Burden of ocular morbidities and color blindness among school-attending children in a foothill town of Uttarakhand State

Purpose: To estimate prevalence of common ocular morbidities including color blindness among school?attending children of an urban foothill town of Uttarakhand State in Northern India. Methods: A cross?sectional study was conducted among school?going children of age group 6–16 years of standard I– XII. Schools were selected using population proportionate to the size sampling technique. Detailed ocular examination including color vision and unaided or aided visual acuity for various ocular morbidities was done. Data was entered into MS excel with statistical analysis using SPSS version 23 with significant P value <0.05. Results: In total, 13,492 students (mean age 10.9 ± 2.7 years) with almost equal male to female ratio were screened. Overall prevalence of ocular morbidity was 23.2%, with refractive error (18.5%) on top, followed by color blindness (2.2%). The later was observed more among males (3.0%) as compared to females (1.4%) with significantly higher odds, OR = 2.3 (1.7–2.9) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Refractive error has been the most common ocular morbidity, followed by color blindness. Earliest detection can prevent permanent disability and disappointment among youngsters when rejected from entering certain professions due to color vision defect

Studies on pathogenesis and gene therapy of red-green color blindness / 中华实验眼科杂志

Red-green color blindness is the most common form of colour blindness.Traditional treatment options such as tinted lenses do not cure color blindness completely.With the rapid development of gene diagnostic and managing technology,gene therapy has been applied to inherited retinal diseases widely.The genetic treatment of Leber congenital amaurosis has entered clinical trail and shown the remarkable success in safety and efficacy.In recent years,gene therapy has finally reached a milestone to convert adult male squirrel monkeys with red-green color blindness to trichromats.It heralds the bright prospects of gene therapy applied in human red green color blindness.This article briefly reviewed the recent preclinical research achievements of pathogenesis and gene therapy for redgreen color blindnes.

Advance in recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated gene therapy for color blindness / 中华实验眼科杂志

Color blindness represents a group of vision disorders characterized by lack of ability to distinguish different colors.The inherited color blindness has been regarded as incurable for a long period of time.Recently,adeno-associated virus(AAV) mediated gene therapy has successfully restored cone system vision in animal models with color blindness caused by different gene mutations.These mutations are presented in human color blindness patients.It is predicted that gene therapy will become a novel treatment for these color blindness victims.In addition,a single gene transfer may achieve long-term correction of color deficiency.

Recollections of J.B.S. Haldane, with special reference to Human Genetics in India.

This paper is a brief account of the scientific work of J.B.S. Haldane (1892–1964), with special reference to early research in Human Genetics. Brief descriptions of Haldane's background, his important contributions to the foundations of human genetics, his move to India from Great Britain and the research carried out in Human Genetics in India under his direction are outlined. Population genetic research on Y-linkage in man, inbreeding, color blindness and other aspects are described.

Prevalence of refraction errors and color blindness in heavy vehicle drivers / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To investigate the frequency of eye disorders in heavy vehicle drivers.METHODS:A cross-sectional type study was conducted between November 2004 and September 2006 in 200 drivers and 200 non-driver persons.A complete ophthalmologic examination was performed,including visual acuity and dilated examination of the posterior segment.We used the auto refractometer for determining refractive errors.RESULTS:According to eye examination results,the prevalence of the refractive errors was 21.5% and 31.3% in study and control groups respectively (P<0.05).The most common type of refraction errors in the study group was myopic astigmatism (8.3%) while in the control group simple myopia(12.8%).Prevalence of dyschromatopsia in the drivers,control group and total group was 2.2%,2 8% and 2.6% respectively.CONCLUSION:A considerably high number of drivers are in lack of optimal visual acuity.Refraction errors in drivers may impair the traffic security.

Color Blindness In Dental Students And Staff- An Obstacle In Shade Selection For Restorations .

Dentists having defective color vision may be unaware of their defect or may have problems in perceiving color as normal vision dentists do. People who are "color vision defective" tend to be missing some of the color-sensitive cones, so these colors will appear darker. The aim of the present study is to 1. estimate the number of dental students/ personnel having problems in color discrimination based on a color blindness test 2. To refer the students/ personnel to a specialist for confirmative diagnosis. 3. To provide alternate options for shade selection to the same. Dental students, dental teachers and dental technicians/ dental auxiliaries were randomly selected for the study, with a sample size of 400 with age range of 17 to 35 out of which 200 were males and 200 females. An Ishihara color blindness test (numbers made up of color dots) was conducted to screen the dental personnel for color defective vision in the same room and in the same light source. 5% of the male and 0% of female dental personnel/ students were found to be color vision defective. Counseling to such students and personnel required to take assistance in appointments of shade selection / matching.

Color vision deficiency of three sisters in the same family / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To evaluate genetic characteristics of congenital color vision deficiency of our medical student and her family subjects for establishing the mode of inheritance.· METHODS: Ishihara Pseudo-isochromatic Plate Test (IPPT)was used for determining the color vision deficiency and Farnsworth 100 Hue test (F100HT) was done for evaluating the type of color vision deficiency. Family pedigree was established for the color blindness, ophthalmologic examinations and genetic studies were done. Genetic counseling was given to her family.· RESULTS: Ocular examination revealed best correction bilateral visual acuity of 20/20 in both eyes, with myopic correction (-2.0D). Slit-lamp examination and intraocular pressure measurement were within normal limits and funduscopy revealed normal optic nerve, macula and retinal periphery. All other external ocular assessment and neurological examinations were normal. Proband's sisters and her parents' ophthalmic examinations were also normal. The error scores of three sisters and their father were found 19-20/25 in IPPT. The results were consistent as deutran of red-green color blindness. The chromosome analyses and ovarian cycles were both normal.· CONCLUSION: According to her family pedigree, her color blindness was due to X-linked recessive penetrance mode of inheritance.

Color blindness: forensic perspective.

Color vision deficiency is a condition in which certain colors can not be distinguished, and is most commonly due to an inherited condition. Being color blind does keep one from performing certain jobs and makes other difficult. Compared to persons with normal color vision, they have some trouble differentiating between certain colors, but the severity of the color deficiency is variable. Color blindness is normally diagnosed through clinical testing- Ishihara color test is one of the most common tests used. It is mainly useful for quick screening. From a practical stand point though, many protanomalous and deteranomalous people breeze through life with very little difficulty doing tasks that require normal color vision but in some professions a normal color vision is a necessary requisite. This article focuses on the forensic perspective of abnormal color vision and future research and guidelines for assessing an individual for colour vision.