Violencia urbana, "limpieza social" y conflicto armado en Caldas, 1980-2006

Se abordan las formas de violencia que afectan los contextos urbanos, conocidas como "limpieza social", en el departamento de Caldas entre 1980 y 2006. Estas se analizarán junto con el crecimiento de los grupos armados ilegales, con especial énfasis en el paramilitarismo. El objetivo es evidenciar las estrategias discursivas que se aplican por parte de sectores poderosos para estigmatizar ciertas prácticas y actores sociales, principalmente a través de los medios de comunicación. Se apeló al Análisis Crítico del Discurso, aplicado a los enunciados referentes al fenómeno en cuestión, y se siguieron las tesis de Foucault en lo referente a los dispositivos de normalización y la discriminación entre lo normal y lo anormal en la dinámica de las relaciones de poder También se asume la perspectiva moral que se halla en la base de la "limpieza social" y se postulan las razones de su persistencia. Los resultados muestran un proceso que va de la dispersión a la sistematicidad en relación con el exterminio social y sus manifestaciones discursivas. Las conclusiones dan cuenta de la persistencia del fenómeno en contextos contemporáneos.

The forms of violence that affect urban contexts, generally known as "social cleansing", are addressed in the department of Caldas between 1980 and 2006. These will be analyzed along with the growth of the illegal armed groups, with special emphasis on paramilitarism. The objective is to highlight the discursive strategies that are applied by powerful groups to stigmatize certain practices and social actors, mainly through the media. Critical discourse analysis was used, applied to the statements referring the mentioned phenomenon, and Foucault's thesis regarding normalization devices and discrimination between normal and abnormal in the dynamics of power relations were followed. The moral perspective that is at the base of "social cleansing" is also assumed and the reasons for its persistence are postulated. The results show a process that goes from dispersion to systematicity in relation to social extermination and its discursive manifestations. The conclusions show the persistence of the phenomenon in contemporary contexts.

São abordadas as formas de violência que afetam os contextos urbanos, conhecidas como "limpeza social", no departamento de Caldas entre 1980 e 2006. Elas serão analisadas juntamente com o crescimento de grupos armados ilegais, com ênfase especial no paramilitarismo. O objetivo é destacar as estratégias discursivas aplicadas por setores poderosos para estigmatizar determinadas práticas e atores sociais, principalmente por meio da mídia. A Análise Crítica do Discurso foi aplicada às declarações referentes ao fenômeno em questão, e a tese de Foucault foi seguida em relação aos dispositivos de normalização e à discriminação entre o normal e o anormal na dinâmica das relações de poder. Ela também assume a perspectiva moral que está na base da "limpeza social" e postula as razões de sua persistência. Os resultados mostram um proceso que vai da dispersão à sistematicidade em relação ao extermínio social e suas manifestações discursivas. As conclusões mostram a persistência do fenômeno em contextos contemporâneos.

Comparison of the effect of tea tree oil eye gel with standard treatment in patients with anterior blepharitis: An open-label clinical trial

Purpose: Daily cleansing of eyelids is very important to carry out a successful blepharitis treatment. However, there are no therapeutic guidelines for blepharitis. The aim was to compare the symptomatic relief of anterior blepharitis using Blephamed eye gel, a cosmetic product, versus standard treatment. Methods: The study was a prospective, interventional open label clinical trial at a university?based hospital. The test population was subjects aged 18–65 years who presented with mild to moderate anterior blepharitis. Eyelid hygiene was applied twice a day. At each visit, a detailed assessment of symptomatology was carried out. A two?way repeated measure mixed model ANOVA was used to compare two groups by time. Results: In total, 61 patients with mean age of 60.08 ± 16.69 years were enrolled in the study including 30 patients in standard group and 31 patients in Blephamed group. Two groups did not differ in terms of age (P = 0.31) and eye laterality (P = 0.50). The baseline scores of erythema, edema, debris, and symptoms as well as total score were similar between two groups (all P values >0.50). Two groups became different for all these parameters at day 45 (all P values <0.001). Significant interaction was detected between time and intervention groups for all severity parameters of blepharitis as well as total score (all P values <0.001). Conclusion: Eyelid hygiene with Blephamed more significantly decreased symptoms of anterior blepharitis compared to standard treatment.

Application status and views of common bowel cleansing regimens in China / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

The quality of colonoscopy diagnosis and treatment is closely related to bowel cleansing. At present, polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder is the most widely used bowel cleaning regimen at home and abroad, but its intake is large, which reduces the compliance of patients. In recent years, many reports on the application of new bowel cleansing have emerged abroad. In contrast, the application of bowel cleanser in China is still relatively single, which has large room for improvement. At present, we need to solve the problem of developing a new bowel cleanser suitable for Chinese people to improve patient tolerance and bowel cleaning effect.

