Beneficial effects of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) on hematobiochemicl and histopathological markers in CCL4-intoxicated rabbits

Abstract The study was designed to investigate the effect of Coconut Oil on the levels of some liver and hematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rabbits. Also the antioxidant capacity of Coconut Oil for various concentrations was assessed on the basis of percent scavenging of (DPPH) free radical. Experimental animals were divided into five groups, eight rabbits in each group. These were: group A (Normal control), group B (Toxic control), group C (Standard control), group D (Treated with Coconut Oil 50 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication), group E (Treated with Coconut Oil 200 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication). The effects observed were compared with a standard hepatoprotective drug silymarine (50 mL/kg body weight). The Coconut Oil (200 mL/kg body weight) significantly (P 0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when compared to a toxic control rabbits. The results of extract treated rabbits were similar to silymarine administered rabbits group. Treatment with Coconut Oil root and silymarine caused no significant changes in RBC, Platelets, (Hb), (MCH) concentration and (HCT) values. However, significant (P 0.05) increase was observed in the total WBC count. The present study suggested that Coconut Oil can be used as an herbal alternative (need further exploration i.e to detect its bioactive compound and its efficacy) for hepatoprotective activity.

Resumo O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito do óleo de coco nos níveis de alguns parâmetros hepáticos e hematológicos em coelhos intoxicados com tetracloreto de carbono. Também a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco para várias concentrações foi avaliada com base na porcentagem de eliminação de radicais livres (DPPH). Os animais experimentais foram divididos em cinco grupos, oito coelhos em cada grupo. Estes foram: grupo A (controle normal), grupo B (controle tóxico), grupo C (controle padrão), grupo D (tratado com óleo de coco 50 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4), grupo E (tratado com óleo de coco 200 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4). Os efeitos observados foram comparados com um fármaco hepatoprotetor padrão silimarina (50 mL/kg de peso corporal). O óleo de coco (200 mL/kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente (P 0,05) os níveis séricos elevados de alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato transaminase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), quando comparado a um coelho controle tóxico. Os resultados dos coelhos tratados com extrato foram semelhantes aos do grupo de coelhos administrados com silimarina. O tratamento com raiz de óleo de coco e silimarina não causou alterações significativas nos valores de RBC, Plaquetas, (Hb), (MCH) e (HCT). No entanto, observou-se aumento significativo (P 0,05) na contagem total de leucócitos. O presente estudo sugeriu que o óleo de coco pode ser usado como uma alternativa fitoterápica (precisa de mais exploração, ou seja, para detectar seu composto bioativo e sua eficácia) para atividade hepatoprotetora.

Beneficial effects of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) on hematobiochemicl and histopathological markers in CCL4-intoxicated rabbits / Efeitos benéficos do óleo de coco (Cocos nucifera) em marcadores hematobioquímicos e histopatológicos em coelhos intoxicados com CCL4

The study was designed to investigate the effect of Coconut Oil on the levels of some liver and hematological parameters in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rabbits. Also the antioxidant capacity of Coconut Oil for various concentrations was assessed on the basis of percent scavenging of (DPPH) free radical. Experimental animals were divided into five groups, eight rabbits in each group. These were: group A (Normal control), group B (Toxic control), group C (Standard control), group D (Treated with Coconut Oil 50 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication), group E (Treated with Coconut Oil 200 mL/kg body weight after CCl4 intoxication). The effects observed were compared with a standard hepatoprotective drug silymarine (50 mL/kg body weight). The Coconut Oil (200 mL/kg body weight) significantly (P<0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when compared to a toxic control rabbits. The results of extract treated rabbits were similar to silymarine administered rabbits group. Treatment with Coconut Oil root and silymarine caused no significant changes in RBC, Platelets, (Hb), (MCH) concentration and (HCT) values. However, significant (P<0.05) increase was observed in the total WBC count. The present study suggested that Coconut Oil can be used as an herbal alternative (need further exploration i.e to detect its bioactive compound and its efficacy) for hepatoprotective activit.

O estudo foi desenhado para investigar o efeito do óleo de coco nos níveis de alguns parâmetros hepáticos e hematológicos em coelhos intoxicados com tetracloreto de carbono. Também a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco para várias concentrações foi avaliada com base na porcentagem de eliminação de radicais livres (DPPH). Os animais experimentais foram divididos em cinco grupos, oito coelhos em cada grupo. Estes foram: grupo A (controle normal), grupo B (controle tóxico), grupo C (controle padrão), grupo D (tratado com óleo de coco 50 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4), grupo E (tratado com óleo de coco 200 mL/kg de peso corporal após intoxicação por CCl4). Os efeitos observados foram comparados com um fármaco hepatoprotetor padrão silimarina (50 mL/kg de peso corporal). O óleo de coco (200 mL/kg de peso corporal) reduziu significativamente (P<0,05) os níveis séricos elevados de alanina transaminase (ALT), aspartato transaminase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), quando comparado a um coelho controle tóxico. Os resultados dos coelhos tratados com extrato foram semelhantes aos do grupo de coelhos administrados com silimarina. O tratamento com raiz de óleo de coco e silimarina não causou alterações significativas nos valores de RBC, Plaquetas, (Hb), (MCH) e (HCT). No entanto, observou-se aumento significativo (P<0,05) na contagem total de leucócitos. O presente estudo sugeriu que o óleo de coco pode ser usado como uma alternativa fitoterápica (precisa de mais exploração, ou seja, para detectar seu composto bioativo e sua eficácia) para atividade hepatoprotetora.

