Effects of Aloe Vera Biodiesel Blends with TiO2 on the Emission and Performance Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine

Concerns about the effect of activities that need the use of alternative fuels, as well as a growth in demand for clean energy, have made biofuels research more well-known, and so began the search for oilseed plants that can be used to make biodiesel. Present research was carried out the aloe vera oil is used as a biodiesel in diesel engine. Because aloe vera oil having higher calorific value compare to other sources. Potassium hydroxide catalyst was used for transesterification process, which has lesser cost and more availability. And also, in this work conducted diesel engine experiments using four different biodiesel blends (B20, B40, B60, B100) and diesel fuel. Additionally, to reduce the emission nano particles (TiO2) was blended with optimal biodiesel blend (B20). The performance and emission characteristics were conducted with different biodiesel blends. In this blends, B20+ TiO2 blend gives good performance and reduction in emissions compared to other biodiesel blends.

The Impact of Vehicular Emission on Erythrocyte Level and Red Cell Indices of Occupationally Exposed Subjects in a Given City

Background: The association of combustive emission has been inter-related with haematologic parameters and a likelihoodto pro-inflammatory state. This research is aimed at assessing the impact of vehicular emission on erythrocyte level and red cell indices of occupationally exposed subjects.Methods:The level of haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, red blood cells, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width were determined in four hundred subjects with the aid of Mythic 22 haematology autoanalyser.Results:The comparison of the haemoglobin and haematocrit shows that the value of mean ± standard error value of generator exposed and mechanics respectively were significantly higher than the other groups (p< 0.03). On the otherhand, the red blood cell count for generator exposed and mechanics ranked higherthan the other groups (p< 0.03). The mean cell volume (MCV) of generator exposed and mechanics were 86.57±0.08 fl and 84.49±1.04 fl respectively while control and drivers had values of 93.24±1.13 fl and 93.22±1.13 fl respectively (p< 0.03). The mechanics recorded a mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) of 26.92±0.40 pg which was significantly lower (p< 0.04) than the control (30.37±0.47 pg), generator exposed (39.68±6.38 pg) and drivers (30.42±0.47 pg). Conclusion:The differences amongst the groups and none of the groups were within the medically acceptable ranges which is a pointer to the fact that there might be an underlying inflammatory condition which might be due to occupational exposure

Green Combustion Synthesis of CeO2 and TiO2 Nanoparticles Doped with Same Oxide Materials of ZrO2: Investigation of in vitro Assay with Antibiotic Resistant Bacterium (ARB) and Anticancer Effect

This article reports the synthesis, characteristics and biomedical applications of CeO2-ZrO2 and TiO2-ZrO2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are synthesized by Green combustion method. Aloe Vera, dates and pomegranate extracts are used as mediators to avoid toxicity instead of chemical reagents. Hence it is biocompatible, non-toxic and avoiding adverse effect in biomedical applications. The nanoparticles are characterized by XRD to confirm the physical structure. The FTIR, Raman and SEM with EDAX analyses the chemical composition and their morphology. The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles is assayed by well diffusion method against the bacterial pathogens of Stephylococcusaureus, Shigillaflexneri and Bacillus sp. The anticancer effect of the nanoparticles is investigated on A549 cell line by In Vitro assay. The conceivable purpose is the hydroxyl radicals which are easily produced by oxidizing more hydroxide ions in alkaline solution. Thus the competence of the development is rationally improved at pH is 9.

Intoxicación por monóxido de carbono / Carbon monoxide poisoning

Introducción: A nivel mundial, existe un incremento de las intoxicaciones por monóxido de carbono recibidas en los servicios de urgencia. En Cuba no es frecuente este tipo de intoxicación y existe desconocimiento para su diagnóstico precoz. El monóxido de carbono es un gas inodoro, incoloro, no irritante a las mucosas y altamente tóxico para el hombre. Es un contaminante de la atmósfera terrestre y el agente causal más frecuente de la intoxicación por gases. Objetivo: Describir la intoxicación por monóxido de carbono en un paciente atendido en el Hospital Militar;Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas, Cuba. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 19 años de edad que inhala en un área cerrada, de forma accidental, los gases de la combustión de un vehículo durante 30 minutos. Permaneció en el lugar de la exposición sin medios de protección individual por un período de tres horas y comenzó con síntomas correspondientes a una intoxicación moderada por monóxido de carbono. Ingresó en la sala de cuidados intermedios para tratamiento. Conclusiones: El paciente tuvo una evolución favorable, tratado con oxígeno normobárico e hiperbárico(AU)

