Nanoformulations: Clinoptilolite-Based Capsule with Lecithin Shell

Microporous materials can provide interesting tools for different goals from bioimaging to the delivery ofbioactive molecules. In this study, the procedure based on cryo-approaches was designed to formulate thenanoparticles of natural clinoptilolite from the Zeolites mineral family. Applying scanning electron microscopy,clinoptilolite samples were imaged. After aging in the ethanol solution of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin),nanoparticles were encapsulated in the lecithin envelope. The adsorption of lecithin by clinoptilolitenanoparticles was studied by registering the diminution of optical density (OD 235) for ethanol/lecithin solutionat 235 nm with UV spectrometry. The kinetics of lecithin/clinoptilolite complex development was shown toexhibit intricate behavior, when the adsorption of lecithin was followed with its gradual release resulting in theincrease of lecithin content in ethanol solution back toward the original level. The size distribution for thelecithin/clinoptilolite complex was determined with a dynamic light scattering technique. To our knowledge,there are no reports of natural clinoptilolite-based platforms that were used as the for a nanosized capsule withphospholipids shell.

Effects of short term clinoptilolite supplementation on weight gain in Holstein calves / Efectos de la suplementación clinoptilolita corto plazo sobre la ganancia de peso en becerros Holstein

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine whether short term supplemantation at two levels (1 or 2 g/kg) of clinoptilolite (CLNP) in the colostrum of dairy calves had any effect on total weight gain (TWG) and mean daily gain of weight (mdwg). Materials and methods. A total of 24 clinically healthy calves without diarrhea were assigned in a subset of three major groups of calves were studied: group I (n=8) received colostrum with clnp at the rate of 1/kg started immediately following calving at 12 and 24 hours, for a total of 2 doses. Group II consisted of calves (n=8) receiving colostrum with clnp at the rate of 2/kg within the same interval as the first experimental group. The last group III, which served as control, received solely colostrum. Results. Group had significant effect on weight (kg) of Holstein calves [twg (mean±SE)- control: 12.66±0.349, group I: 14.73±0.414, group II: 14.19±0.468, p<0.01; mdwg (mean±SE)-control: 0.338±0.0155, group I: 0.396±0.0189, group II: 0.397±0.0196, p<0.05]. There was a significant difference observed for twg (p<0.01) and mdwg (p<0.05) among control group and both clnp treatment groups. Conclusions. The results showed that the addition of both levels of clinoptilolite administration via colostrum appeared to enhance twg and mdwg in newborn calves without having any observable adverse effect.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar si la suplementación a corto plazo en 2 niveles (1 o 2 g/kg) de clinoptilolita (CLNP) en el calostro de terneros lecheros tiene algún efecto sobre la ganancia de peso total (TWG) y la ganancia media diaria de peso (MDWG). Materiales y métodos. Se asignó un total de 24 terneros clínicamente sanos sin diarrea en un subconjunto de los tres grupos principales de terneros que fueron estudiados: grupo I (n = 8) recibieron calostro con CLNP a razón de 1 g/kg inmediatamente después del parto a las 12 y 24 horas, para un total de 2 dosis. Grupo II consistió de terneros (n = 8) que recibieron calostro con CLNP a razón de 2 kg / dentro del mismo intervalo que el primer grupo experimental. El último grupo III, que sirvió como control, recibió únicamente calostro. Resultados. Grupo tuvo un efecto significativo sobre el peso (kg) de terneros Holstein [GTT (media±DE) - Control: 12.66 ± 0.349, el grupo I: 14.73 ± 0.414, el grupo II: 14.19±0.468, p<0.01; mdwg (media±DE) - Control: 0.338±0.0155, el grupo I: 0.396±0.0189, grupo II: 0.397 ± 0.0196, p<0.05]. Hubo una diferencia significativa para TWG (p<0.01) y mdwg (p<0.05) entre el grupo control y ambos grupos de tratamiento CLNP. Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron que la adición de los dos niveles de clinoptilolita a través del calostro mejoró TWG y MDWG en terneros recién nacidos sin tener ningún efecto adverso observable.

