Medical Institution's Multiple Role in the Collaborative Innovation Transformation Mode of "Industry-University-Research-Medicine" on Domestic Surgical Robots / 中国医疗器械杂志

In recent years, with the rapid development of Chinese domestic surgical robot technology and the expansion of the application market, the "industry-university-research-medicine" collaborative innovation transformation mode has gradually developed and formed. Medical institutions play an important role in multi-party cooperation with enterprises, universities, and research institutes, as well as in product planning, technology research and development, achievement transformation, and personnel training. On the basis of reviewing the current situation of the development of the "industry-university-research-medicine" collaborative innovation transformation mode of domestic surgical robots, this study explores the multiple roles played by medical institutions in this mode and challenges, further putting forward corresponding recommendations.

Evaluación tecnológica y comercial de patentes universitarias a partir de la identificación de oportunidades comerciales en transferencia de tecnología / Technological and commercial evaluation of university patents based on the identification of commercial opportunities in technology transfer

Resumen Ante la transición a universidades emprendedoras, existe la tendencia a incrementar el patentamiento, aunque sin un estudio profundo del potencial comercial, por lo que el porcentaje de los productos que lo logran es muy bajo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue diseñar una estrategia de evaluación tecnológica y comercial de patentes universitarias a partir de la identificación de oportunidades en transferencia de tecnología (TT). Para ello, se examinaron 269 solicitudes de patente de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) y de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM), de acuerdo con la Clasificación Internacional de Patentes (CIP), en un periodo de 10 años (2009-2018), mediante 4 pasos: (a) construcción de la base de datos con la herramienta del Instituto Mexicano de Propiedad Intelectual, (b) identificación de las capacidades inventivas, a través de la Organización Mundial de la Propiedad Intelectual, (c) distribución por industrias de intensidad y oportunidad de mercado tecnológico, de acuerdo con la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos, y (d) análisis del comportamiento del mercado, mediante el estudio de las 36 solicitudes del área farmacéutica de ambas universidades. Los resultados mostraron que el 68.4 % de la BUAP y 75.6 % de la UAEM presentan un posicionamiento competitivo predominante en industrias de alta y mediana-alta tecnología. La ventaja de la herramienta propuesta es que permite reconocer la oportunidad del mercado tecnológico a partir de la construcción de escenarios relacionados con el comportamiento de la CIP.

Abstract Given the transition to entrepreneurial universities, there is a tendency to increase patenting, although without a deep study of the commercial potential. Therefore, the percentage of those developments that succeed is very low. The objective of this research was to develop a strategy for the technological and commercial evaluation of university patents, based on the identification of commercial opportunities in technology transfer (TT). Patent applications from the Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP) and the Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM) were used for the study. The methodology consisted of the analysis of 269 patent applications in a period of 10 years 2009-2018, in accordance with the statistical International Patent Classification (IPC), through 4 steps: (a) construction of the patent database, with the use of the patent tool of the Mexican Institute of Intellectual Property, (b) identification of inventive capabilities, through the World Intellectual Property Organization, (c) distribution by industries of intensity and technological market opportunity, with the tool of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and (d) analysis of market behavior, through the study of the 36 applications of the pharmaceutical patent area, from both universities. The results showed that 68.4 % of BUAP and 75.6 % of UAEM reflected a predominantly competitive positioning in high technology and medium-high technology industries. The advantage of the proposed tool is that it allows the recognition of the technological market opportunity based on the construction of scenarios related to the IPC behavior.

Associação entre padrão de publicidade e alimento ultraprocessado em pequenos mercados / Association between advertising patterns and ultra-processed food in small markets