Primary study on clinical applications of second generation colon capsule endoscopy / 中华消化杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical applications of second generation colon capsule endoscopy (CCE-2).@*Methods@#From July 2017 to December 2018, at the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 40 outpatients and hospitalized patients who underwent CCE-2 examination were enrolled. The examination results were analyzed by an expert gastroenterologist with rich experience in small intestinal and colon capsule endoscopy. The stomach, small bowel and colon transit time, the score of colon cleansing quality, the completion rate of colon capsule examination, lesion detection and adverse effects were observed. Chi-square test and Student′t test were used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#The whole gastrointestinal tract examination was completed during the capsule running time in 65.0% (26/40) of the patients. The average stomach transit time was (0.92±0.74) h, the small bowel transit time was (3.93±1.51) h and the colon transit time was (4.89±0.61) h. The capsule running time of patients who completed the whole gastrointestinal tract examination was shorter than that of patients who did not complete the whole gastrointestinal tract examination ((9.44 ± 3.53) h vs. (15.47±2.09) h), and the difference was statistically significant (t=6.79, P<0.01). The qualified rate of colon preparation was 67.5% (27/40). There were no statistically significant differences in colon transit time or capsule excretion time between patients with qualified colon preparation and poor colon preparation ((4.43±3.33) h vs. (5.96 ± 2.44) h; and (9.06 ± 3.91) h vs. (10.29±2.47) h; t=1.17 and 0.81, both P>0.05). A total of 33 (82.5%) patients had gastrointestinal lesions detected by colon capsule, including three cases of esophageal lesions (inflammation and mass), 21 cases of gastric lesions (chronic gastritis, mucosal protrusion, polyp and ulcer), nine cases of small bowel lesions (polyp, ulcer and vascular malformation) and 19 cases of colonic lesions (diverticulum, polyp, rectitis, mucosal erosion, ulcer and vascular malformation, internal hemorrhoids). Among them, there were 11 patients with two or more lesions. No adverse events occurred during the examination and all the capsules were excreted within 48 hours.@*Conclusion@#CCE-2 with high safety and good tolerance can be used for whole gastrointestinal tract examination.

Preliminary animal study of sodium polyacrylate as a new intestinal preparation / 医学研究生学报

ObjectiveThere are many kinds of intestinal cleansing drugs in clinical practice at present, but there is no universal and effective intestinal cleansing program. In this study, sodium polyacrylate was used as a candidate drug for intestinal preparation to explore its feasibility, efficacy and safety for intestinal preparation in mice.Methods24 mice fasted for 12 hours were divided, with random number table method, into 4 groups (6 mice in each): blank group, sodium phosphate group, polyethylene glycol group and sodium polyacrylate solution group. Except that the blank group was given isotonic saline (0.6mL/20g) to fill the stomach, the other groups were given sodium phosphate (0.5mL/20g), polyethylene glycol(0.6mL/20g) and sodium polyacrylate solution (0.6mL/20g) to fill the stomach, and the small intestinal propulsion (carbon powder propulsion), the defecation and intestine volume in mice were observed to explore the effect of sodium polyacrylate on the mice colon cleansing.ResultsAfter administration by gavage for 15min, compared with the blank group [(62.72±6.58) %] and the sodium phosphate group [(66.40±9.53) %], the carbon powder propulsion rate of the sodium polyacrylate solution group [(81.17±4.75) %] significantly increased (P<0.05). The number of fecal excretion [(11.5±2.4) granules] in the sodium polyacrylate solution group after 2 hours of gavage was significantly higher than that in the blank group [(4.5±1.0) granules], the sodium phosphate group [(6.2±2.0) granules] and the polyethylene glycol group [(8.5±1.0) granules] (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group [(39.7±11.60) mg] and the sodium phosphate group [(77.2±15.91) mg], the defecation quality of sodium polyacrylate solution [(162.4±16.69) mg] significantly increased within 2h after gavage (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group [(2.25±0.29)g], the sodium phosphate group [(2.72±0.24)g] and the polyethylene glycol group [(2.95±0.19)g], the intestinal mass of the sodium polyacrylate solution group [(3.30±0.16)g] significantly increased (P<0.05).ConclusionOral administration of sodium polyacrylate solution can accelerate intestinal peristalsis in normal mice, promote defecation in mice, and significantly reduce intestinal absorption of water. As a potential intestinal preparation drug, it has the advantages of small dose, high efficiency, safety and reliability.

