Preparação e resposta a desastres do Brasil na pandemia da COVID-19 / Preparación y respuesta a desastres de Brasil en la pandemia de COVID-19 / Disaster preparedness and response in Brazil in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Como a crise em saúde pública causada pela pandemia da COVID-19 ajuda a compreender o funcionamento do Sistema Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil (SINPDEC) nas fases de preparação e resposta a desastres em saúde no Brasil? A resposta a essa pergunta se dará por meio do seguinte objetivo geral: compreender o funcionamento do SINPDEC no enfrentamento à COVID-19, com ênfase na atuação do Ministério da Saúde (MS), órgão gestor de combate às ameaças em saúde. Para tanto, três objetivos específicos serão explorados: caracterizar a (doença) COVID-19 como evento em saúde pública com potencial causador de desastre, situar os conceitos de preparação e resposta na literatura de governança de desastres e identificar previsões legais e funcionamento da gestão de desastres no Brasil. A despeito das tensões decisórias no âmbito político, a burocracia profissional brasileira conseguiu garantir a ativação do sistema de governança de desastres relativa às fases de preparação e resposta. Contudo, sua ativação não foi suficiente para aplacar a crise, cujo agravamento expõe falhas nas fases de prevenção e mitigação de desastres, bem como a falta de uma resposta ao desastre em âmbito federativo.

Resumen ¿Cómo la crisis de salud pública causada por la pandemia de COVID-19 ayuda a comprender el funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Protección y Defensa Civil (SINPDEC) en las fases de preparación y respuesta a desastres de salud en Brasil? La respuesta a esta pregunta se dará mediante el siguiente objetivo general de investigación: comprender el funcionamiento del SINPDEC en el afrontamiento a la COVID-19, con énfasis en el trabajo del Ministerio de Salud, organismo gestor del combate contra las amenazas a la salud. Con este fin, se explorarán tres objetivos específicos: caracterizar la COVID-19 como un evento de salud pública con el potencial de causar un desastre; situar los conceptos de preparación y respuesta en la literatura sobre gestión de desastres; e identificar las predicciones legales y el funcionamiento de la gestión de desastres en Brasil. Se argumenta que, a pesar de las tensiones políticas en la toma de decisiones, la burocracia profesional brasileña logró garantizar la activación del sistema de gestión de desastres relacionado con las fases de preparación y respuesta. Sin embargo, su activación no fue suficiente para aplacar la crisis, cuyo empeoramiento expone fallas en las fases de prevención y mitigación de desastres, así como la falta ‒e importancia‒ de una respuesta al desastre en ámbito federativo.

Abstract This article aims to understand how the National System of Protection and Civil Defense functions in response to COVID-19, with emphasis on the work of the Ministry of Health, which is the body responsible for tackling health threats. Three specific objectives were used: the first characterizes COVID-19 as a public health event that can represent a disaster; the second situates the concepts of preparedness and response in the disaster governance literature; the third identifies the jurisprudence and the functioning of disaster management in Brazil. The findings show that, despite the political decision-making tensions, the Brazilian professional bureaucracy managed to guarantee the activation of the disaster governance system related to the preparation and response phases. However, its activation was not enough to allay the crisis. The severity of the pandemic exposed flaws in the phases of disaster prevention and mitigation, as well as the lack of coordinated government response.

Requisitos para la apertura de un consultorio odontológico en México / Requirements for the opening of a dental office in Mexico

La apertura de un consultorio privado es de interés para muchos profesionistas odontólogos. Más allá de las cuestiones económicas o de habilidad técnica, una limitante importante para llevarlo a cabo es el desconocimiento de los trámites administrativos necesarios para ello. Es común que muchos odontólogos se atrevan a mantener en uso un negocio que, la mayoría de las veces, no cumple con este tipo de aspectos, lo que conlleva a ser susceptible a diversas sanciones. El objetivo de este trabajo es enunciar y describir los requisitos básicos para la apertura de un consultorio de prestación de servicios profesionales odontológicos dentro del territorio mexicano. Posterior a una revisión de la legislación y normatividad vigentes en la República Mexicana, se enlistan los trámites realizados ante cuatro dependencias públicas: Servicio de Administración Tributaria (SAT), regulación sanitaria, protección civil y gobierno local. Cabe resaltar que esta información se ofrece bajo ciertas consideraciones, ya que puede existir variación de acuerdo con los lineamientos establecidos por los gobiernos locales de cada entidad federativa. Se concluye que dar cumplimiento con estos requisitos es el primer paso para el adecuado funcionamiento de nuestro negocio, lo cual ayuda a evitar las sanciones correspondientes y el desprestigio del consultorio (AU)