Coconut oil: an overview of cardiometabolic effects and the public health burden of misinformation

ABSTRACT Recent data from meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) suggest that dietary intake of coconut oil, rich in saturated fatty acids, does not result in cardiometabolic benefits, nor in improvements in anthropometric, lipid, glycemic, and subclinical inflammation parameters. Nevertheless, its consumption has surged in recent years all over the world, a phenomenon which can possibly be explained by an increasing belief among health professionals that this oil is as healthy as, or perhaps even healthier than, other oils, in addition to social network misinformation spread. The objective of this review is to present nutritional and epidemiological aspects related to coconut oil, its relationship with metabolic and cardiovascular health, as well as possible hypotheses to explain its high rate of consumption, in spite of the most recent data regarding its actual effects.

Incorporation of bioactive glass-ceramic into coconut oil for remineralization of incipient carious lesions

Abstract This study evaluated the efficacy of incorporating different concentrations of bioactive glass-ceramic (Biosilicate) into coconut oil on the remineralizing potential and surface roughness of white spot lesions. Fragments (6 x 6 x 2mm) of bovine teeth were sectioned and initial microhardness (KHN) and surface roughness (Ra) readings were obtained. The samples were submitted to cariogenic challenge to form white spot lesions and were separated into six groups (n=13): 1) Artificial Saliva (AS); 2) Coconut Oil (CO); 3) CO+2% Biosilicate (CO+2%Bio); 4) CO+5% Biosilicate (CO+5%Bio); 5) 2% Biosilicate Suspension (2% Bio) and 6) 5% Biosilicate Suspension (5% Bio). The treatments for 1 cycle/day were: immersion into the treatments for 5 minutes, rinsing in distilled water, and storage in artificial saliva at 37ºC. After 14 days, KHN and Ra readings were taken. The surface roughness alteration ((Ra) was analyzed (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's post-test, p<0.05). CO+2%Bio had higher (p = 0.0013) (Ra followed by CO+5%Bio (p = 0.0244) than AS. The relative KHN and remineralization potential were analyzed (ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05), and 5% Bio treatment presented a higher relative microhardness than all other groups (p>0.05). The remineralizing potential of all the treatments was similar (p > .05). When Biosilicate was added, the pH of the suspensions increased and the alkaline pH remained during the analysis. Biosilicate suspension is more efficient than the incorporation of particles into coconut oil at white spot lesion treatment. In addition to the benefits that coconut oil and Biosilicate present separately, their association can enhance the remineralizing potential of Biosilicate.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a eficácia da incorporação de diferentes concentrações de vitrocerâmica bioativa (biosilicato) ao óleo de coco no potencial remineralizante e na rugosidade superficial de lesões de manchas brancas. Fragmentos (6 x 6 x 2mm) de dentes bovinos foram seccionados e as leituras iniciais de microdureza (KHN) e rugosidade superficial (Ra) foram obtidas. As amostras foram submetidas ao desafio cariogênico para formação de lesões de manchas brancas e foram separadas em seis grupos (n=13): 1) Saliva Artificial (AS); 2) Óleo de Coco (CO); 3) CO+2% Biosilicato (CO+2%Bio); 4) CO+5% Biosilicato (CO+5%Bio); 5) Suspensão de Biosilicato 2% (2% Bio) e 6) Suspensão de Biosilicato 5% (5% Bio). Os tratamentos de 1 ciclo/dia foram: imersão nos tratamentos por 5 minutos, enxágue em água destilada e armazenamento em saliva artificial a 37ºC. Após 14 dias, foram feitas as leituras de KHN e Ra. A alteração da rugosidade superficial ((Ra) foi analisada (Kruskal-Wallis, pós-teste de Dunn, p<0,05). CO+2%Bio apresentou maior (p = 0,0013) (Ra seguido de CO+5%Bio (p = 0,0244) do que AS. O KHN relativo e o potencial de remineralização foram analisados (ANOVA, Tukey, p<0,05), e o tratamento 5% Bio apresentou uma microdureza relativa maior do que todos os outros grupos (p>0,05). A suspensão de biosilicato é mais eficiente que a incorporação de partículas ao óleo de coco no tratamento de lesões de mancha branca. Além dos benefícios que o óleo de coco e o Biosilicato apresentam separadamente, sua associação pode amplificar o potencial remineralizante do Biosilicato.