Development of para rubber seed oil as the efficient makeup remover

The para rubber tree (Hevea basilensis) is an economically important tropical tree species that produces natural rubber, a valuable industrial raw material. Innovative products that are derived from by-products from the rubber production process, such as seeds, are important for the sustainability of the para rubber industry. Therefore we subjectively assessed para rubber seed oil for its makeup-removal efficacy and developed it into a makeup cleansing product with appropriate quality control measures for the cosmetic industry. The makeup-removal efficacy of para rubber seed oil was analyzed using a validated UV-Vis spectroscopy, which indicated that the oil removed 86.21 ± 2.48% of liquid foundation [relative standard deviation (RSD) = 2.88%]. Therefore, we developed stable makeup removers containing 40-70% para rubber seed oil. Bio-oil removers containing 50% and 60% oil had the best appearance and texture and were subsequently evaluated for their makeup-removal efficacy. The bio-oil remover with the higher oil content was significantly better at removing makeup (95.26 ± 0.97% removal by the 60% oil compared with 73.88 ± 3.97% removal by the 50% oil). To conclude, para rubber seed oil is a promising new bio-oil for the cosmetic industry, which broadens consumers' choices of bio-oil makeup removers. We believe that the manufacture and quality control of this innovative and efficient makeup remover are feasible on an industrial scale.

Validez y confiabilidad de una escala de clasificación de limpieza gástrica en endoscopia digestiva alta en población chilena / Validity and reliability of a gastric cleansing scale in upper endoscopyin chilean population

The presence of foam and bubbles during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) obscures the view of gastric lesions. Objective: To assess the confidence of a gastric cleansing scale in UGE. Methods: Prospective, multicenter study. The instrument was administered to patients undergoing a UGE examination. For the gastric visualization scale, the stomach was divided in 4 parts and a 1-4 scale was used to classify each part, with a total score of 4 (optimal view of gastric mucosa) and 16 (poor view of gastric mucosa), assessed by 2 independent endoscopists. An initial cleansing score was obtained and later, after cleansing of each studied section, and total. Inter-observer concordance was established by means of Kappa test, and the agreement on the global cleansing score was established with the Bland-Altman plot. Results: 53 patients went under UGE, with an average age of 48,7 years and 62,3 percent female subjects. The main indication for performing the UGE examination was gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (32.1 percent). Average duration of the procedure was 13.6 minutes. The average total gastrointestinal view before cleansing with water was 6.26 points (scale from 4 to 16) and 5.1 points (p < 0.001) after cleansing. 37.7 percent required at least 50 cc of water for cleansing. The difference in the pre and post cleansing score inter-observers was no different of 0. Kappa value obtained in gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum before cleansing was 0.81; 0.71; 0.9 and 0.8, respectively. Kappa value obtained after cleansing of gastric fundus, upper body, lower body and antrum was 0.84; 0.65; 0.81 and 0.78; respectively. The mean difference between inter-observer scores before cleansing was 0.08 (p = 0.51), and after cleansing, 0.02 (p = 0.78)...

La presencia de espuma y burbujas durante la endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) es una limitante para la visualización de lesiones gástricas. Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad de una escala de clasificación de limpieza gástrica en EDA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico. Se aplicó el instrumento a pacientes que estaban agendados para EDA. Para la clasificación de visualización gástrica, el estómago se dividió en 4 porciones y se utilizó una escala de 1 a 4 por porción, sumando un puntaje total entre 4 (óptima visualización de la mucosa) y 16 (pobre visualización de ésta), evaluada por 2 endoscopistas independientes. Se obtuvo un puntaje de limpieza inicial y luego de la limpieza con agua de cada segmento estudiado y total. La concordancia inter-observador se estableció por medio del test de Kappa y el acuerdo para el puntaje global de limpieza fue establecido mediante el gráfico de Bland-Altman. Resultados: 53 pacientes fueron sometidos a EDA, con edad promedio de 48,7 años y 62,3 por ciento de sexo femenino. La principal indicación de EDA fue enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (32,1 por ciento). El tiempo promedio del procedimiento fue 13,6 min. El promedio de visualización gástrica total previo a limpieza con agua fue de 6,26 puntos (escala 4 a 16) y post limpieza 5,1 puntos (p < 0,001). Para la limpieza el 37,7 por ciento requirió al menos 50 cc de agua. La diferencia de puntaje de visualización pre y post limpieza inter observador no fue distinta de 0. En fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro se obtuvo un valor de Kappa previo a limpieza de 0,81; 0,71; 0,9 y 0,8, respectivamente. El valor de Kappa posterior a limpieza en fondo gástrico, cuerpo alto, cuerpo bajo y antro fue 0,84; 0,65; 0,81 y 0,78, respectivamente. La diferencia media de los puntajes inter-observadores previos a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,08 (p = 0,51) y posterior a la limpieza gástrica fue de 0,02 (p = 0,78)...

