ABSTRACT
Porous carbon nanoparticles ( NPC) were prepared by ZnCl2 activation and carbonization using citrus waste as carbon source. A sample pretreatment method with NPC as dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE ) absorbent was established for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography. The NPC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction ( XRD), FT-IR spectra, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area(BET). Those results showed that the NPC was an amorphous porous carbon material with pore size in the range of 0-15 nm. Its specific surface area and pore volume were 1243 m2 / g and 1. 28 cm3 / g, respectively. The analysis conditions, including the amount and clean up time of adsorbent, were optimized by analysis of 14 kinds of oranophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables with gas chromatography-flame photometric determination(GC-FPD). Moreover, the comparison for NPC with commercial materials of PSA, C18 and GCB was investigated in this study. The results indicated that the purification time was only 2 min using 0. 01 g NPC. The cost of NPC was about 25% of C18 , 21% of PSA and 16% of GCB. Because of the porous structure of NPC, the purification efficiency was significantly higher than the three commercial materials mentioned above. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curves of the 14 organophosphorus pesticides were linear in the range of 0. 02-1. 00 mg / L with good correlation coefficients (R2>0. 99) and detection limits (S / N=3) of 0. 63-5. 30 μg / kg. The recoveries of the pesticides at three spiked levels ranged from 71. 3% to 114. 7%with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0. 9% -12. 9% . The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and low cost, and can satisfy the requirements of detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, displaying a good application prospect.
ABSTRACT
La acumulación de residuos generados por las industrias procesadoras de alimentos, entre ellos, los residuos cítricos producidos en el procesamiento de jugos, constituyen una problemática desfavorable para el medio ambiente. En diversos países incluyendo Bolivia no existen gestiones que se apliquen al manejo y aprovechamiento de estos residuos, los cuales representan aproximadamente más del 50 % del total de la fruta, por ello es necesaria una gestión integrada de estos residuos de acuerdo al concepto de reducir, reutilizar y reciclar. En el Área de Biotecnología Microbiana del Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas, se estudia una alternativa de manejo y aprovechamiento de estos residuos cítricos, investigando la utilización de los mismos como materia prima para la producción de ésteres volátiles que tienen propiedades biosaborizantes. La conversión de residuos cítricos a biosabores se lleva a cabo mediante procesos biotecnológicos de fermentación de azúcares que involucran el uso de microorganismos como levaduras. Para ello, se plantea el estudio del comportamiento cinético de Cándida maltosa asociado a su capacidad de producir ésteres volátiles, considerando que esta levadura es capaz de formar biopelículas como forma de protección ante compuestos inhibitorios propios de la materia prima.
The accumulation of wastes from food processing industries, among them the citrus residues from the juice-processing industry becomes an issue due to its unfavorable impact for the environment. Several countries including Bolivia do not have alternatives for waste management. The citrus waste accounts 50% of the fruit. Therefore,an integrated procedure under the concept to reduce-reuse-recycling is needed.An alternative for management and reuse of citric waste is planned at the Microbial Biotechnology Area of Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas. Moreover, the utilization of citrus waste as feedstock for the production of volatile esters, with flavoring properties, is being researched.The conversion of citrus waste to bioflavors can be carried out by sugars-fermenting yeast through biotechnology. Therefore, studies involving the kinetic behaviour of Candida maltosa associated to volatile ester production are planned. This yeast is able to form biofilm as a protection skill against inhibitory compounds from the feedstock.
Subject(s)
Waste Products , Esters , Fermentation , Candida , Citrus , Sugars , FoodABSTRACT
Citrus are the largest fruit crops grown across the globe. It is one of the most profitable crops in terms of economy as well as popular for nutritional benefits. The most interesting aspect about citrus is the availability of several varieties with attractive colours. Approximately 50 % of citrus remains unconsumed after processing as pith residue, peels and seeds. Direct disposal of these wastes cause serious environmental problems in terms of killing natural flora in the soil because of antibacterial properties of limonene oils. Seepage to underground waters or open water bodies affects water quality and aquatic life, respectively. Citrus waste reuse to obtain value added-phytochemicals and pectin is one of the popular topics in industrial research, food and synthetic chemistry. The present article reviews recent advances in exploring the effects of phytochemical compounds obtained from citrus wastes in view of various health aspects