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Aims: Infection of wounds by microorganisms can prolong wound healing process and result in wound associated complications. Therefore, wound treatment entails the use of antimicrobial agents usually administered directly on the wound where possible to prevent microbial colonization. Traditionally, various plants have been used in wound treatment in different regions of the world. This study evaluated the contribution of the antibacterial activity of four plants commonly use in the treatment of wound in southwestern Nigeria to their ethnobotanically acclaimed wound healing property. Methodology: The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the selected plants (Chromolaena odorata, Sida acuta, Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya) was evaluated using the agar well diffusion assay. Wound isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two commonly isolated Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria from wounds were used for this study. Antibacterial activity was inferred for plant extracts that achieved zone of inhibition ? 7 mm in diameter (size of the well inclusive). Results: Generally, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants showed better extraction yield and antibacterial activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts of the four selected plants demonstrated antibacterial activity against the test organisms used while only the aqueous extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Sida acuta showed activity against both test organisms. The aqueous extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Carica papaya only showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrated that the antibacterial activity of the selected plants contributes to their acclaimed wound healing property. Although there is need to investigate the role of other non-antibacterial properties of the plants that may be associated with wound healing to fully understand the usefulness of the plants in wound treatment.
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@#Aim: Biofilm is the major causative factor of infectious diseases. Difficulty in combating biofilm-related diseases is typically due to persisters, heterogeneous microbial population and viscoelastic extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix. Antibiofilm activities of Chromolaena odorata extracts have previously been demonstrated, however, the effects of its treatment on the biofilm proteome expression remains not well understood. Thus, this study was carried out to profile changes in biofilm proteome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa following treatment with chloroform and ethanol extracts of C. odorata. Methodology and results: Biofilm was developed in 6-well microplate in the presence or absence of C. odorata extracts overnight at 37 °C. Whole-cell proteome analysis was carried out by combining two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Treatment with C. odorata extracts triggered changes in two-dimensional proteome profiles of P. aeruginosa biofilm under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The differentially expressed proteins were successfully identified and were assigned to various functional categories including protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, peptidoglycan metabolism, electron transport and iron transport. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The present study demonstrates differential proteome expression in P. aeruginosa biofilm following treatment with C. odorata extracts. This suggests that C. odorata extracts may target multiple biological processes to control P. aeruginosa biofilm. C. odorata extracts may be useful for development of novel antibiofilm agents.
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This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of crude methanolic extract ofChromolaena odorata and its interactions with some standard antibiotics (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin)on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. P. aeruginosa was isolated from wound samplesfrom hospital patients in Enugu State, Nigeria, using standard bacteriological methods. Methanolic extraction ofC. odorata was carried out using Soxhlet extractor. The antimicrobial activity and in vitro interactions were evaluatedusing a combination of agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The findings of this study showed that allthe P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to the C. odorata methanolic crude extract at high concentrations. Therewas an enhancement of the potency of the methanolic crude extract when combined with low concentrations ofstandard antibiotics compared to its potency when tested alone. Our findings give credence to the folkloric use ofC. odorata for the treatment of wounds, especially P. aeruginosa-infected wounds. There could be beneficial clinicalapplication of the coadministration of standard antibiotics and the crude extract of C. odorata in the treatment ofwound infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents from Chromolaena odorata (L.) as an invasive plant. METHODS: Colum chromatography with different materials was used to isolate and purify the chemical constituents. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis. RESULTS: Seventeen compounds were obtained, including 15 flavonoids, one sesquiterpene, and one steroid, and identified as persicogenin(1), naringenin-7, 4'-dimethyl ether(2), quercetin-7, 4'-dimethylether(3), odoratin(4), stigmasterol(5), 6-hydroxyl-5, 7, 4'-trimethoxyflavone(6), 4, 2'-dihydroxy4', 5', 6'-trimethoxychalcone(7), dihydrokaempferide (8), 3, 5, 4'-trihydroxy-7, 3'-dimethoxyflavanone(9), 5, 6, 7, 3', 4'-pentamethoxyflavone(10), 5, 7, 3', 4'-tetramethoxyflavanone(11), radicol(12), 5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 4'-dimethoxy dihydroflavone(13), 4'-methoxydihydroquercetin(14), 4'-hydroxy-5, 6, 7-trimethoxyflavanone(15), 4'-hydroxy-5, 6, 7, 3'-tetramethoxyflavone(16), and 3', 4-dihydroxy-5, 6, 7-trimethoxyflavone(17). CONCLUSION: Compounds 6, 9, 11-12, 14, and 16 are obtained from this plant for the first time. Compounds 12 and 14 are obtained from Chromolaena genus for the first time.:
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Background: Ethanolic, aqueous, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of leaves of Chromolaena odorata were studied for their antimicrobial activity. Twelve bacterial species, including six Gram-positive and six Gram-negative bacteria viz. Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella paratyphi A, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus citreus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, nonpathogenic Mycobacterium gordonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum along with fungi Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were studied. Methods: This study involved antibiotic sensitivity testing of extracts against a wide spectrum of micro-organisms, to determine the antimicrobial activity of the plant. Results: Initial phytochemical testing unveiled the chemical constituents of C. odorata as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and proteins. The zone of inhibition for the respective extracts was compared with the zone of the standard antibiotic and was found to be quite effective. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of C. odorata exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The plant extracts could be used to treat resistant form of prevailing infections. Successful antimicrobial drugs can be developed out of these extracts if specific compounds are isolated and purified.