Zeólitas naturais na dieta de frangos de corte / Natural zeolites in broiler diet

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de 0,5% da zeólita natural clinoptilolita na dieta de frangos de corte sobre o consumo de água, ração e características das excretas. Foi conduzido um ensaio em gaiolas metabólicas, com frangos de corte de linhagem comercial, no período de 14 a 23 dias de idade. O experimento foi constituído de dois grupos de aves, sendo que um recebeu dieta sem inclusão de zeólitas (controle) e outro dieta com inclusão de 0,5% de zeólita (clinoptilolita) em rações isonutritivas, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 10 repetições de 10 aves. Avaliou-se o consumo de água e de ração, nas excretas, pH, teor de nitrogênio total e umidade. A inclusão de 0,5% de zeólitas naturais na dieta não alterou (P>0,05) o consumo de água e de ração e o teor de nitrogênio das excretas, entretanto, reduziu (P<0,05) o pH e a umidade das excretas. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 0,5% de zeólitas naturais na dieta de frangos de corte reduz o pH e a umidade das excretas e pode ser utilizada como aditivo alimentar sem prejudicar o consumo de água e de ração.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of 0.5% natural zeolites (clinoptilolite) to the diet of broilers and their effect on water and feed intake and excreta characteristics. The test was carried out in metabolic cages, with commercial line broilers, in the period from 14 to 23 days old. The experiment was conducted with two groups of broilers: one group received diet without zeolite inclusion (control) and the other received a diet with 0.5% inclusion of zeolite (clinoptilolite) in balanced diets, in a completely randomized design, with 10 replicates of 10 broilers. Water and feed intake, pH, total nitrogen, and moisture of excreta were evaluated. The inclusion of 0.5% of natural zeolites in the diet did not change (P>0.05) the water and feed intake and total nitrogen of excreta, nevertheless, it decreased (P<0.05) the pH and moisture of excreta. We conclude that the addition of 0.5% natural zeolites to the diet of broilers decreases pH and moisture of excreta and can be used as feed additive without compromising water and feed intake.(AU)

Inclusion of Yucca schidigera extract and zeolite in the diet and its relationship to the apparent digestibility of nutrients and urinary pH in adult dogs / Inclusão do extrato de Yucca schidigera e da zeólita na dieta e sua relação com a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e pH urinário de cães adultos

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Yucca schidigera extract and zeolite (Clinoptilolite) added to the diets for dogs and its effect on apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of diet components (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid hydrolyzed fat, and energy) and urinary pH. Twenty-one adult Beagles, males and females, body weight mean of 12.5±1.5kg and four and a half years old, distributed in a completely randomized design with seven replicates per treatment within three experimental treatments: control (no addition of Yucca schidigera and zeolite), Yucca schidigera (375ppm) and zeolite (1%), administered in the encapsulated form of the supplement. The ADC of diet components and urinary pH were not affected by the inclusion of additives (P>0.05), except the ADC acid hydrolyzed fat showed reduction with Yucca schidigera supplementation compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). The addition of 375ppm of Yucca schidigera extract reduced the digestibility of dietary fat by dogs and both Yucca schidigera extract and zeolite did not affect the urinary pH of dogs.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do extrato de Yucca schidigera e da zeólita (Clinoptilolita) nas dietas para cães e seus efeitos sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos componentes da dieta (matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida e energia) e no pH urinário. Foram utilizados 21 cães Beagles, machos e fêmeas, com peso médio de 12,5±1,5kg e quatro anos e meio de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete repetições para cada um dos três tratamentos experimentais: controle (sem adição de Yucca schidigera e zeólita), Yucca schidigera (375ppm) e zeólita (1%), administrados na forma de suplemento encapsulado. Os CDA dos componentes da dieta e o pH urinário não foram afetados pela inclusão dos aditivos (P>0,05), exceto o CDA do extrato etéreo em hidrólise ácida, que reduziu com a suplementação de Yucca schidigera em comparação aos demais tratamentos (P<0,05). A adição de 375ppm de extrato de Yucca schidigera reduziu a digestibilidade da gordura dietética pelos cães e tanto a adição de Yucca schidigera como a de zeólita não alteraram o pH urinário.