Research progress and clinical applications of computed tomographic colonography in coloretal cancer / 中国癌症杂志

Computed tomography colonography (CTC) is a well-established technique for evaluation of colorectal cancer (CRC). Signiifcant advances have been made in the technique of CTC since its inception. Besides being an excellent tool for detection of CRC, it is minimally invasive, less time-consuming and well tolerated by patients. Furthermore, it has fewer complications than conventional colonoscopy (CC) or barium enema (BE). The application of new technologies, such as electronic cleansing (EC) and dual-energy CT (DECT), enriches the examination of CTC. In 2005, a standardized reporting scheme, CT colonography reporting and data system (C-RADS), was put forward by the working group on virtual colonoscopy. They proposed that the report should include lesion size, number, morphology, location, attenuation and recommendations for lesion surveillance. New research progress and clinical applications of CTC in CRC are reviewed in this article. In addition, the paper also brielfy touches upon technique, indications, contraindications, safety and risk of CTC.

Safety and usefulness of Laghu shankha prakshalana in patients with essential hypertension: A self controlled clinical study.

Background: Yoga and Ayurveda texts emphasize the role of cleansing the bowel as an important component of management of hypertension (HTN). Observations during our clinical experience and pilot studies on Laghu shankha prakshalana kriya (LSP), a yogic bowel cleansing technique, appeared to be safe and complimentary. Objective: To test the safety and effectiveness of LSP in patients with essential hypertension. Materials and Methods: This self control study recruited 32 patients with mild to moderate essential HTN admitted for a week long residential integrated yoga therapy program at the integrative health home in Bengaluru. Patients had a daily routine of 6 hours of integrated approach of yoga therapy (IAYT) module for HTN that included physical postures, relaxation sessions, pranayama and meditations. LSP, an additional practice, that involved drinking of luke‑warm water (with or without a herbal combination, triphala) followed by a set of specific yoga postures that activates defecation reflex, was administered on 2nd (LSP without triphala) and 5th day (LSP with triphala). Assessments (sitting blood pressure and pulse rate) were done just before and after both the sessions of LSP. Secondary outcome measures such as body mass index (BMI), symptom scores, medication scores, fatigue, state and trait anxiety, general health and quality of life were assessed on 1st and 6th day of IAYT intervention. Results: There was significant (P < 0.001, paired t test) reduction in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate immediately after both the sessions (LSP with and without triphala). There were no adverse effects reported during or after LSP. There was no significant difference between the two techniques (P < 0.505, independent samples t test), although the percentage change appeared to be higher after triphala LSP session. The number of visits to clear the bowel during the procedure was significantly (P < 0.001, independent samples t test) higher after LSP with triphala than LSP without triphalā. After weeklong IAYT, there were significant reductions in blood pressure (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.004), medication score (P < 0.001), symptoms score (P < 0.001), fatigue (P < 0.001), state and trait anxiety (STAI, P < 0.001), scores of general ill health (GHQ, P < 0.001), and increase in comfort level (P < 0.001) and quality of sleep (P < 0.001). Conclusion: LSP (a part of IAYT) is a safe and useful procedure for patients with essential hypertension. LSP with triphala is more useful.

Influence of cleansing agents on enamel and dentin bond strength to a one-step self-etching adhesive system / Influência de agentes de limpeza em esmalte e dentina na resistência de união de um sistema adesivo auto-condicionante de passo único

Objective: The aim of this study was to detect the influence of application mode of cleansing agents, on enamel and dentin during the adhesion process of a one-step self-etching adhesive system. Materials & Methods: 24 human molars were sectioned into halves along the long axis for enamel and dentin tests. The cleansing agents used were 3% hydrogen peroxide (group HP), anionic detergent (group AD), and antiseptic solution (group AS). In the experiment, these agents were applied with (active) and without friction (passive) on enamel and dentin surfaces. A one-step self-etching adhesive system (Clearfil S3 Bond) was applied on dental surface and composite resin cylinders were built using Tygon tubing molds. After 24 h, μSBS (microshear) test (1 mm/ min) and fracture analysis were performed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in bond strength values regarding the application mode of cleansing agents for enamel and dentin (p ≥ 0.05). The use of antiseptic solution on enamel resulted in bond strength results significantly higher when compared with HP and AD (p = 0.014). Conclusions: Regarding bond strength to enamel and dentin using one-step self-etching adhesive system, application mode of the cleansing agents used in this study presented the same behavior. Antiseptic solution applied on enamel before the application of a one-step adhesive system increased bond strength performance