Opening a private dental offi ce is of interest for many dentists. Beyond economic issues or technical ability, an important limitation to carry this out is the unawareness of administrative procedures necessary for it. Commonly, many dentists dare to keep into the business despite not complying with all the necessary procedures, which makes them susceptible to administrative sanctions. The objective of this work is to enunciate and describe the basic requirements for opening a dental service offi ce within Mexican territory. After a review of current legislation and regulation in the Mexican Republic, the procedures performed in four public agencies are listed: The Tax Administration Service (SAT), health regulation, civil protection, and local government. It should be noted that this information is off ered under certain considerations, highlighting that data presented is done in a generic way, since this may vary according to guidelines from local government of each federative entity. It is concluded that compliance with these requirements is the fi rst step for the proper functioning of our business, which helps avoid the corresponding sanctions and disrepute of the private practice (AU)

Entendimento dos julgados do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo sobre a emissão de atestado médico falso: uma análise jurisprudencial / Understanding of tried cases at the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo relative to issuing false medical certificates: jurisprudence analysis

Contexto: O atestado médico é um documento de emissão corriqueira na prática médica. O uso desse documento com alterações ou com conteúdo que não seja verdadeiro é tipificado como crime no art. 302 do Código Penal brasileiro, denominado "Falsidade de atestado médico". O Brasil, no entanto, tem uma escassez de dados estatísticos sobre esse crime. Objetivos: Realizar um levantamento de dados acerca da temática dos processos sobre atestado falso na esfera penal no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa por palavra-chave na área de consulta de julgados de 1ª instância do site do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo, com o descritor "atestado", de julgados sem data determinada. Resultados: Nos anos analisados, apesar do número pequeno de casos, houve uma tendência de crescimento no número de julgados. A maior parte dos réus era de não médicos, do sexo masculino e com infração relacionada ao ambiente de trabalho. Houve um grande quantitativo de condenações em 1ª instância. Conclusão: O estudo apontou para a necessidade de coibição desse crime, sendo a certificação digital uma boa forma de alcançar esse objetivo.

Introduction: Medical certificates are commonly issued in medical practice. Use of medical certificates with alterations or false content is characterized as a crime, denominated "Falsification of medical certificates", by the Brazilian Penal Code article 302. Data on this type of crime are scarce in Brazil. Objective: To collect data relative to criminal lawsuits for falsification of medical certificates filed at the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo. Methods: A keyword-based search of tried cases with no time limitation was conducted on the trial court database available at the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo website using the search term "certificate". Results: Although small, the number of tried cases increased along the analyzed years. Most defendants were non-physicians and male and offences had relationship with the workplace. The number of trial court convictions was high. Conclusion: The results point to the need to prevent this type of crime; digital certificates represent a good means to achieve this goal.

Programa de Protección Ambiental y Bioseguridad en el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente / Environmental protection and biosecurity program at the National Institute of Psichiatry Ramón de la Fuente