Study on radioprotection effects of clinoptilolite on sub-acute radiation-injured mice / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the protection effect of clinoptilolite (Cp) against radiation injury. Methods Forty-eight male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, namely normal control group (distilled water+sham irradiation) radiation control group (distilled water + irradiation), 300mg/kg 523 group (200mg/kg nilestriol 24h before irradiation and 100mg/ kg nilestriol 4h after irradiation), 56mg/kg Cp group (56mg/kg Cp + irradiation), 167mg/kg Cp group (167mg/kg Cp + irradiation) and 500mg/kg Cp group (500mg/kg Cp+irradiation). Seven days after the administration of the drug, all the mice but those from the normal control group were irradiated with γ-ray irradiation of137Cs in the dose of 4.0Gy, at the rate of 0.75Gy/min. All the mice were given the drug for 14 days after irradiation. RBC, WBC and PLT counts in peripheral blood, superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) level in blood serum, the content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow were determined. Results Compared with radiation control group, on 10th day after irradiation, RBC counts in peripheral blood of 56mg/kg Cp group and 167mg/kg Cp group were significantly higher (P<0.05, P<0.0l), and WBC counts in peripheral blood of S6mg/kg Cp group and 500mg/kg Cp group were significantly higher (P<0.0l). On 14th day after irradiation, compared with radiation control group, the SOD activities in blood serum of three Cp groups were elevated (P<0.05, P<0.01) the GSH-Px levels were elevated in blood serum of 167mg/kg Cp group and 500mg/kg Cp.

Inclusion of Yucca schidigera and zeolite in dog feed: influence on mineral excretion / Inclusão de Yucca schidigera e zeólita em alimentos para cães: influência sobre a excreção de minerais

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding Yucca schidigera and zeolite (Clinoptilolite) to feed (super premium and standard) for adult dogs on the apparent indigestibility coefficient of minerals. In the first assessment, 21 dogs were used, with average weight of 12.5kg±1.46 in seven treatments in two periods (super premium diet referred to as control and control with the addition of 125, 250, 375ppm Yucca schidigera and 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0% zeolite). The second assessment was conducted with standard feed, using 21 experimental plots distributed in three treatments (standard diet referred to as control and control with the addition of 375ppm of Yucca schidigera and 1.0% zeolite). The additives did not affect the acceptability of feed and fecal characteristics in both assessments (P>0.05). With the exception of calcium, no minerals were affected by the inclusion of additives (P>0.05) in the experiment with super premium feed. In the assessment with standard feed, calcium as phosphorus and magnesium presented decreased excretion (P<0.05) with the inclusion of additives. It is possible to conclude that the inclusion of additives in the tested concentrations may interfere with the excretion of some minerals in the diet.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de Yucca schidigera e zeólita (Clinoptilolita) em alimentos (super premium e standard) para cães adultos sobre o coeficiente de indigestibilidade aparente de minerais. No primeiro ensaio, foram utilizados 21 cães, com peso médio de 12,5kg±1,46, distribuídos em sete tratamentos em dois períodos (dieta super premium denominada controle e controle com adição de 125, 250, 375ppm de Yucca schidigera e 0,5%, 0,75% e 1,0% de zeólita). O segundo foi realizado com um alimento standard, utilizando-se 21 parcelas experimentais distribuídas em três tratamentos (dieta standard denominada controle e controle com adição de 375ppm de Yucca schidigera e 1,0% de zeólita). Os aditivos não afetaram a aceitabilidade do alimento e as características fecais nos dois ensaios (P>0,05). Com exceção do cálcio, nenhum mineral sofreu interferência da inclusão dos aditivos (P>0,05) no experimento com alimento super premium. No ensaio com alimento standard, tanto cálcio quanto fósforo e magnésio apresentaram redução na excreção (P<0,05) com a inclusão dos aditivos. Pôde-se concluir que a inclusão dos aditivos nas concentrações testadas pode interferir na excreção de alguns minerais da dieta.