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a influência do modo de aplicação de agentes de limpeza, em esmalte e dentina durante o processo de adesão de um sistema adesivo auto-condicionante de passo único. Materiais e Métodos: 24 molares humanos foram seccionados em duas metades ao longo do eixo para testes de esmalte e dentina. Os agentes de limpeza utilizados foram: peróxido de hidrogênio 3% (grupo HP), detergente aniônico (grupo AD) e solução anti-séptica (grupo AS). No experimento, esses agentes foram aplicados com fricção (ativa) e sem fricção (passiva) em superfícies de esmalte e dentina. O sistema adesivo autocondicionante de um passo (Clearfil S3 Bond) foi aplicado na superfície dental e cilindros de resina composta foram construídas usando moldes (Tubos Tygon). Após 24 h, o teste de microcisalhamento (1 mm / min) e análise de fratura foram executados. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores de resistência de união em relação ao modo de aplicação de agentes de limpeza para esmalte e dentina (p ≥ 0,05). O uso de solução anti-séptica no esmalte resultou em resultados de resistência de união significativamente maior quando comparada com HP e AD (p = 0,014). Conclusões: Em relação à resistência de união ao esmalte e dentina utilizando sistema adesivo autocondicionante de passo único, o modo de aplicação dos agentes de limpeza utilizados neste estudo apresentaram o mesmo comportamento. A aplicação da solução anti-séptica aplicada sobre o esmalte antes da aplicação de um sistema adesivo de passo único apresentou melhor desempenho de resistência de união.

Intravaginal cleansing among women attending a sexually transmitted infection clinic in Kingston, Jamaica / Limpieza intravaginal entre mujeres que asisten a una clínica de infecciones de transmisión sexual en Kingston, Jamaica

OBJECTIVES: Although common worldwide, intravaginal cleansing is associated with poor health outcomes. We sought to describe intravaginal cleansing among women attending a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in Jamaica. METHODS: We examined intravaginal cleansing ("washing up inside the vagina", douching, and products or materials used) among 293 participants in a randomized trial of counselling messages at an STI clinic in Kingston. We focussed on information on intravaginal cleansing performed in the 30 days and three days preceding their baseline study visit. We describe reported cleansing behaviours and used logistic regression to identify correlates of intravaginal cleansing RESULTS: Fifty-eight per cent of participants reported intravaginal cleansing in the previous 30 days, and 46% did so in the three days before baseline. Among those who cleansed in the previous 30 days, 88% reported doing so for hygiene unrelated to sex, and three-fourths reported generally doing so more than once per day. Soap (usually with water) and water alone were the most common products used for washing; commercial douches or detergents were reported infrequently. Intravaginal cleansing in the three days before the baseline visit was positively associated with having more than one sex partner in the previous three months (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1, 3.2), and negatively associated with experiencing itching in the genital area at baseline (AOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4, 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: A large proportion of women attending STI clinics in Jamaica engage in frequent intravaginal cleansing, indicating a need for clinicians to discuss this topic with them accordingly.

OBJETIVOS: Aunque común mundialmente, la limpieza intravaginal se halla asociada con pobres resultados de salud. Buscamos describir la limpieza intravaginal entre mujeres que asisten a una clínica de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) en Jamaica. MÉTODOS: Examinamos la limpieza intravaginal ("lavado del interior de la vagina", ducha, y productos o materiales usados) entre 293 participantes en una prueba aleatoria de mensajes de counseling en una clínica de ITS en Kingston. Las participantes proporcionaron la información sobre la limpieza intravaginal realizada en los 30 y tres días que precedieron a su visita para el estudio inicial. Describimos las conductas de limpieza reportadas y la regresión logística usada para identificar los correlatos de la limpieza intravaginal. RESULTADOS: Cincuenta y ocho por ciento de las participantes reportaron la limpieza intravaginal en los 30 días anteriores, y el 46% lo hicieron en los tres días antes del inicio del estudio. Entre aquéllas que realizaron la limpieza en los 30 días anteriores, el 88% reportó haberlo hecho por razones de higiene independientes de la vida sexual, y tres cuartos reportaron hacerlo de manera general más de una vez al día. Jabón (normalmente con agua) y agua solamente fueron los productos más comunes usados para el lavado. Las duchas comerciales o detergentes no fueron reportadas muy frecuentemente. La limpieza intravaginal en los tres días antes de la visita del estudio inicial estuvo positivamente asociada con tener más de una pareja sexual en los tres meses anteriores (odds ratio ajustado [AOR], 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1, 3.2), y negativamente asociado con experimentar comezón en el área genital al inicio del estudio (AOR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4, 1.0). CONCLUSIONES: Un gran número de mujeres que asisten a las clínicas de ITS en Jamaica practican frecuentemente la limpieza intravaginal, lo cual indica la necesidad de que los médicos clínicos discutan este asunto con ellas.