Introduction: Worldwide, there is an increase in poisonings by carbon monoxide received in emergency services. In Cuba this type of intoxication is not frequent and there is ignorance for its early diagnosis. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless gas, not irritating to mucous membranes and highly toxic to man. It is a pollutant of the Earth's atmosphere and the most frequent causative agent of gas poisoning. Objective: To describe carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient treated at the Military Hospital Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy from Matanzas, Cuba. Clinical case: A 19-year-old male patient inhaled in a closed area, accidentally, the combustion gases of a vehicle for 30 minutes. He remained in the place of exposure without means of individual protection for a period of three hours and began with symptoms corresponding to moderate intoxication by carbon monoxide. He was admitted at intermediate care ward for treatment. Conclusions: The patient had a favorable evolution, treated with normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen(AU)

Intoxicación por monóxido de carbono. Presentación de un caso / Carbon monoxide intoxication. Case presentation

RESUMEN Este caso se corresponde con un paciente de 19 años, masculino, que durante su trabajo en una construcción soterrada inhaló de forma accidental los gases de la combustión del vehículo con que trabajaba. Está acción se prolongó por aproximadamente 30 min y luego permaneció en el lugar durante 3 h sin medios de protección individual. Esto trajo como resultados la aparición de síntomas correspondientes a una intoxicación moderada por monóxido de carbono, por tal motivo fue ingresado en una institución hospitalaria para recibir tratamiento (AU).

ABSTRACT This is the case of a male patient, aged 19 years, who accidentally inhaled the combustion gases of the vehicle he worked with during his work in an underground construction. This action lasted for around 30 minutes, and after that he stayed in the place for three hours without individual protection devices. It resulted in the onset of symptoms of moderated carbon monoxide intoxication. That was the motivation of admitting him in the hospital for treatment (AU).

Estudio de la estabilidad de fases en el sistema Zn - Cr - O a partir de síntesis por combustión en solución / Study on phase stability in the Zn - Cr - O system from synthesis by combustion in solution / Estudo da estabilidade de fases no sistema Zn 一 Cr 一 O a partir de síntese por combustão em solução

Resumen Introducción. Los compuestos con metales de transición en su estructura generan enorme interés por sus propiedades físicas, las más destacadas de las cuales son las magnéticas y las eléctricas. La espinela ZnCr2O4 se ha caracterizado por sus potenciales usos como fotocatalizador y como material empleado para censar CO2, lo cual actualmente es de gran relevancia, y ha motivado conocer nuevos métodos para su obtención y para la justificación de estudios que permitan entender las características termodinámicas para su formación. Objetivo. Estudiar la estabilidad de la fase ZnCr2O4 con la coexistencia de fases secundarias formadas mediante tratamientos térmicos. Materiales y métodos. A partir de la homogeneización de glicina y nitratos (cinc y cromo), se sintetizó por combustión en solución un compuesto amorfo, el cual tras tratamientos térmicos (750, 850 y 950 °C) presentó ordenamiento cristalino. Resultados. Luego de la obtención del compuesto se evaluó la morfología de los polvos empleando microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) y evaluando su composición (EDS). Se determinó presencia de material orgánico, se realizó caracterización térmica (TGA y DSC) para definir la temperatura de formación de fases, para luego evaluar y comparar las estructuras mediante difracción de rayos X (DRX), y mediante simulaciones en el programa FactSage( se compararon resultados para verificar el equilibrio de las fases. Conclusión. A través del método de combustión en solución se obtiene una estructura no cristalina conformada por Zn, Cr y O, confirmándose la presencia de C asociado al componente orgánico luego de la combustión.