Zeólita na dieta de bovinos de corte / Zeolite in the diet of beef cattle

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de zeólita na dieta de bovinos de corte sobre os parâmetros ruminais, as digestibilidades total e parcial, a produção de nitrogênio, a eficiência microbiana e as características do sangue. Os tratamentos, com base na matéria seca (MS) da dieta, foram: 0; 0,75; 1,5; 2,25 e 3,0% de zeólita. Utilizaram-se cinco bovinos machos mestiços, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso, alimentados com silagem de milho e concentrado, representando 65% de volumoso e 35% de concentrado. O delineamento utilizado foi em quadrado latino 5×5, com cinco períodos de 15 dias. Os animais receberam 15g de dióxido de titânio (TiO2) do terceiro ao 12º dia de cada período. Houve efeito (P<0,05) sobre o consumo diário (kg/dia) de proteína bruta (PB) e efeito (P<0,05) sobre o consumo de MS e de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína, expresso em g/kg de peso. A digestibilidade total dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) foi influenciada pelos tratamentos (P<0,05). A digestibilidade ruminal dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) foi afetada quadraticamente (P<0,05), assim como a intestinal da PB e dos CNF. A ingestão e a excreção fecal de nitrogênio (g/dia) foram influenciadas linearmente (P<0,05) pela inclusão de zeólita. Concluiu-se que a adição de zeólita na dieta, embora tenha aumentado os consumos de MS e de FDN, não melhorou a utilização da ureia em dietas de bovinos de corte.

We evaluated the effect of the inclusion of zeolite in the diet of beef cattle on the ruminal digestibility, total and partial production of nitrogen, microbial efficiency and blood characteristics. Treatments based on the dietary dry matter (DM) were: 0%, 0.75%, 1.5%, 2.25% and 3.0% of zeolite. We used five crossbred steers fistulated in the rumen and abomasum, fed corn silage and concentrate, representing 65% forage and 35% concentrate. The design was a 5x5 latin square with five periods of 15 days. The animals received 15g of titanium dioxide (TiO2) from the third to the 12th day of each period. A significant effect (P<0.05) on the daily consumption (kg/day) of crude protein (CP) was observed (P<0.05) for DM intake and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) expressed in g/kg. The total digestibility of total digestible nutrients (TDN) was influenced by treatments (P<0.05). Ruminal digestibility of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) was affected quadratically (P<0.05) as well as intestinal CP and NFC. Intake and fecal excretion of nitrogen (g/day) were affected linearly (P<0.05) by adding zeolite. It was concluded that the addition of zeolite in the diet, while increasing the intake of DM and NDF, did not improve the use of urea in the diet of beef cattle.

Use of sodium chloride and zeolite during shipment of Ancistrus triradiatus under high temperature

The use of sodium chloride (0.5 g/L and 1 g/L) and zeolite (22.7 g/L) during shipment (48 h) of Ancistrus triradiatus at high temperatures (between 24.5 and 34ºC) were evaluated. Several water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and total ammonia) were measured before and after shipment. Glycemia was measured before shipment and at 24 and 48 h after shipment. After shipment, a resistance test was carried out in a high concentration of sodium chloride, and mortality was recorded after shipment, and 7 days post-shipment. While the two evaluated substances increased survival of A. triradiatus challenged by high temperatures during shipment, the best result was obtained with 1 g/L of sodium chloride.

O uso de cloreto de sódio (0,5 g/L e 1 g/L) e zeolita (22,7 g/L) foram avaliados durante o transporte (48 h) de Ancistrus triradiatus em altas temperaturas (entre 24,5 e 34ºC). Os seguintes parâmetros foram monitorados: pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade e amônia antes e depois do transporte. Também foi mensurada a concentração de glicose no sangue antes do transporte e 0, 24 e 48 h após o transporte. Foi realizado um teste de resistência a altas concentrações de cloreto de sódio após o transporte, sendo registrada a mortalidade no final do transporte e após 7 dias. As duas substâncias testadas aumentam a sobrevivência de A. triradiatus a altas temperaturas durante o transporte, porém o melhor resultado foi obtido com o uso de 1 g/L cloreto de sódio.