Análise comparativa de dois produtos de higienização de prótesestotais na remoção do biofilme / Comparative analysis of two cleaning products for biofilm removalof total prosthesis

Introdução: A higiene das próteses totais é importante na prevenção de doenças cardíacas e pulmonares em pacientes idosos. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia dos métodos de higienização para próteses totais. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes portadores de próteses totais superiores. As próteses foram coradas com fucsina básica e, posteriormente, divididas em dois grupos de acordo com as soluções de higiene: grupo 1 – Corega Tabs® (CT); grupo 2 – hipoclorito de sódio (HS) 2,5%. No grupo 1, as próteses foram submersas em 250 mL de água destilada + 1 pastilha de Corega Tabs, no Grupo 2, em 250 mL de água destilada + 10 mL de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% por 5 minutos. Após a imersão, foi escovada a porção interna das próteses por um minuto. As bases internas das próteses foram coradas e fotografadas. Em seguida, realizaram-se imersão e imersão + escovação, e então, foi avaliada a quantidade de placa bacteriana pelo método da contagem de pontos. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes t de Student, ANOVA e múltiplas comparações de Tukey HSD. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a quantidade de placa bacteriana inicial e após imersão + escovação para ambos os grupos (CT, 40,12 ± 22,44 e 10,92 ± 11,39; HS, 40,64 ± 24,12 e 13,06 ± 11,08; p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos 1 e 2 para nenhuma condição teste (inicial, imersão e imersão + escovação) (p > 0,05). Conclusão: CT e HS não apresentaram diferenças para eficiência na remoção de placa bacteriana. O método de imersão + escovação mostrou-se o mais eficaz na remoção de placa bacteriana em próteses totais superiores.

Introduction: The hygiene of the dentures is important in the prevention of heart and lung disease in old patients. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of methods for cleaning dentures in reducing plaque. Materials and methods: We selected 20 patients with maxillary dentures. The prostheses were stained with basic fucsin Replak (Dentsply) and then divided into two groups according to the hygiene solutions: group 1 – Corega Tabs® (CT), group 2 - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (HS). In group 1, the dentures were submerged in 250 mL of water + Corega Tabs; and group 2 in 250 mL of water + 10 mL of sodium hypochlorite 2.5% for five minutes. After soaking was done, the inner portion of the prosthesis was brushed for one minute. The foundations of internal prostheses were stained and photographed. After the initial period, immersion and immersion + brushing, and then evaluated the amount of plaque by the method of scoring. Data were analyzed by Student´s t-tests, ANOVA and Turkey HSD multiple comparisons. Results: Significant differences were found between the amount of initial plaque and immersion + brushing for both groups (CT, 40.12 ± 22.44 and 10.92 ± 11.39; HS, 40.64 ± 24.12 and 13.06 ± 11.08, p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups 1 and 2 test for any condition (initial, immersion and immersion + brushing) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: CT and HS showed no differences related to the efficiency in removing plaque. The immersion + brushing method proved to be the most efficient at removing plaque from maxillary denture.

Assessment of Salvia officinalis(L) hydroalcoholic extract for possible use in cosmetic formulation as inhibitor of pathogens in the skin / Avaliação do extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis(L) para possível uso em formulações cosméticas como inibidor de patógenos da pele

Salvia officinalis (L.), or common sage, is an aromatic herb that has been used in medicine and cooking since ancient times and has been investigated for the treatment of various diseases, especially infections and skin inflammation. We conducted phytochemical prospecting and quality control with hydroalcoholic extracts of dried sage, to identify active compounds in the plant. The aim was to assess antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated in vitro by agar-overlay and well-diffusion techniques, in which disc and well were used. Salvia officinalis (L.) was not effective against Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans or Candida tropicalis, but best results were observed for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Considering the results of the inhibition tests presented here, we suggest that cosmetic formulations containing Salvia officinalis (L.) could contribute to inhibitor of pathogens in the skin microbiota.

A Salvia officinalis (L.) é uma planta com uso difundido, utilizada no tratamento de diversas patologias, principalmente para infecções e inflamações cutâneas. Neste trabalho foi realizada prospecção fitoquímica e controle de qualidade com a planta seca e extrato hidroalcoólico para identificação dos compostos ativos da sálvia, tendo como finalidade comprovar sua atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis. Os métodos de escolha para avaliação in vitro foram ensaios de sensibilidade antimicrobiana por difusão em ágar com discos e cilindros. Dentre os ensaios realizados a sálvia não se mostrou efetiva para Streptococcus agalactiae, Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis, sendo o melhor resultado obtido com Staphylococcus aureus, em que se pode verificar-se atividade antibacteriana. Diante dos resultados obtidos, propôs-se uma formulação de sabonete líquido com extrato hidroalcoólico de Salvia officinalis (L.), para atuar na higiene da pele.