Abstract Introduction. Compounds with transition metals in their structure generate great interest due to their physical properties, especially their magnetic and electric ones. The spinel ZnCr2O4 has been characterized by its potential uses as photocatalyst and as CO2, sensing material, which has current relevance and has motivated to learn about new methods for obtaining it and for justifying studies that allow to understand the thermodynamic characteristics for its formation. Objective. Study phase stability ZnCr2O4 with the coexistence of secondary phases formed through thermal treatments. Materials and methods. From the homogenization of glycine and nitrates (zinc and chrome), an amorphous compound was synthetized by combustion in solution. After thermal treatments (750, 850 and 950 °C), the compound presented crystalline ordering. Results. After obtaining the compound, the morphology of the powders was evaluated through scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and their composition was also evaluated (EDS). The presence of organic material was determined and a thermal characterization was made (TGA and DSC) to define the phase formation temperature. Next, the structures were evaluated and compared through X-ray diffraction (XRD). Using simulations in the FactSage( software the results were compared to verify phase equilibrium. Conclusion. Through the solution combustion method, a non-crystalline structure is obtained, formed by Zn, Cr and O, confirming the presence of C associated to the organic component after combustion.

Resumo Introdução. Os compostos com metais de transição na sua estrutura geram enorme interesse por suas propriedades físicas, as mais destacadas das quais são as magnéticas e as elétricas. A espinela ZnCr2O4 se ha caracterizado por seus potenciais usos como fotocatalizador e como material empregado para fazer CO2, o qual atualmente é de grande relevância, e há motivado conhecer novos métodos para sua obtenção e para a justificação de estudos que permitam entender as características termodinâmicas para sua formação. Objetivo. Estudar a estabilidade da fase ZnCr2O4 com a coexistência de fases secundárias formadas mediante tratamentos térmicos. Materiais e métodos. A partir da homogeneização de glicina e nitratos (cinc e cromo), se sintetizou por combustão em solução um composto amorfo, o qual trás tratamentos térmicos (750, 850 e 950 °C) apresentou ordenamento cristalino. Resultados. Logo da obtenção do composto se avaliou a morfologia dos pós empregando microscopia eletrônica de barrido (SEM) e avaliando sua composição (EDS). Se determinou presencia de material orgânico, se realizou caracterização térmica (TGA e DSC) para definir a temperatura de formação de fases, para logo avaliar e comparar as estruturas mediante difração de raios X (DRX), e mediante simulações no programa FactSage( se compararam resultados para verificar o equilíbrio das fases. Conclusão. Através do método de combustão em solução se obtém uma estrutura não cristalina conformada por Zn, Cr y O, confirmando-se a presencia de C associado ao componente orgânico logo da combustão.

Characterization of Turkish honeys regarding of physicochemical properties, and their adulteration analysis

Abstract This work was conducted to evaluate the quality of 54 honey samples from eighteen different origins from Turkey. Physicochemical properties were examined according to AOAC methods, total phenolic and flavonoid contents by a spectrophotometric method and authenticity of honeys by Combustion Module - Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CM-CRDS). The microscopic analysis of honey sediment (mellissopalynology) was carried out to identify and count the pollen to provide qualitative indicators to confirm botanical origin. The moisture, electrical conductivity and free acidity of honeys ranged from 15.56 to 18.39%, 0.143 to 2.006 mS.cm-1, 16.05 meq.kg-1 and 34.10 meq.kg-1, respectively. Diastase activity of sideritis honey was found highest. Honeys showed HMF level below 40 mg.kg-1. The highest proline was determined in thyme honey. The results showed that honeys contained eminent amounts of phenolics and flavonoids. δ13C values of honeys were more negative than -23.5‰. The C4% sugar ratios were lower than 7% value. The lowest glucose-fructose content was observed in eucalyptus, cedar and pine honey samples. The results obtained for physicochemical characteristics, total phenolic and flavonoid contents an authenticity analysis of Turkish honeys indicate a good quality level, adequate processing, good maturity and freshness. The discrimination between honey types was achieved by PCA.