Effects of topical application of virgin coconut oil on infection, mortality and dermal maturation in preterm newborns: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Background@#Preterm birth is an important health concern in countries with limited resources and healthcare access. Topical therapy may be effective for improving outcomes in preterm neonates whose skin barriers are compromised due to immaturity.@*Objectives@#To systematically review the topical VCO's effects in preterm infants on infection, mortality, and dermal maturity.@*Methodology@#Systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of topical VCO in preterm infants were conducted. Databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, Clinical trials.gov, Trip, Cochrane Library, and HERDIN. The risk of bias was assessed by two authors independently. RR with 95% CI was used for the pooled estimate of dichotomous outcomes including infection prevention, mortality reduction, and skin irritation. Mean differences with 95% CI were used for the pooled estimate of weight loss and NSCS.@*Results@#Of 110 records identified, 3 RCTs with 2440 patients were included. Prevention of infection had a trend toward VCO (RR = 0.90, [95% CI: 0.64, 1.27] while the results for mortality reduction were inconclusive (RR = 0.45, [95% CI: 0.06, 3.38]. NSC scores showed a beneficial trend toward VCO (RR = -0.03, [95% CI: -0.16, 0.09]. Both secondary outcomes of skin irritation and weight loss had inconclusive results.@*Conclusions@#This review showed the lack of evidence of the effectiveness of topical VCO in improving various outcomes in premature infants. The effects on infection prevention and dermal maturation were favorable. However, its effects on preventing mortality, skin irritation, and weight loss were inconclusive.

Antibacterial Effect of Coconut Oil (Cocus nucifera) on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175: An In vitro Study

ABSTRACT: The present in vitro study determined the antibacterial effect of Coconut (Cocus nucifera) oil on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Cross-sectional and experimental study. Streptococcus mutans strain ATCC 25175 was seeded on Müeller- Hinton Blood Agar. The effect was determined by inhibition halo and the minimum inhibitory concentration, using procaine penicillin G as a positive control and standard suspension of Streptococcus mutans as a negative control. Twelve replicates per Coconut oil concentration (25 %, 50 % and 75 %) were performed. Coconut oil concentration at 25 % generated an inhibitory mean of 17 mm and 2.23x102 CFU, at 50 % a mean of 21.75 mm and 0.17 x 102 CFU, at 75 % a mean of 22 mm and 0 CFU, procaine penicillin G a mean of 14.25 mm and 0 CFU, the negative control gave a mean of 2.8 x 10 5 CFU. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test detected a highly significant statistical difference of the three concentrations of Coconut oil (p < 0.01). The Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni adjustment determined that the 50 % and 75 % concentration had similar inhibitory action and that both the 75 % concentration and procaine penicillin G gave a mean of 0 CFU. All concentrations of Coconut oil showed inhib itory action on Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. 75 % concentration showed the highest inhibitory mean and was the minimum inhibitory concentration that completely eliminated CFU.

RESUMEN: El presente estudio in vitro determinó el efecto antibacteriano del aceite de coco sobre Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Estudio transversal y experimental. La cepa de Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 se sembró en Agar Sangre Müeller-Hinton. El efecto se determinó mediante el halo de inhibición y la concentración inhibitoria, utilizando la penicilina G procaína como control positivo y la suspensión estándar de Streptococcus mutans como control negativo. Se realizaron doce réplicas por cada concentración de aceite de coco (25 %, 50 % y 75 %). La concentración de aceite de coco al 25 % generó una media inhibitoria de 17 mm y 2,23 x 102 UFC, al 50 % una media de 21,75 mm y 0,17 x 102 UFC, al 75 % una media de 22 mm y 0 UFC, la penicilina G procaína una media de 14,25 mm y 0 UFC, el control negativo dio una media de 2,8 x 10 5 UFC. La prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis detectó una diferencia estadística altamente significativa de las tres concentraciones de aceite de coco (p < 0,01). La prueba de Mann-Whitney con ajuste de Bonferroni determinó que las concentraciones del 50 % y del 75 % tenían una acción inhibidora similar y que tanto la concentración del 75 % como la penicilina G procaína daban una media de 0 UFC. Todas las concentraciones de aceite de coco mostraron una acción inhibitoria sobre Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. La concentración del 75 % mostró la media inhibitoria más alta y fue la concentración inhibitoria mínima que eliminó completamente las UFC.

Nanoemulsion Improves Babassu Palm Oil (Orbignya phalerata) Antioxidant Properties

HIGHLIGHTS Production of lipid nanoemulsions (<100 nm) of industrial interest with low energy demand. The antioxidant properties of babassu oil have been improved and the nanoemulsions are not cytotoxic. Babassu oil is a food and medicinal product. The nanoemulsion is strategic for the developed of new antioxidants phytotherapeutics.