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar os apelos publicitários presentes no ambiente alimentar para comercializar alimentos ultraprocessados e analisar o perfil nutricional desses alimentos segundo critérios da OPAS e presença de aditivos alimentares. Estudo transversal, com dados auditados em 20 pequenos supermercados de São Paulo. O protocolo INFORMAS foi utilizado para classificar as mensagens publicitárias. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo a NOVA. O perfil nutricional da OPAS foi utilizado para classificar os alimentos elevados em nutrientes críticos. Os padrões de publicidade foram identificados por análise fatorial. A associação entre os padrões e os grupos de alimentos foi investigada por regressão linear. Mais de 95% dos alimentos ultraprocessados tinham pelo menos um nutriente crítico em excesso. Verificou-se associação positiva entre o padrão nova marca, divertido e vantajoso com salgadinhos, produtos pré-prontos, lácteos e biscoitos, e entre o padrão nova marca e uso sugerido com lácteos. A padronização da publicidade de alimentos nos pequenos comércios varejistas está associada à oferta de salgadinhos, produtos lácteos, alimentos pré-prontos e biscoitos, produtos que excedem em nutrientes críticos.

Abstract This article aims to characterize the advertising appeals present in the food environment to market ultra-processed foods and to analyze the nutritional profile of these foods according to PAHO criteria and the presence of food additives. Cross-sectional study, with data audited in 20 small supermarkets in São Paulo. The INFORMAS protocol was used to classify the advertising messages. The foods were classified according to NOVA. The PAHO profile model was used to classify foods high in critical nutrients. Advertising patterns were identified by factor analysis. The association between patterns and food groups was investigated by linear regression. More than 95% of the ultraprocessed foods had at least 1 critical nutrient in excess. There was a positive association between the new brand, fun and advantageous pattern with snacks, ready-made products, dairy products and cookies; between the new brand and suggested use pattern with dairy products. The standardization of food advertising in small retail stores is associated with offering snacks, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and cookies, products that exceed critical nutrients.

Promotion of technological development and determination of biotechnology trends in five selected Latin American countries: an analysis based on PCT patent applications

Background: Science and technology are two desirable elements for the economic and social development of a country. Biotechnology has a particularly important potential for economic development. Nevertheless, patent production in Latin America remains underdeveloped, which creates the need to analyze its trend and the efforts made to promote patent production. Therefore, the purpose of this study was, on the one hand, to determine trends in biotechnology-related PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) applications in Chile, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, and Cuba from 1999 to 2015, and, on the other hand, to determine whether there is a relationship between the gross domestic expenditure on research and experimental development as a percentage of gross domestic product (GERD/GDP) and PCT applications for biotechnological inventions from 2007 to 2015 (in this case, the period under study was limited from 2007 to 2015, due to data availability for GERD/GDP in the five selected countries). Results: The first part of this study shows that the growth in biotechnology PCT applications has been moderate and gradual and the trend was fitted to a linear model. The second set of results shows that GERD/GDP is associated with biotechnology-related PCT applications issued during the study period with a significance level of α = 0.01. Conclusions: Even though results indicate a gradual and modest progress, it is necessary that these five representative Latin American nations continue acting toward the protection of intellectual property in the area of biotechnology, especially by configuring strategies for further progress based on investments on research and development.

Del prestigio al indicador / From prestige to the indicator

Resumen Aumenta así la presión por publicar, pero en formatos definidos, estandarizados, esto, en tanto se debe publicar en revistas indexadas y sobre todo, indexadas en bases bibliográficas de impacto, este es un sistema que no escapa a la lógica capitalista monopolizadora que viene impactando directamente el quehacer investigativo universitario, el imaginario de prestigio y la construcción de conocimiento ubicado y de sentido, todo este panorama afecta por supuesto, el Ethos de la ciencia.

Abstract The pressure for publishing in defined and standardized formats mounts. This is due to the fact that articles should be published in indexed journals, but especially in impact bibliographic databases.This is a system, which cannot escape the monopolizing capitalist logic. This issue has been directly affecting the academic research endeavor, the view of prestige, and the construction of located and meaningful knowledge. All this outlook, by the way, affects the Ethos of science.