Parkinson's Disease among Firefighters : A Focused Review on the Potential Effects of Exposure to Toxic Chemicals at the Fire Scene

Previous studies have found that firefighters have a tenfold higher prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) compare to the general population. Firefighters are constantly exposed to various occupational hazards including toxic chemicals of fire residue and the toxic chemicals can effects development and progression of PD. Nevertheless, there were no studies about the association between exposure to chemical byproducts of combustion and the development of PD among firefighters. Thus the aim of this study is to look into existing researches regarding the effect of chemical byproducts of combustion on the development of PD. An extensive literature search was conducted to identify harmful chemical components of smoke and fire residue, using the PubMed database during November of 2016. We searched for relevant articles by combining several keywords that contained “Parkinson's disease” and each of the different toxic chemicals, yielding a total of 1401 articles. After applying the selection criteria, 12 articles were chosen. Chemical substances reported to have a harmful effect on PD, in at least one article, were carbon monoxide, toluene, manganese and lead. Carbon monoxide and metal substances including manganese and lead were found to be associated with an increased PD risk in more than two articles. There was a heightened risk of PD in firefighters due to exposure of chemical byproducts of combustion including carbon monoxide, toluene, man-ganese and lead. However, to the best of our knowledge, to support this result we need more systematic epidemiological studies about these risk factors of PD among firefighters. In addition, further studies for the effects of prolonged exposure to toxic fire residue on the development and progression of PD in firefighters are needed.

Effects of different processing methods on content of crude protein and hydrolytic amino acids in Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum / 中草药

Objective: To compare the contents of protein and amino acids in different parts of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum (CCP) with different processing methods, in order to provide a guidance for the processing and comprehensive utilization of CCP. Methods: The techniques of Dumas combustion and cation-exchange chromatography were respectively adopted to determinate the contents of crude protein and 17 amino acids in different parts of CCP with different processing methods, and the difference was compared. Results: The content of crude protein in powder slices of CCP with blood was higher than that of CCP with blood (P 0.05). The crude protein content in wax slices of CCP with freeze-drying processing was less than that with boiling processing (P 0.05). The content of crude protein and TAA in wax slices of CCP is both significantly higher than that in powder slices, bee slices (P 0.05). Conclusio:n The difference is existed in content of crude protein and amino acids in CCP with different processing methods. The wax silices of CCP are significantly higher than that of powder slices and bee slices. And the difference in powder slices and bee slices is not significantly. The distribution of crude protein and TAA in different parts of CCP with freeze-drying processing is more uniform than CCP with boiling processing.

Stable Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Amino Acids by Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for High-Resolution Trophic Level Estimation / 分析化学

The analysis of stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15 N) of individual amino acid was recognized as an effective method for estimating the trophic level of organisms and detecting the nitrogen flow in food webs. In this study, we evaluated a two-stage procedure of esterification followed by acylation, in which biological samples underwent hydrolysis in acid and the released individual amino acids were derivative into the corresponding N-pivaloyl-iso-propyl ( NPP ) esters for gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometric ( GC-C-IRMS) analysis. A total of 13 kinds of individual amino acid derivatives were baseline separated on a nonpolar gas chromatography column (DB-5ms). The amount of sample for each test was not less than 20 ng N on column. High correlations were observed between the δ15 N values respectively obtained by GC-C-IRMS and element analysis-isotope ration mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). Furthermore, the mean precision of this method was better than 1‰. Cation-exchange chromatograph was used to purify the samples, and the difference of the detection δ15 N values before and after purification by the resin was within 1‰. This method was applied to estimate the trophic level of various natural freshwater organisms from Aha Lake. The present study provided a new idea for the application of stable nitrogen isotope (δ15 N ) in the trophic level estimation of organisms and metabolism analysis of amino acid.

Experimental Study on the Changing Rules of Coal Fire Indictor Gases of the Whole Combustion Phases in Confined Space

ABSTRACT When the coal mine fire occurs, it is crucial to judge the fire combustion state by analyzing indicator gases concentration and changing trends of various gas ratios in order to formulate proper rescue measures. It's an effective methodology to estimate the changes of combustion state in coal mine fire accurately by the trends analysis of indicator gases and gas ratios independent of the external environment disturbs, such as air leakage and inner gases injection. However, there are few experimental researches about the changing rules of indicator gases and gas ratios at different combustion phases at present. Therefore, this paper has established a small-sized coal combustion experimental platform in confined space, on which the experimental studies on variation trends about indicator gases and gas ratios of the whole combustion phases are conducted. The experiment results have shown that the coal combustion trends could be accurately estimated by analyzing the relationship between indicator gases and gas ratios among different combustion phases. In the end of this paper, the conclusions are verified by a real coal mine fire disaster relief case, and the practical results are in agreement with the experimental analysis.