Abstract Background: Babassu oil is an extract from a Brazilian native coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) and is used both as a food and a medicinal product. Methods: we produced two babassu oil nanoemulsions and evaluated them regarding their nanoscopic stability, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity.The nanoemulsions were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering, and their stability was investigated for 120 days. The antioxidant activity was assessed by Spectroscopy Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, and the cytotoxicity was assessed by a colorimetric method (MTT) with the NIH/3T3 cell lineage. Results: the results showed nanoemulsions with average hydrodynamic diameter lower than 100 nm (p(0.001).and a polydispersity index of less than 0.3 (p(0.001), indicating monodisperse systems and good stability at room temperature. The exposure of nanoemulsions at varying pH revealed that the isoelectric point was at 3.0, and the images obtained by Transmission Electron Microscopy showed spherical droplets with a size 27 nm. The antioxidant activity showed that the babassu nanoemulsions exposed to free radicals had a better response when compared to the oil free samples. The cell viability assays showed low toxicity of the formulation with viability over 92% (p(0.05). Conclusion: babassu oil nanoformulations showed low polydispersity and kinetic stability with effective antioxidant action. Therefore, they can be promising for application in the food industry or as antioxidant phytotherapeutics.

Characterization of purified coconut oil bodies as an encapsulating agent for Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel

Introduction@#Doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) are both widely used anticancer drugs with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity, commonly against breast, ovarian, and lung cancers. Currently, these drugs are commercially available in liposomal formulations for their use in chemotherapy. This study generally proposed coconut oil bodies (COB) obtained from Cocos nucifera L. as an alternative carrier for DOX and PTX rather than the currently used liposome. @*Objectives@#This study aimed to compare standard liposome and coconut oil bodies as drug carriers in terms of their microencapsulation efficiencies, lipid profiles, in vitro drug release and stability, as well as their cholesterol levels.@*Methods@#Coconut oil bodies (COB) were isolated and purified from Cocos nucifera L. by modified sucrose gradient method followed by microencapsulation of standard drugs (doxorubicin and paclitaxel) through selfassembly and freeze-thaw method. The two standard drugs were encapsulated using COB and standard liposome. Encapsulation efficiency of both materials were determined. Lipid profiles of both encapsulating materials were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and cholesterol level determination. In vitro drug release and pH stability of both encapsulated drugs were analyzed. @*Results@#Doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) were successfully incorporated in COB. Lauric acid was mainly abundant in COB and was able to lower cholesterol levels (5 mg/dL). COB incorporated with DOX and PTX showed stability at acidic and neutral pH. Drug release profile showed a rapid outburst within 3 hours compared to liposome encapsulated DOX and PTX. @*Conclusion@#Our study showed the encouraging potentials of using COB as wall materials that will make them attractive candidates for the formulation of pharmaceuticals for optimized drug delivery of cancer chemotherapeutics DOX and PTX

Virgin Coconut Oil Attenuates Deficits in Rats Undergoing Transient Cerebral Ischemia

@#Background and Objectives. Neuroprotection agents may help improve the outcomes of large vessel ischemic stroke. This study aims to explore the role of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), with its well-documented anti-oxidant properties, in neuroprotection after transient occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery in a rat model of stroke. Methods. Twenty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups: 1) control group (n=11) given distilled water, and 2) treatment group (n=12) given virgin coconut oil at 5.15 ml/kg body weight for seven days. Subsequently, the rats underwent transient right extracranial internal carotid artery occlusion (EICAO) for 5 minutes using non-traumatic aneurysm clips. At 4 and 24 hours after EICAO, the animals were examined for neurologic deficits by an observer blinded to treatment groups, then sacrificed. Eight brain specimens (4 from each group) were subjected to histopathologic examination (H & E staining) while the rest of the specimens were processed using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining to determine infarct size and area of hemispheric edema. Results. VCO treatment significantly improved the severity of neurologic deficit (1.42 ± 2.31) compared to the control distilled water group (4.09 ± 2.59) 24 hours after EICAO. Whereas, infarct size and percent hemispheric edema did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusion. Prophylactic treatment of VCO is protective against EICAO-induced neurologic deficits in a rat model. VCO shows great potential as a neuroprotective agent for large vessel ischemic stroke. However, more studies are necessary to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanisms of VCO therapy in ischemic stroke.

Enzymatic synthesis of coconut oil based wax esters by immobilized lipase EQ3 and commercial lipozyme RMIM

BACKGROUND: Liquid wax esters are widely used in cosmetic as well as pharmaceutical and other industries. The demand of organic and natural products is increasing nowadays. Coconut oil contains benefit fatty acids and has been mainly used for oil-based and moisturizer products. Liquid wax esters from coconut oil and unsaturated fatty alcohol can be synthesized by enzymatic reaction; and it is interesting for using as an alternative natural ingredient in these industries. RESULTS: Optimal condition for coconut oil based wax ester synthesis by immobilized lipase EQ3 was 10 U of enzyme, temperature at 30°C and molar ratio of coconut oil to oleyl alcohol at 1:3 (mol/mol) (0.33X) dissolved in isooctane for 12 h, while for Lipozyme RM IM optimal condition was 10 U of enzyme, temperature at 45°C and oil/alcohol molar ratio at 1:3 (0.33X) dissolved in isooctane for 3 h. Percentage of wax esters synthesized by both lipases reached more than 88%. Both immobilized lipases catalyzed high yield of wax esters within the 2nd batch; after that, the immobilized lipases showed reduced activity and synthesized b60% of wax esters from the 3rd to 5th batch. The main composition of wax esters was ~48% oleyl laurate with 10% degradation at ~250°C. CONCLUSIONS: The liquid wax ester synthesis by commercial Lipozyme RM IM had higher effect than immobilized lipase EQ3, but both catalysts were stable within 2 batches in the optimum condition. The characteristic properties of wax esters showed potential for use as components in cosmetics and skin care products.