Since the beginning, mankind has been subjected to various natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts and wildfires. Therefore, societies have to organize themselves in order to cope with nature, provide support to each other and to protect the most vulnerable individuals and their properties. Depending on their social organization, some countries have developed their response strategies in the field of civil protection faster than others. After September 19th, 1985, when an earthquake of Richter magnitude of 8.1 affected Mexico City, the Mexican government decided to establish the guidelines of the National Civil Protection System (SINAPROC). After a few years, the Environmental Protection and Ecological Equilibrium Law was published. This environmental protection regulation is specific and is directed to minimize the negative impact over the environment that could be generated through industrial activities, as well as from research centers, hospitals, and others institutions. To ensure full compliance with the Mexican regulations, in 1998 the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente (INPRF) initiated the Environmental and Civil Protection Program (ECPP). The aim of this program is to meet the legal and operational requirements applicable to an institution which has biomedical research, administration and hospitalization areas. In addition, the ECPP is in charge of giving workers training and generating specific strategies for environmental management in all activities that take place at the Institute. By establishing compliance guidelines to meet the government regulations on environmental and civil protection, the INPRF would develop strategies for minimizing risks, as well as staff training to enhance the use of institutional resources and reduce the response time to deal with emergencies. Objective Since its foundation, the environmental and civil protection program at the INPRF has had two basic objectives: 1. to attend the legal and operative requirements in a third level institution conformed by hospitalization, teaching, research and administrative areas, and 2. to offer continuous training to the internal population of a hospital in order to minimize work risks, to make an optimum use of the institutional resources and to reduce the response time of the workers in emergency situations. To develop and implement such an environmental and civil protection program, the following areas have been considered: Biohazardous wastes, saving electricity, use and optimization of drinking water, control of air emissions from stationary combustion equipment, radiation safety and emergency response procedures. The purpose of this work is to show the results achieved by ECPP after nine years since its inception. Results Biohazardous wastes (BW), by definition, are those materials generated during medical care which contain biological agents that may cause adverse effects to human health and the environment. BW are generated frequently in biomedical research areas, clinical laboratories and hospitals. In order to minimize risks and prevent accidents, INPRF implemented since 1997 an operating procedure for handling biohazardous wastes in all generating areas. Some of those strategies are directed to training medical personnel (physicians, nurses and clinical laboratory technicians) about the identification and classification of biohazardous wastes. Moreover, we have designed and distributed different kinds of written ads in order to help people to recognize and separate wastes correctly. Besides the latter actions, the INPRF hired a registered and certificated company which provides the proper recollection, treatment and final disposal of biological wastes, according to current legal ordinances. As a result of those strategies in the handling of biohazardous wastes in the Institution, the amount of wastes and their disposal costs have gradually decreased. Through staff training, personnel have learned to do a proper segregation of wastes, reducing the quantities of BW and therefore reducing risks. Energy saving. As a way to optimize the institutional resources, as well as reducing costs and creating awareness among the people, the INPRF's Energy Saving program was implemented in 2003. Since 2003, when ECPP began implementing the saving strategies, accumulated energy consumption per year had a 9.6% reduction between 2004 and 2005. Use of potable water. In the search for strategies to optimize the use of potable water that is received through the municipal network, in 2003 the INPRF-ECPP implemented measures aimed not only at reducing the per capita consumption of potable water but also to give it a proper use on the institution areas. As a result of these saving measures, there was a gradual decrease in the use of drinking water. So, from the 170 liters/person-day used in 2003, during 2006 only 98 liters/person-day were used. Radiological safety. Due to the adverse effects to human health that could result from exposure to radioactive materials, an institution that uses this kind of material in its basic biomedical research area must implement the necessary actions to minimize the risk of contamination for users and work areas. For that reason, the INPRF began the Radiological Safety Program, which had as its main objectives to minimize the risks and to prevent accidents involving radioactive materials based on regulation compliance. As a result of these strategies, the maximum value of the total dose accumulated per year of ionizing radiation received by personnel exposed who has carried out research in this institution in recent years has been of 3.14 mSv. Therefore, it had not exceeded the annual limit dose of ionizing radiation allowed for the total body by the Comisión Nacional de Seguridad Nuclear y Salvaguardas (CNSNS) of 50 mSv = 5rem. To date, there has been no accidents or contamination with radioactive materials or wastes in the INPRF. Emergency simulations. Considering the need of being prepared for emergencies and to comply with the regulation that establishes the compulsory conducting simulations in INPRF, the Internal Committee for Civil Protection (ICPC) conducts periodic training of employees on risk prevention, through courses and simulations of situations of earthquake, attempt of fire, handling of hazardous substances spills and first aid. As a result of the earthquake simulations that have been carried out at the INPRF, the time of evacuation of workers, hospitalized patients and floating population from buildings has gradually reduced. An additional advantage of conducting emergency simulations has been the early detection of systematic security features that need to be repaired or installed. Emissions to air. In recent years, increasingly strict regulation and monitoring of gaseous emissions generated by stationary and mobile sources in Mexico City has been established. In order to comply with the current regulations, it became necessary to develop a program of annual preventive and corrective maintenance of combustion equipment that is used to provide hot water, and to make periodic analysis of gaseous emissions. Among the parameters that have to be reported are: temperature of combustion gases, monoxide and dioxide carbon content, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide percentages and generated soot.