Análisis del financiamiento, comercialización y rentabilidad del cultivo del melón con enfoque de "siembras por etapas" en la Comarca Lagunera de Coahuila, México / Analysis of financing, marketing and profitability of melon with a "sowing by stages" approach in the Comarca Lagunera region of Coahuila state, Mexico

RESUMEN La Comarca Lagunera, con una participación del 25 % de la producción nacional, es la región melonera más importante del país. No obstante su importancia, se carece de estudios recientes que reflejen su situación en materia socioeconómica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la problemática a la que se enfrentan los productores de melón de la región de la Comarca Lagunera en los temas de financiamiento, comercialización y rentabilidad del cultivo, con un enfoque de siembras por etapas. Para obtener la información necesaria, se elaboró y aplicó un cuestionario a 60 productores de melón de la zona de estudio. El cuestionario estuvo integrado por 30 preguntas, divididas en cinco bloques, en los temas de aspectos técnicos del cultivo, financiamiento, costos de producción, ingresos y comercialización. En la comercialización se identificaron tres "etapas" de siembra y cosecha durante el año, siendo las fechas "tempranas" y "tardías" las que se vendieron a mejores precios, pero con mayores riesgos climatológicos y biológicos; mientras que, las "intermedias" fueron las de mayor producción y menor riesgo, pero de menor rentabilidad, al venderse a menores precios. La situación en materia de financiamiento sigue siendo una limitante para la rentabilidad de este cultivo, con créditos escasos y tasas altas. En la comercialización se encontró que se sigue dependiendo de los intermediarios. Se concluye que es necesario reforzar la organización para poder hacer una mejor planeación de las etapas de siembra y cosecha, obtener financiamientos más accesibles y con mayor cobertura, así como fortalecer la capacidad de negociación con los intermediarios.

ABSTRACT The Comarca Lagunera, with a participation of 25 % of the national production, is the most important melon region in the country. Despite its importance, recent studies reflecting its socio-economic situation are lacking. In this work, the objective was to generate information on the issues of financing, commercialization and profitability of melon cultivation with a "step by step" approach, which will serve as the basis to promote the development of this crop in the Coahuila Lagunera Region. To obtain the necessary information, a questionnaire was prepared and administered to 60 melon producers in the study area. The questionnaire was composed of 30 items, divided into five blocks, on the topics of: technical aspects of cultivation, financing, production costs, revenue and marketing. In marketing, three "stages" of planting and harvesting were identified during the year, with "early" and "late" dates being sold at better prices, but with greater climatic and biological risks; while, the "intermediaries" were those with higher production and lower risk, but with lower profitability, when sold at lower prices. The situation regarding financing continues to be a limitation for the profitability of this crop, with expensive and scarce credits. In commercialization, it was found that it continues to depend on intermediaries. It is concluded that it is necessary to reinforce the organization to be able to do a better planning of the sowing and harvesting stages, to obtain more accessible financing and with greater coverage, as well as to strengthen the negotiation capacity with the intermediaries.

The Challenges Facing in Commercial Biotechnology: Its Position in Egypt and Some African Countries

Commercialization of biotechnology can be defined as the conversion of new scientific findings, innovations and discoveries in biotechnology through successful companies and firms or the process by which a product or service in biotechnology is introduced into the general market. Many processes such as sales, production, distribution, marketing, and customer support are required to achieve commercial success. This article deals with factors affecting commercialization of biotechnology in competitive countries and position of biotechnology commercialization in many African countries, including Egypt.

Notas sobre taxonomía, biología y pesquería de Ucides occidentalis (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) con énfasis en el Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador / Notes on taxonomy, biology and fishery of Ucides occidentalis (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) with emphasis in the Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador

La información científica sobre Ucides occidentalis es escasa y parte de estos estudios no han logrado una difusión adecuada, lo cual restringe la disponibilidad de conocimiento sobre esta especie comercial. En este trabajo se revisan diversos estudios sobre U. occidentalis y se presenta información obtenida de observaciones directas realizadas entre 2011-2014 en los manglares del Golfo de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Se muestran notas sobre cambios en la taxonomía de U. occidentalis, sus características biológicas, ecológicas y pesqueras. Se discuten características del interés pesquero como la densidad poblacional y períodos de reproducción. Finalmente, se discute el manejo de las pesquerías de U. occidentalis en el Golfo de Guayaquil debido a que, en los últimos años, se ha evidenciado una disminución en los niveles de desembarques y a la vez, un aumento en la talla media comercial; aquello sugiere que se deben considerar ambos factores en la evaluación del stock, para tener una mejor aproximación sobre el estado poblacional del recurso y sus niveles de explotación.