A randomized double-blind study on the efficacy of 20% VCO cream versus a commercial emollient for Atopic Dermatitis in children

Objective@#To assess the effects of a formulated 20% VCO cream on symptoms of atopic dermatitis in children relative to a commercial emollient with skin barrier protective property indicated for dry, itchy skin.@*Methods@#In a randomized, double-blind, pilot study, pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis according to the modified Hanifin and Rajka criteria were enrolled and assigned to use either formulated VCO cream or commercial emollient. Treatments were applied twice daily for four (4) weeks. Outcome measures were investigator- and patient-assessed clinical efficacy based on Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) severity index, and incidences of documented adverse events.@*Results@#Twenty-nine patients were recruited in the study and in an intention-to-treat analysis, mean SCORAD indices were reduced by 41.79% and 29.77% in the VCO cream group and commercial emollient group, respectively. Both study groups showed significant reduction in the mean subjective SCORAD index relating to pruritus and sleep loss. Mean objective SCORAD index, based on intensity items and total surface with eczema, was also significantly improved in the VCO cream group after four weeks of product usage. The study products were generally well-tolerated, with minor adverse events reported for the VCO cream group.@*Conclusion@#Results of the study suggest that application of VCO at 20% in a cream formulation is more effective than the tested commercial emollient in alleviating symptoms of AD in children.

Long-term consumption of virgin coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil diet impairs learning and memory in CD1 mice / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been used in the management of dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, this research investigated the effect of long-term consumption of VCO diet on learning and memory in CD1 mice. Methods: Thirty male CD1 mice (divided into three groups, n = 10) were fed with standard rodent chow (control), 5% and 20% VCO diets (respectively) for 28 d. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test was used to test the effect of VCO on visuo-spatial learning and memory, while the Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT) was used to measure short- and long-term recognition memory. Results: Learning performance of mice did not differ in the MWM. During the probe trial, duration in the retention quadrant and annulus crossings were lower (P 0.05). The discrimination index was also lower in the 20% VCO group compared to control and 5% VCO diet groups indicating impaired long-term cognitive memory in mice given 20% VCO diet. Histological examination of brains showed damage within the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus in the 20% VCO diet group, in line with the behavioural observations. Conclusion: Long-term consumption of virgin coconut oil diet impairs memory in mice.

Antimicrobial and barrier repair properties of virgin coconut oil and mineral oil in pediatric atopic dermatitis patients, a randomized, double-blind, control trial

BACKGROUND@#Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing skin disease in childhood, managed by topical therapies. In the Philippines, use of affordable, widely available and effective alternative therapies such as mineral oil (MO) and virgin coconut oil (VCO), are practical especially in the far-flung areas.@*OBJECTIVES@#This study compares the antimicrobial and barrier repair properties of MO and VCO in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis, using SCORAD (SCORing for Atopic Dermatitis), bacterial culture, tewameter, mexameter and corneometer.@*METHODS@#This is a randomized controlled doubleblind trial conducted in two tertiary hospitals. Bacterial colonies, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), level of hydration and erythema were determined at baseline and after 4 weeks using bacterial culture, tewameter, corneometer and mexameter, respectively. SCORAD and adverse effects were also determined at baseline, 2nd and 4th week of treatment.@*RESULTS@#Baseline patient demographics were similar for both treatment groups. The SCORAD, TEWL and level of erythema were significantly decreased throughout the 4-week duration for both treatment groups, but much lower in the VCO group. The hydration level was significantly increased throughout the 4-week duration but much higher for the VCO group. Lastly, there is more proportion of cultures with "no growth" after the 4-week treatment duration in VCO group.@*CONCLUSION@#The antimicrobial and barrier repair properties of VCO are very important alternative which is affordable, readily available, safe and effective for children with mild to moderate AD.