A partir de 1998, en el Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente (INPRF) se iniciaron las actividades del Programa de Protección Ambiental y Civil (PPAyC). Sus objetivos son dar cumplimiento a los requisitos legales, prevenir riesgos, generar estrategias de atención a emergencias, capacitar a la población interna y mejorar el uso y aprovechamiento de los recursos institucionales. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar los resultados obtenidos después de nueve años de trabajo del PPAyC en las áreas de manejo de residuos biológico-infecciosos, ahorro de energía eléctrica, uso y optimización de agua potable, control de emisiones a la atmósfera de los equipos fijos de combustión, seguridad radiológica y simulacros de emergencia. Residuos peligrosos biológico-infecciosos (RPBI). Con el objeto de reducir riesgos y prevenir accidentes, en el INPRF se implementó un procedimiento operativo para el manejo de los residuos peligrosos biológico-infecciosos en todas las áreas generadoras. Los resultados de las estrategias aplicadas muestran que la cantidad de los residuos y sus costos de manejo han disminuido gradualmente y se han observado mejores prácticas de manejo de residuos por parte de los trabajadores involucrados, con la consecuente reducción de riesgos. Ahorro de energía. Ante la necesidad de optimizar el uso de la energía, disminuir costos y crear conciencia entre la población, se implementó en todo el país el programa de ahorro de energía. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, a partir de la implementación de las estrategias de ahorro en el INPRF, se obtuvo una reducción en el consumo de energía de 9.6% anual acumulado entre 2004 y 2005. Uso y aprovechamiento de agua potable. A partir de 2003, en el INPRF se implementaron medidas destinadas a disminuir el consumo per capita de agua potable que se recibe por la red municipal y optimizar su uso en las instalaciones. Como resultado se observó una disminución gradual en el uso de agua potable, de tal manera que, de los 170 litros/persona que se utilizaban en 2003, en 2006 únicamente se utilizaron 98 litros/persona. Seguridad radiológica. El programa de seguridad radiológica en el INPRF se inició con el objeto de minimizar los riesgos y efectos adversos que pudieran generar los materiales radiactivos en la salud del personal expuesto ocupacionalmente (POE), prevenir accidentes y cumplir con la normatividad. Como resultado de estas acciones, ningún POE ha excedido el máximo valor de dosis total acumulada (DTA) de radiaciones ionizantes permitido por la Comisión Nacional de Seguridad Nuclear y Salvaguardas (CNSNS) para cuerpo total. Por otro lado, a la fecha no se han registrado accidentes o contaminación con materiales o residuos radiactivos. Simulacros. En el INPRF se implementó un programa de protección civil, cuya labor principal fue la de capacitar periódicamente a los trabajadores para responder ante situaciones de emergencia. Como resultado de los simulacros de sismo que se han realizado (40 parciales y siete generales), se han reducido gradualmente los tiempos de desalojo de los inmuebles y la detección oportuna y sistemática de elementos de seguridad que requieren ser reparados o instalados. Emisiones a la atmósfera. En cumplimiento con la normatividad vigente en la Ciudad de México, en el INPRF se elaboró el programa de mantenimiento anual preventivo y correctivo de las dos calderas que dotan de agua caliente a la institución. Como resultado, se detectó la necesidad de sustituir los equipos por otros que utilizaran tecnología más limpia. Esto favoreció el cumplimiento de los límites máximos permitidos para emisiones gaseosas contaminantes y los costos de mantenimiento se redujeron. Discusión La implementación de diversas estrategias en materia de protección ambiental y civil y la capacitación reducen los riesgos del personal y protegen los bienes inmuebles y el entorno de la ciudad que habitamos.