Utilidad de la preparación mecánica anterógrada en cirugía colorrectal electiva: resultados de una serie prospectiva y aleatoria / Usefulness of anterograde mechanical colon cleansing in colorectal surgery

Background: Anterograde mechanical colon cleansing is routinely done before colorectal surgery. However there is no firm evidence about its usefulness. Aim: To assess the usefulness of anterograde mechanical colon cleansing in colon surgery. Patients and Methods: Participants requiring elective colorectal surgery were randomized to receive anterograde mechanical bowel cleansing with two doses of oral sodium phosphate (Oral fleet) or a liquid diet 24 hours prior to surgery, after signing an informed consent. Both groups received antimicrobial prophylaxis. Problems associated with bowel cleansing, subjective assessment of bowel preparation by the surgeon and postoperative complications were recorded. Results: One hundred twenty two participants were studied (73 females). Fifty three percent of patients had concomitant diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Sixty patients were subjected to anterograde bowel cleansing and 62 were ascribed to the liquid diet group. Surgeons evaluated colon cleansing as good in 49 and 37 patients with and without anterograde mechanical cleansing, respectively and as regular in 8 and 23 patients, respectively (X2 = 9.1 p = 0.01). Tolerance to cleansing was evaluated as good, fair and poor by 50, 30 and 20 percent of patients, respectively. One patient had a bowel obstruction associated with the use of sodium phosphate. Postoperative complications occurred in 14 and 23 patients subjected or not to cleansing, respectively (p = 0.06). Septic complications occurred in 11 and 3 cases with and without colon cleansing, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Anterograde mechanical colon cleansing was associated with a higher incidence of septic complications in this series of patients.

Introducción: El uso de la preparación mecánica anterógrada (PMA) es una práctica rutinaria en cirugía colorrectal pero con escasas bases en la evidencia científica. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de la PMA en una serie prospectiva y aleatoria de cirugía colorrectal electiva. Resultados: La serie corresponde a 122 pacientes, 60 de los cuales recibe PMA. Los datos epidemiológicos muestran que los grupos son comparables. En esta serie se encuentra un riesgo de morbilidad global aumentado al doble en los pacientes que reciben PMA, así como un riesgo de infección superficial del sitio quirúrgico seis veces mayor. No se encuentran diferencias en las infecciones profundas, dehiscencia de anastomosis ni en las reintervenciones. Las complicaciones asociadas a la PMA se presentaron sólo en un caso, 10 que no alcanza significación estadística. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a nuestros resultados, no se justifica la utilización rutinaria de PMA.

The efficacy of denture cleansing agents: A scanning electron microscopic study / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the cleansing performance of a distilled water, a diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite as a household bleaching cleanser and three alkaline peroxide cleansers in vivo plaque deposits by using scanning electron microscope. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five individuals were selected from department of the prosthodontics in Pusan National University Hospital, and each of them was inserted with specimens for plaque accumulation in their temporary dentures for 48 hours. The specimens were removed and cleaned by each cleansing agents for 8 hours. Scanning electron micrographs were made from the specimens at a magnification of x2,000. A panel of ten persons with a dental or paradental background, but not directly involved in the study, was selected to analyze the photomicrographs to determine which denture cleanser was more effective in removing plaque. RESULTS: Diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite was the most effective at removing plaque following Polident(R), Cleadent(R)e, Bonyplus(R) and distilled water in order. But there was no significant difference of cleansing efficacy between diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite and Polident(R), Polident(R) and Cleadent(R)e, Cleadent(R)e and Bonyplus(R), respectively (P > .05). Alkaline peroxide cleansers by themselves cannot adequately remove accumulated plaque deposits, especially if the deposits are heavy. Corrosion could be seen on the surface of non-precious alloy specimens immersed in diluted solution of sodium hypochlorite. CONCLUSION: It is recommended to use of alkaline peroxide type cleansers with brushing whenever possible, since denture cleanliness is often poor due to the relative inefficiency of these cleansers.

Community-based Health Workers Achieve High Coverage in Neonatal Intervention Trials: A Case Study from Sylhet, Bangladesh.

A large proportion of four million neonatal deaths occur each year during the first 24 hours of life. Research is particularly needed to determine the efficacy of interventions during the first 24 hours. Large cadres of community-based workers are required in newborn-care research both to deliver these interventions in a standardized manner in the home and to measure the outcomes of the study. In a large-scale community-based efficacy trial of chlorhexidine for cleansing the cord in north-eastern rural Bangladesh, a two-tiered system of community-based workers was established to deliver a package of essential maternal and newborn-care interventions and one of three umbilical cord-care regimens. At any given time, the trial employed approximately 133 community health workers—each responsible for 4-5 village health workers and a population of approximately 4,000. Over the entire trial period, 29,760 neonates were enrolled, and 87% of them received the intervention (their assigned cord-care regimen) within 24 hours of birth. Approaches to recruitment, training, and supervision in the study are described. Key lessons included the importance of supportive processes for community-based workers, including a strong training and field supervisory system, community acceptance of the study, consideration of the setting, study objectives, and human resources available.

