnancy had safer practice by skilled birth attendants (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.95-1.32) and delivered in health facilities (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.12-1.53). MCHH showed the effect of knowledge of child health care (OR 1.22, 95% CI; 1.05-1.41).<BR><B>Discussion:</B><BR>This study utilizing meta-analyses showed MCHH had higher association with knowledge of mothers than practice in pregnancy and child health care, although the study has its limitation. The illumination of the relationship between knowledge and practice by the effect of MCHH needs more quantitative analysis in both community and hospital settings in many countries.

Assessment of child health care practices in Tu Liem district, Ha Noi and Tien Hai district, Thai Binh province

Background: Child health care practices in the context of households and community is an important factor to improving the health of children. Some indexes were proposed by the World Health Organization to evaluate these practices. Objectives: To describe the knowledge and practice of pregnant women, under-5-year-old children\u2019s health care and assess the application of the survey toolkit in evaluating various indexes of healthcare practice at family and community levels. Subjects and method: By employing a structured interview, this cross-sectional survey has been conducted in Tu Liem district - Hanoi city and Tien Hai district \u2013 Thai Binh province. 120 mothers of under-5-year-old children participated in the survey. Results:98% of mothers had at least 3 antenatal visits during pregnancy. The rate of complete tetanus vaccination reached 43.3% in Tu Liem and 65% in Tien Hai. Prevalence of infant with low birth weight for age accounted for 8.3% in both districts. The percentage of children given complementary feeding at age of 6 to 9 months as the National Nutrition Program recommendations was only 30%. 65.7% and 68.5% of under-2-year-old children in Tu Liem and Tien Hai were breastfed within the first 30 minutes after delivery. There were a small proportion of mothers who gave complementary food either too early or too late, 8.3% and 8.4% in Tu Liem, 6.7% and 6.6% in Tien Hai, respectively. More than 90% of children were given normal feeding as usual during last their illness, but only 50% of children were given more fluid than usual. 98.2% of mothers knew 2 signs to immediately bring the child to health facilities. The most common injuries in under-5-year-old children were animal bites (62.5%) and falling (31.3%), however only 62.5% of mothers knew at least two measures of injury prevention. Conclusion: The toolkit for collecting data of practical index assessment can be applied at communes.

Assessment of child health care services in Bac Giang and Ha Nam provinces

Background: The strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) was developed as an approach/tool for reducing the childhood mortality in developing countries. IMCI was approved by the Ministry of Health of Viet Nam and has been implemented in more than 3500 communal health centers nationwide. Aims: 1) To discover the quality of health care services for children under-5 and the situation of IMCI in health facilities. 2) To propose solutions to improve the quality of health care services for children. Materials and method: The cross-sectional study using quantitative and qualitative approaches conducted 58 direct observations in health workers, interviewed 58 caretakers, comprehensively interviewed 20 local leaders and technical staffs, facilitated 12 focal group discussions and reviewed 120 records of 12 commune health centers. Results: IMCI was considered by all of the participants as a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of childhood health care at first-level health facilities. IMCI contributed towards improved case management skills of health workers, improved the supply of essential drugs and supplies for child health care. As a result, the quality of health services for children under-5 has been promoted (93% of illness children were correctly assessed and classified, 84.6% of them were correctly treated and counseled). Health workers in Ly Nhan district, Ha Nam province adhered to 8.4+/-1.5 out of 10 essential steps of comprehensive child health care. Contrarily, this indicator was low in the districts of Bac Giang province (4.8+/-1.5), not much different to untrained IMCI health workers. Conclusion: IMCI is a useful strategy to improving the quality of child health care. But there were some difficulties that affected the implementation of this strategy in first-level health facilities.