Efeito do tratamento com óleo de coco na perda óssea de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura / Effect of coconut oil treatment on bone loss in mice fed a high-fat diet

A obesidade é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de gordura corporal associada a uma inflamação crônica de baixo grau, sendo relacionada ao aumento do risco para o desenvolvimento de perda óssea, e consequentemente osteoporose. A perda óssea acontece devido a diversos fatores, dentre eles a presença de resposta inflamatória. As doenças crônicas como a obesidade apresentam aumento na síntese e secreção de mediadores inflamatórios que poderiam favorecer a perda óssea. Apesar de abordagens dietéticas serem propostas para tratar a perda óssea, elas ainda são pouco exploradas. O óleo de coco virgem (OCV) é um alimento funcional devido à sua quantidade significativa de ácidos graxos de cadeia média. Nos últimos anos, o OCV tem sido amplamente utilizado como possível tratamento de diversas doenças incluindo Alzheimer, doenças cardíacas, obesidade, entre outras. Contudo, conhecimentos a respeito da suplementação com OCV no tratamento da perda óssea ainda é incipiente. Esse estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética com OCV no tratamento na perda óssea de camundongos alimentados com dieta rica em gordura 45% (HF). Camundongos machos C57BL/6 foram inicialmente divididos em dois grupos e alimentados com dieta controle AIN-93M (C) ou dieta HF por oito semanas. Na 9ª semana, os camundongos alimentados com dieta HF foram reagrupados em quatro grupos até a 12ª semana: (i) dieta HF; ou dieta HF suplementada com diferentes doses de OCV, (iii) 1000 mg/kg, (iv) 3000 mg/kg ou (v) 9000 mg/kg. Apesar do ganho de peso não apresentar diferença estatística entre os grupos, o peso corporal final foi maior no grupo HF em relação ao grupo controle, mas sem alteração naqueles tratados com OCV em relação ao controle. Não houve diferença significativa na ingestão alimentar entre os grupos avaliados. Ao serem avaliados parâmetros ósseos, as concentrações séricas de RANKL, um marcador de perda óssea, e OPG, opositora a essa sinalização, não se alteraram entre os grupos. Contudo, somente os animais que receberam a dose média de OCV apresentaram tendência para menor relação RANKL/OPG, sendo essa a dose escolhida para a avaliação da microarquitetura óssea. No geral, o grupo HF apresentou menor densidade mineral óssea e volume ósseo, trabéculas de menor espessura com maior espaço entre elas, caracterizando aumento da reabsorção óssea na estrutura óssea do fêmur e maxila. Quando tratados com a dose média de OCV ocorreu uma piora da densidade mineral óssea e da separação trabéculas na maxila, sem alteração nos outros parâmetros quando comparados com o grupo HF. Contudo, a perda óssea presente no fêmur não foi alterada. Como esperado, a adiposidade, área de adipócitos e concentrações séricas de leptina foram maiores no grupo alimentado com dieta HF em relação ao controle. No grupo tratado com a dose alta de OCV foi observado um aumento da área dos adipócitos, mas nos demais parâmetros não foram observadas alterações após os diferentes tratamentos com o OCV. A intolerância à glicose observada no grupo HF não foi alterada com a adição do OCV à dieta HF, e ainda se mostraram hiperglicêmicos. Apesar de alteradas no grupo HF, as concentrações séricas de colesterol total e triglicérides não se modificaram com os tratamentos. Portanto, o uso da suplementação com OCV em camundongos alimentados com a dieta HF parece não ser benéfico para tratar perda óssea, a obesidade e ainda as disfunções metabólicas associadas.

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of body fat associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, which is related to an increased risk of developing bone loss, and consequently, osteoporosis. Bone loss occurs due to several factors, including the presence of an inflammatory response. Chronic diseases such as obesity show an increase in the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators that could favor bone loss. Although dietary approaches are proposed to treat bone loss, they are still poorly explored. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a functional food due to its significant amount of medium-chain fatty acids. In recent years, VCO has been widely used to treat several diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, obesity, among others. However, knowledge about VCO supplementation in the treatment of bone loss is still incipient. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with VCO in the treatment of bone loss in mice fed a 45% high-fat (HF) diet. Male C57BL / 6 mice were initially divided into two groups and fed either the AIN-93M (C) control diet or the HF diet for eight weeks. At the 9th week, the mice fed the HF diet were regrouped in four groups until the 12th week: (i) HF diet; or HF diet supplemented with different doses of VCO, (iii) 1000 mg / kg, (iv) 3000 mg / kg or (v) 9000 mg / kg. Although the weight gain does not present a statistical difference between the groups, the final body weight was higher in the HF group than the control group, but without changes in those treated with VCO in relation to the control. There was no significant difference in food intake between the groups evaluated. When bone parameters were evaluated, the serum concentrations of RANKL, a bone loss marker, and OPG, opposed to this signaling, did not change between the groups. However, only animals that received the medium dose of VCO showed a tendency towards a lower RANKL / OPG ratio, which was the dose chosen for bone microarchitecture evaluation. In general, the HF group showed lower bone mineral density and bone volume, thinner trabeculae with greater space between them, characterizing increased bone resorption in the femur and maxilla's bone structure. When treated with the medium dose of VCO, there was a worsening of bone mineral density and trabecular separation in the maxilla, with no change in other parameters when compared with the HF group. However, the bone loss present in the femur was not altered. As expected, adiposity, area of adipocytes and serum leptin concentrations were higher in the group fed with HF compared to the control group. In the group treated with the high dose of VCO an increase in the area of adipocytes was observed, but in the other parameters, no changes were observed after the different treatments with the VCO. The glucose intolerance observed in the HF group was not altered with the addition of VCO to the HF diet, and they were also shown to be hyperglycemic. Despite being changed in the HF group, serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides did not change with treatments. Therefore, the use of VCO supplementation in mice fed the HF diet does not seem to be beneficial for treating bone loss, obesity, and even the associated metabolic disorders.