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To evaluate the toxicological implications of the administration of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata. The aqueous leaf extract was administered three times per week, for 90 days at doses of 161.5mg/kg, 32 3mg/kg, 538,5mg/kg and 1077mg/kg body weight, respectively. The control animals received 0.5ml of deionised water alone. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 90days. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, and the heart, testes and kidney harvested for histological analysis. Histopathological examination of the heart, lungs, testis and the kidneys did not show any observable morphological alterations. The biochemical parameters; amylase, albumin and total serum protein, and Na+ were found to be decreased at doses of 538.5mg/kg and 1077mg/kg, while the serum levels of creatine kinase, AST, K+, glucose, uric acid, urea and creatinine were increased at the same dose levels. The absence of exhibition of observable toxicity below 538.5mg/kg body weight suggests that the extract may be safe and non-toxic only at very low doses.
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Logistic response of antioxidants to lipid peroxide concentration in carbon tetrachloride toxicity in rabbit liver was evaluated. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), ethanol extracts of Chromolaena odorata (ETECO), sylimarin (a known hepatoprotective agent) and water, were used to induce variations in the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the test and control animals. This was used as a model to study the delicate balance between the activities and/or the intracellular concentrations of these antioxidants and lipid peroxide. Concentrations of lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) were estimated to access the degree of oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver tissue. Glutathione (GSH) concentration was estimated to capture the non-enzymatic antioxidant concentration, while glutathione-s-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were assayed in the liver to assess the enzymatic antioxidant activities. Results obtained from this study showed that the concentrations of lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde) varied in a logistic fashion with the nonenzymatic antioxidant (glutathione) and the enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione-stransferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase). The concentration of the peroxidation product and the concentration/activity of the antioxidants were inversely related, maintaining a highly logistic relationship (R2 = 0.99). The non-enzymatic antioxidant (GSH) concentration and the enzymatic antioxidant (GST, SOD, and CAT) activities were found to be directly related in a sigmoidal manner (R2 = 0.98). These observations indicated that oxidant/antioxidant concentrations and activities in a rabbit liver tissue is tightly related and mathematically associated.
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The ethanol extract of the leaf of Chromolaena odorata (Linn) was assessed for freeradical- scavenging and antioxidant potentials. Ability of the extract to scavenge reactive intermediates (superoxide ion O2 ·-, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, nitric oxide NO˙, hydroxyl radical OH˙) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, were used to assess its free radical scavenging potentials. Antioxidant potential was studied by assessing invitro inhibition of lipid peroxidation in both the brain (Neuro-protective potentials) and liver homogenates of Fenton-oxidant stressed rabbits. Inhibition of protein oxidation was assessed in-vitro by loss of protein thiol (P-SH), while assessment of the reducing power of the extract was further used to assess antioxidant capacity. Results obtained showed the ability of the extract to scavenge free radicals and reactive intermediates in a dose-response manner. The plant also had good antioxidant capacity. The secondary plant metabolites found earlier in the extract may explain reasons for the bio-efficacy of the plant. These findings are of great importance in view of the availability of the plant and its observed possible diverse applications in medicine and nutrition.
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Carbon tetrachloride and its toxic metabolites consistently produce liver injury in many species including man. The hepatoprotective potential of Chromolaena odorata Linn. (C. odorata) was evaluated in male rabbits against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage. Carbon tetrachloride intoxicated control (CCl4) and ethanol extract of C. odoratatreated rabbits (ETECO TEST) received a single dose of CCl4 (0.2 ml/kg bw in liquid paraffin 1:1). Pre-treated rabbits received ethanol extract of C. odorata at 400 mg/kg/day in two divided doses of 200 mg/kg in morning and at night for 6 days prior to CCl4 administration. Sylimarin control received 50 mg/kg bw as a replacement for ETECO prior to CCl4 intoxication. Normal animals received only extract in the above stated dose and served as extract controls (ETECO CTRL). Pre-treatment with C. odorata significantly (p<0.05) prevented the elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanineaminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma glutamyl transferase ( ץ-GT), total bilirubin and malondialdehyde (MDA) resulting from carbon tetrachloride intoxication. C. odorata extract also significantly (p<0.05) prevented a decrease in serum total protein, albumin, and glutathione (GSH) concentrations. The extract also significantly (p<0.05) prevented a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities. The presence of secondary plant metabolites like alkaloids, saponins,phenolic compouds, flavonoids and tannins found in C. odorata extract could be responsible for its hepatoprotective action.