Comparison of Cleansing Effect Between Dismountable and Undismountable Endoscopes in Operating Rooms / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To probe into the effect with the same cleansing method between dismountable and undismountable endoscopes in operating rooms,in order to finally improve the cleansing quality of surgical instruments.METHODS A total of 300 pieces of endoscopes with moderate pollution selected from operating rooms,were equally divided into dismountable and undismountable groups.They were all cleansed according the criteria by Ministry of Health.RESULTS After cleansing,the cleanliness and the occult blood test positive rate were 94.7% and 5.3%,respectively,for dismountable endoscopes vs 49.3% and 69.3%,respectively.It was obvious that the former superior(P

Observation in effect of perineal cleansing with sterile water on reduction of the false negative rate of mid-stream urine culture / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To compare the effect of perineal cleansing with the potassium permanganate or sterile water on mid- stream urine culture. Methods Mid- stream specimens of urine were obtained from inpatients in our hospital between January 2002 and December 2006. All these patients may be diag-nosed as urinary tract infection. The urine specimens were divided into the potassium permanganate group (n=1572, the sterilization group) and the sterile water group (n=544). The change of positive and contami-nation rate of mid-stream urine culture from the specimens was observed. More than two kinds of germs in one urine specimen were defined as contamination. Results 830 patients with urinary tract infection had been enrolled. 2116 specimens were collected and 531 strains of causative organism were detected. The positive rate of the sterilization group and the sterile water group was 20.04% and 39.71%, respectively,and such difference was significant. The rate of identical causative organism from the same patient whose spec-imen was cultivated twice in the sterilization group was 0.012% and the rate was 0.105% in the sterile water group. The difference was significant. The rate of different or one kind of causative organism from the same patient whose specimen was cultivated twice in these two groups hadn't significant deviation. The contami-nation rate of the sterilization group (0.028%) was significantly higher than that of the sterile water group (0.007%). Conclusions Perineal cleansing with sterile water can reduce the false negative rate of mid-stream urine culture without increasing the contamination rate. Potassium permanganate sterilization is re-sponsible for the high false-negative in mid-stream urine culture.

A Prospective Comparison of Sulfate Free Polyethylene Glycol versus Sodium Phosphate Solution for Precolonoscopic Bowel Preparation / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution is commonly used for precolonoscopic preparation because of its safety and effectiveness. Sulfate free PEG (SF-PEG) solution was developed to reduce the salty taste by removing the sodium sulfate. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and patient compliance of SF-PEG and sodium phosphate (NaP) solutions for preparing the bowel before colonoscopy. METHODS: From February through April in 2007, 534 patients who underwent colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled. The efficacy of bowel cleansing was assessed by a doctor's questionnaire and the patient's compliance was assessed by a patient's questionnaire. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups for the "stools and fluids" assessment of bowel cleansing (2.07 vs. 2.14, respectively, p=0.149). However, SF-PEG was more effective on the "air bubbles" assessment (1.34 vs. 1.71, respectively, p<0.001) and the overall assessment (0.72 vs. 0.91, respectively, p=0.010) than NaP. The patients preferred SF-PEG rather than NaP for "Taste" (1.34 vs. 2.25, respectively, p=0.148). However, the patients significantly preferred NaP rather than SF-PEG for "Quantity" (2.46 vs. 1.18, respectively, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The SF-PEG solution showed more effectiveness for bowel cleansing as compared to the NaP solution. SF-PEG tastes better than NaP, but patients are still required to consume 4 liters for the standard preparing regimen.

Effect of cleansing me thods on the bone re sorption due to repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment / 대한치주과학회지

BACKGROUND: Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment caused bone loss around implant fixtures due to the new formation of biologic width of the mucosal-implant barrier. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment cause bone loss clinically and the effect of cleansing methods on a bone loss during the early healing period. METHODS: A total 50 implants were installed in 20 patients and repeated dis/re-connection of abutment was performed at the time of surgery and once per week for 12 weeks. 0.9% normal saline solution as group1 and 0.1% chlorhexidine solution as group 2 was used to clean abutments. All patients had radiographs taken at the placement of implant and 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. The data for bone loss around implant were analyzed. RESULTS: The marginal bone loss at 12 weeks were 1.28+/-0.51mm, 1.32+/-0.57mm in the mesial and distal sides in group1, 1.94+/-0.75mm, 1.81+/-0.84mm in group 2, respectively. In view of marginal bone loss, there was not a significant statistical difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment may not cause marginal bone loss around implant fixture although limited samples and short-term observation period. In spite of more bone loss in group 2, there was no statistical significant difference between groups. In context of those results, the clinical significance of the repeated dis/re-connection of implant abutment and the cleansing method of abutments is debatable when it comes to marginal bone loss during early healing period.