Evaluation of Efficacy of Virgin Coconut Oil in Maintaining Hygiene in Orthodontics Patients

Background: Fixed orthodontic appliances are considered to jeopardize dental health due to the accumulation of oral microorganisms that may cause enamel demineralization. Oil pulling involves the use of edible vegetable oils as oral antibacterial agents. It is a practice of swishing oil in the mouth for oral and systemic health benefits. Aims and Objectives: To assess the effect of oil pulling therapy with virgin coconut oil on Streptococcus mutans count in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods: A total of thirty subjects were included in the study. They were divided in to 2 groups. Group A subjects were asked to swish coconut oil and Group B normal saline for a week. Streptococcus mutans colony forming units were estimated and compared. Results: A statistically significant reduction in S. mutans CFU was seen with Group A after oil pulling with coconut oil when compared to saline group (P = 0.0003. Conclusion: Edible oil-pulling therapy is natural, safe and has no side effects. Hence, it can be considered as a preventive therapy at home to maintain oral hygiene

Effects of coconut oil associated with a physical exercises program on body composition and lipid profile / Efeitos do óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercícios físicos sobre a composição corporal e perfil lipídico

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evalute the effects of supplementation of coconut oil associated with a physical exercise program on body composition and lipid profile in normolipid eutrophic women. The sample was composed of 20 women randomized divided into two groups, supplemented exercise group with 13 mL/day of coconut oil (GES, n= 10) and unsuppemented exercie group with coconut oil (GEU), n= 10). Perimeters measurements of central adiposity, fat (%), fat mass, lean mass, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglycerides concentrations were evaluated in the beginning and in the final of 12 weeks of intervention. For intragroup and intergroup comparisons was used dependentes and independentes sample t-test. The results showed that 12 weeks of intervention modified the central adiposity in the GES group, decreased 2,6% the waist cincunference compared to GEU group (p<0.05). The fat (%), fat mass and lean mass did not change after 12 weeks of intervention between GES and GEU groups (p>0.05). In the comparation of lipid profile between groups, GES group decreased 3% the LDL-c while the GEU group increased 13.7% the total cholesterol and 14.2% the LDL-c concentration (p<0.05). In conclusion, coconut oil associated with a physical exercise program did not modify the body composition and attenuate the changes in the lipid profile in normolipid eutrophic women.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da suplementação de óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercícios físicos sobre a composição corporal e perfil lipídico em mulheres eutróficas normolipidicas. A amostra foi composta de 20 mulheres divididas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos, grupo exercício suplementado com 13 mL/dia de óleo de coco (GCO; n=10) e grupo exercício não suplementado com óleo de coco (GSO; n=10). Foram avaliados medidas perimétricas de adiposidade central, gordura (%), massa gorda, massa magra, níveis séricos de colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicérides no início e no final de 12 semanas de intervenção. Para as comparações intragrupos e entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste T para amostras dependentes e independentes. Os resultados mostraram que 12 semanas de intervenção modificou a adiposidade central no grupo GCO, diminuindo 2,6% a circunferência da cintura comparado ao grupo GSO (p<0,05). A gordura (%), massa gorda e massa magra não se modificaram após 12 semanas de intervenção nos grupos GCO e GSO (p<0,05). Na comparação do perfil lipídico entre os grupos, o grupo GCO diminui 3% o LDL-c enquanto que o grupo GSO aumentou 13,7% o colesterol total e 14,2% o LDL-c (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o óleo de coco associado com um programa de exercício físico aeróbico não modifica a composição corporal e atenua as alterações no perfil lipídico em mulheres eutróficas normolipidicas.

Fatty Acid Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and Activated Virgin Coconut Oil on Streptococcus mutans

@#For decades, coconut oil was reported to possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity due to its abundant fatty acid’s contents. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) has been strongly implicated as the main etiological factor in dental caries. Regardless of the ongoing medical advances, the therapeutic resources for dental caries remain ineffectual, and this has led to renewed interest in using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a possible choice for dental caries control. In this study, the ability of VCO and activated virgin coconut oil (AVCO) combatting cariogenic S. mutans ATCC 25175 has been evaluated. Fatty acids contents were compared through gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS) analysis, and their antimicrobial activity was determined using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. From the GC-MS analysis, AVCO (59%) was found to have a slightly higher medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) as compared to VCO (54.1%), and the long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) contents in VCO (45.9%) was found to be higher than AVCO (41%). Interestingly, S. mutans ATCC 25175 was found to be susceptible towards AVCO (MIC: 6.24 mg/ml) and resistance towards VCO in vitro. The excellent antimicrobial activity of AVCO as a result from (i) the release of individuals fatty acids after activation of VCO by lipase digestion and (ii) the present of MCFA and LCFA that are significant in antimicrobial activity. Further study can be designed to specifically examine the activity of individuals fatty acids present in oils against S.mutans virulence genes/protein using molecular dynamic assessment.