The Cellular Toxicity of PM2.5 Emitted from Coal Combustion in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between different components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from coal combustion and their cytotoxic effect in the vascular endothelial cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Coal-fired PM(2.5) was sampled using a fixed-source dilution channel and flow sampler. The sample components were analyzed by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The PM(2.5) suspension was extracted using an ultrasonic water-bath method and then human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were treated with various concentrations of the PM(2.5) suspension. Cell proliferation, oxidative DNA damage, and global DNA methylation levels were used to measure the cellular toxicity of PM(2.5) emitted from coal combustion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to other types of coal-fired PM(2.5) preparations, the PM2.5 suspension from Yinchuan coal had the highest cytotoxicity. PM(2.5) suspension from Datong coal had the highest toxic effect while that from Yinchuan coal had the lowest. Exposure to coal-fired PM(2.5) from Jingxi coal resulted in lower 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. At the same dose, PM(2.5) emitted from coal combustion could produce more severe DNA impairment compared to that produced by carbon black. Cell survival rate was negatively correlated with chloride and potassium ions content. The 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) level was positively correlated with Mn and negatively correlated with Zn levels. The 8 OHdG% level was positively correlated with both Mn and Fe.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PM(2.5) emitted from coal combustion can decrease cell viability, increase global DNA methylation, and cause oxidative DNA damage in EA.hy926 cells. Metal components may be important factors that influence cellular toxicity.</p>

Fast Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Tea Samples by ICP-MS with Modified Oxygen Flask Combustion / 分析化学

A new method for accurate determination of 15 rare earth elements including Y-Lu in tea samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) was proposed. Sample preparation was based on the modified oxygen flask combustion technique. By using quartz cloth coated with glycerol instead of filter paper as the ignition agent, a total amount of 0. 1 g sample could be completely burned in a 500-mL flask. Key factors affecting the sample preparation effect were systematically investigated, and it was found that the extraction efficiencies of over 90% for all the analytes could be realized with 5 mL of 4% HNO3+1% HF ( V/V) as the extractant for the combustion residue and the total extraction process could be finished in one minute under sonication, which resulted in a very fast sample preparation procedure that could be completed in less than 3 minutes. The relative standard deviations ( RSD) of six parallel determination values were between 2. 7% and 5. 5%, and the detection limits ranged from 0. 001 mg/kg to 0. 006 mg/kg. Three tea standard reference materials were analyzed with the method and the detection results agreed well with the standard values. The method was successfully applied to three real samples analysis.

Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Five Volatile Components in Wine and Its Application in Geographical Origin Traceability / 分析化学

A method was developed for analyzing the stable carbon isotope ratio of five volatile components ( Ethanol, Glycerol, Acetic acid, Ethyl lactate, 2-methyl-butanol ) in wine using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometer ( GC-C-IRMS ) . The sample injection volume was less than 0. 5 μL, and the analytical time of each run was less than 14 min. The precision of this method was 0. 08‰-0. 25‰ for analyzing standards, while 0. 09‰-0. 36‰ for wine samples. Compared to element analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry ( EA-IRMS) results, the deviations were lower than 0. 5‰. Fifty-four wine samples from France, Australia, America and China were considered. The δ13 C of five volatile components were measured using GC-C-IRMS. Discriminant analysis ( DA) was employed for analyzing the geographical origin traceability of selected wine. The result indicated that δ13 C of volatile components could be used to distinguish the origin of wines. The method was shown to be effective in improving detection of the origin traceability of wine.

Relationship between pulmonary function and indoor air pollution from coal combustion among adult residents in an inner-city area of southwest China

Few studies evaluate the amount of particulate matter less than 2.5 mm in diameter (PM2.5) in relation to a change in lung function among adults in a population. The aim of this study was to assess the association of coal as a domestic energy source to pulmonary function in an adult population in inner-city areas of Zunyi city in China where coal use is common. In a cross-sectional study of 104 households, pulmonary function measurements were assessed and compared in 110 coal users and 121 non-coal users (≥18 years old) who were all nonsmokers. Several sociodemographic factors were assessed by questionnaire, and ventilatory function measurements including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were compared between the 2 groups. The amount of PM2.5 was also measured in all residences. There was a significant increase in the relative concentration of PM2.5 in the indoor kitchens and living rooms of the coal-exposed group compared to the non-coal-exposed group. In multivariate analysis, current exposure to coal smoke was associated with a 31.7% decrease in FVC, a 42.0% decrease in FEV1, a 7.46% decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio, and a 23.1% decrease in PEFR in adult residents. The slope of lung function decrease for Chinese adults is approximately a 2-L decrease in FVC, a 3-L decrease in FEV1, and an 8 L/s decrease in PEFR per count per minute of PM2.5 exposure. These results demonstrate the harmful effects of indoor air pollution from coal smoke on the lung function of adult residents and emphasize the need for public health efforts to decrease exposure to coal smoke.

El conocimiento de la respiración animal como un fenómeno de combustión / The knowledge of animal respiration as a combustion phenomenon

Las diferentes etapas del largo camino hacia el conocimiento de la esencia del fenómeno de la respiración animal van desde algunos escritos del Corpus Hippocraticum y obras de Aristóteles y Galeno, quienes consideraban el corazón como fuente del calor animal, hasta autores de la edad moderna. Miguel Servet ya había planteado que el aire inspirado podía tener otras funciones además de la de enfriar la sangre. Más tarde se plantearon diferentes formas de explicación del carácter del fenómeno de la respiración animal. Hacia 1770, gracias al progreso de los conocimientos en el campo de la química, se empezó a considerar por Mayow, y después por Black, la respiración como un fenómeno de combustión. El importante tratado Méthode de nomenclature chimique, publicado en 1787 por Guyton de Morveau et al., y poco después el Traité élémentaire de chimie de A.L. Lavoisier (1789), proporcionaron un sólido sustento al pensamiento del propio Lavoisier. Así se llegó a estimar como análogos los fenómenos de respiración y de la combustión. En el siglo XIX se prosiguieron las investigaciones acerca de la respiración animal, y en el siglo siguiente ha sido posible aplicar principios de termodinámica a la biología: «termodinámica generalizada¼.

The different stages leading to knowledge of the phenomenon of animal breathing are going from some writings in Corpus Hippocraticum to Aristoteles' and Galen's works, who considered the heart as the source of the animal heat. Later, Miguel Servet suggested that the inspired air can achieve other functions besides cooling the blood. After that, different explications of the animal heat were raised. About 1770, due to progress of knowledge in the chemistry field, first Mayow and later Black began to consider the animal respiration as a combustion. The important treatise Méthode de nomenclature chimique, published by Guyton de Morveau et al. in 1787 and soon after the Traité élémentaire de chimie de Lavoisier (1789) provided a solid support to Lavoisier's thought. This way on arrived to consider analogous the respiration and combustion phenomena. Studies on the animal respiration phenomenon continued in XIX century and in the following century it was possible to apply thermodynamic principles to biology: "generalized thermodynamics".

Anaerobic culture on growth efficient bi-layered culture plate in a modified candle jar using a rapid and slow combustion system.

Success for maximum isolation of anaerobes depends on maintaining critically low oxygen levels throughout and growth in a reduced medium with exclusion of inhibitory substances. Hence a dual system was used equipped with candle combustion for instant exhaustion of major part of oxygen from a sealed jar, along with acidified steel wool for residual oxygen purging. For inhibitory substances removal, test anaerobes were grown on anaerobic medium layered on buffer charcoal agar bed. After 48 hours incubation average colony sizes were compared with that of growths in conventional Gas-Pak system. Better growths were noted in the innovative system.