O tratamento térmico influencia as características físico-químicas e oxidativas do óleo de coco / The heat treatment influences the physico-chemical and oxidative characteristics of coconut oil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos, capacidade antioxidante, oxidação lipídica e características físico-químicas do óleo de coco. As análises foram realizadas com amostras do óleo de coco in natura, aquecido até o ponto de fumaça e utilizado na fritura de batatas. Foi avaliado o perfil de ácidos graxos, os índices de peróxidos e acidez, a formação de malondialdeído e a capacidade antioxidante do óleo de coco nas três condições. O perfil de ácidos graxos não diferiu nas distintas condições de análise; contudo, pode-se observar que o índice de acidez foi significativamente maior no óleo aquecido e utilizado na fritura. Para o índice de peróxidos, esse aumento ocorreu apenas no óleo aquecido. A formação de malondialdeído foi observada em todas as amostras, sendo maior no óleo aquecido, seguido do usado na fritura. A capacidade antioxidante foi menor nas amostras submetidas ao calor (diferença significativa). Conclui-se que os tratamentos térmicos aos quais o óleo de coco foi submetido, foram capazes de alterar suas características físicoquímicas e oxidativas. Considerando os possíveis malefícios associados ao consumo de óleos e gorduras degradados, desencorajamos a utilização do óleo de coco submetido a temperaturas elevadas. Enfatizamos a importância da criação de metodologias específicas para avaliação da qualidade de óleos e gorduras submetidas ao aquecimento, por possibilitar um melhor controle dos aspectos nutricionais e sensoriais dos óleos/gorduras destinados ao consumo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on the profile of fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, lipid oxidation and physical-chemical characteristics of coconut oil. The analyzes were carried out with samples of the coconut oil in natura, heated to the "point of smoke" and used to fry the potatoes. The fatty acid profile, the peroxide and acidity indexes, the malondialdehyde formation and the antioxidant capacity of the coconut oil were evaluated in three conditions. The fatty acid profile did not differ in the different conditions of analysis; however, it may be observed that the acid value was significantly higher in the heated oil and used in frying. For the peroxide index, this increase occurred only in the heated oil. The formation of malondialdehyde was observed in all the samples, being higher in the heated oil, followed by the one used in the frying process. The antioxidant capacity was significantly lower in the heated samples. It concluded that the thermal treatments to which the coconut oil was subjected, were able to modify its physicochemical and oxidative characteristics. Considering the possible damages associated with the oils and degraded fats consumption, we discourage the use of coconut oil subjected to high temperatures. We emphasize the importance of the creation of specific methodologies for quality evaluation of oils and fats submitted to the heating, which allows a better control of nutritional and sensorial aspects of the oils destined for consumption.

Efficacy of Virgin Coconut Oil supplemented-milk feeding in augmenting weight gain among very low birth weight preterm infants: A meta-analysis

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>BACKGROUND:</strong> Nutritional status is crucial in neonatal survival, especially among the Very Low Birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants. They have low nutrient reserves with increased metabolic needs and immature gut system. Several studies have proven the efficacy of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as a good source of calories among pre-term infants. However, such is not commercially available. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has the most concentrated content of MCT's, hence a possible source of MCT.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVES:</strong> This review aims to determine the efficacy of VCO-supplementation to milk feeding in augmenting weight gain among very low birth weight preterm infants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>METHODS:</strong> Pubmed (1975-September 2016), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, September 2016), HERDIN (1966 -September 2016), Google Scholar (September 2016), and https://clinicaltrials.gov (last searched September 2016) were thoroughly searched. Manual search in reference and citation lists of the eligible studies and list of abstracts from the Philippine Pediatric Society was also reviewed. Only randomized controlled trials comparing VCO-supplemented milk versus standard care in weight gain among very low birth weight preterm infants were included. The author reviewed each study's quality and extracted data on weight gain. Weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Risk of biases among studies were also evaluated.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Three randomized controlled trials involving 290 infants were included. All trials were of good quality with relatively low heterogeneity (39%), and low risk of biases. Overall, infants receiving VCO-supplemented milk feeding had statistically significant weight gain compared to those given non-fortified milk (mean difference 5.31, 95% CI: 3.83 to 11.93).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Virgin coconut oil is effective in augmenting weight gain among very low birth weight preterm infants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>RECOMMENDATIONS:</strong> Small trials were used in this review, and a single multicenter randomized controlled trial would be ideal to further establish these findings.</p>