Multiple chemical sensitivity caused by exposure to ignition coal fumes: a case report

BACKGROUND: Although multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a well-known disorder caused by environmental exposures, MCS caused by occupational exposure has been reported in Korea. Therefore, we report a MCS case caused by environmental exposure to ignition coal after a differential diagnosis to exclude other diseases. CASE REPORT: Since 2011, a 55-year-old woman had experienced edema, myalgia, and other symptoms when she smelled ignition coal near her workplace. She had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome(FMS) and was treated, with no improvement of symptoms. Since then, she showed the same symptoms after exposure to city gas, the smell of burning, and exhaust gas. To avoid triggering substances, she moved to a new house and used an air purifier. She quit her job in November 2012. After visiting our hospital, she underwent a differential diagnosis for FMS, chronic fatigue syndrome, and somatization disorder. She was diagnosed with MCS by the Korean version of the Quick Environment Exposure Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI). She was educated about the disease and to avoid triggering substances. She received ongoing treatment for her symptoms. CONCLUSION: This case showed that symptoms began after smelling ignition coal. After that, her triggers was increased such as the smell of city gas, burning, and exhaust gas. This case is the first reported in Korea of MCS due to environmental exposure after ruling out other diseases.

A pre-treatment device designed for tritium analysis in biological samples / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To design a new pre-treatment device and to evaluate its efficiency in order to monitor the tritium levels in biological samples.Methods The detection efficiency of tritium was determined with standard tritiated water.Recovery of tritiated water and organically bound tritium (OBT) were detected with high, medium and low activities of standard tritiated water and 3H-TdR (tritiated thymidine), respectively.Comparison of three kinds of biological samples using different pre-treatment devices was shown.Results The standard curve can be used in environmental tritium measurement and the detection efficiency for tritium was 23.3%.When 40.0 g rice with standard HTO or 3H-TdR was pretreated with this device, the average recovery of HTO and OBT was about 95.4% , which showed good reproducibility.The comparison results were similar.Conclusions The pre-treatment device can be used to survey the OBT in environmental biological samples.

Captura de co2 eediante transportadores sólidos de xíígeno / Co2 cpture by chhemical looping combustion / Captação deco2 aa través de transportadores sólidos de oxigênio

La evaluación de transportadores de oxígeno (TO), basados en CuO y NiO sobre Al2O3 y preparados por impregnación, se llevó a cabo en una planta piloto de dos lechos fluidizados interconectados de 500 Wte, donde se utilizaron tanto metano como gas de síntesis como gas combustible. Además, se estudió el efecto de diferentes impurezas presentes en el gas combustible como azufre o hidrocarburos ligeros en la eficacia de combustión del proceso y en el comportamiento de los TO. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que ambos TO son adecuados para la captura de CO2 mediante transportadores sólidos de oxígeno en el proceso de combustión de metano, gas de síntesis o metano con impurezas como hidrocarburos ligeros o azufre en el gas.

NiO and CuO based oxygen carriers (OCs) supported on Al2O3 prepared by impregnation were selected for its evaluation in a continuous pilot plant of 500 Wth of two interconnected fluidized beds, where both methane and syngas were used as fuel gas. In addition, the effect of possible impurities in the fuel gas such as sulphur compounds and other hydrocarbons in the combustion efficiency of the process and the behaviour of the OCs were studied. Based on these results, it can be concluded that both OCs are suitable for a chemical looping combustion (CLC) process with methane, syngas and methane with impurities such as light hydrocarbons or sulphur.

A avaliação das transportadoras de oxigênio (TOs), baseados em CuO e NiO sobre Al2O3 e preparados por impregnação, foi testada em uma planta piloto de dois leitos fluidizados de 500 Wte interligados, utilizando-se o metano como gás de síntese e como combustível. Além disso, foi estudado o efeito de diferentes impurezas presentes no gás combustível como enxofre o hidrocarbonetos ligeros na eficiência de combustão do processo e no comportamento dos TOs. Os resultados mostraram que ambos TOs são adequados para a captura de CO2 por transportadores de oxigênio sólido no processo de combustão de metano, gás de síntese ou metano com presença de impurezas como enxofre ou hidrocarbonetos ligeros e gases.