Scientific information on Ucides occidentalis is scarce, and part of these studies have not adequate diffusion, this situation restricts the availability of knowledge about this commercial species. In this work, on the one hand, diverse studies on U. occidentalis are reviewed, and on the other, information obtained from direct observations made since 2011 to 2014 in the Gulf of Guayaquil mangroves, is presented. Notes on changes in the taxonomy of U. occidentalis, its biology, ecological and fishery characteristics are presented. Characteristics to fishing interest such as density data and reproduction periods are discussed. By last, it is discussed the management of fisheries of U. occidentalis in the Gulf of Guayaquil, because in recent decades, U. occidentalis has evidenced a decrease in the landing levels and at the same time, an increase in the average commercial size; this suggest that both factors should be considered in the evaluation of stock, and thereby to have a better approximation on the population status of the resource.

Regulation of Tissue Engineered Devices in some Latin American Countries: Development and External Influences / Reglamentación de dispositivos de ingeniería tisular en algunos países Latinoamericanos: desarrollo e influencias externas

Antecedentes: El surgimiento de estrategias de ingeniería tisular para tratar enfermedades está cambiando la definición tradicional de dispositivos médicos. Los productos de ingeniería tisular, fabricados a partir de la combinación de biomateriales, células y factores bioactivos, remplazan temporalmente un órgano o tejido e inducen la producción de nuevo tejido. Los mecanismos de reglamentación de productos de ingeniería tisular necesitan agrupar las políticas que controlan cada uno de sus componentes: materiales, células humanas y moléculas activas. Objetivo: Revisar las políticas de reglamentación actuales para dispositivos médicos (y entre estos, los productos de ingeniería tisular), en un grupo de países latinoamericanos, y evaluar la influencia que organizaciones internacionales y países con poder tecnológico mundial ejercen en las políticas locales. Métodos: Se utilizaron modelos de difusión top-down y horizontal para identificar cómo las políticas de reglamentación han llegado a Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, México y Perú. Resultados: La apropiación tecnológica empleada para clasificar los dispositivos médicos de manera integral difiere entre los países. Ninguno define el concepto productos de ingeniería tisular. Se encontró un patrón de difusión top-down asociado a las reglamentaciones empleadas. Se está aplicando una difusión horizontal como esfuerzo regional para facilitar la comercialización de productos médicos. Conclusión: El concepto de producto de ingeniería tisular está llegando lentamente a los países latinoamericanos. Cada país tiene el potencial de aprovechar las instituciones locales y las coaliciones regionales e interregionales para mejorar la regulación actual y preparar al sistema de salud para la llegada de productos de ingeniería tisular.

Background: Emergence of new technologies and advances in tissue engineering strategies to treat diseases are shifting the conventional conception of medical devices. Tissue engineered products, manufactured as a combination of biomaterials, cells, and/or bioactive factors, are intended to temporarily restore an organ or tissue function, and induce the generation of newly site-appropriate functional tissue. Regulatory pathways for tissue engineered products require grouping policies controlling each of the components: materials, human cells, and active molecules. Purpose: To review current regulatory policies for medical devices (and within this, tissue engineered products), in a subset of Latin American countries, and to analyze the influence of international organizations and technological world power countries on policies of that subset. Methods: Top-down and horizontal diffusion models were employed to identify how regulatory policies have moved to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. Results: There are differences in technological appropriation to comprehensively define and classify medical devices. None of the countries have a definition of tissue engineered products. A top-down diffusion pattern was found to be associated with the current regulations. A horizontal diffusion is being applied as a regional effort to facilitate commercialization of medical products within Latin America. Conclusion: The concept of tissue engineered products is slowly arriving into the evaluated Latin American countries. Each country has the potential to take advantage of local institutions and regional and inter-regional coalitions to improve current guidelines and prepare the health system to the introduction of tissue engineered products.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics on calves' sale price on the western border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Impacto de características fenotípicas e genotípicas no preço de venda de bezerros na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The demand for beef cattle with specific traits is evident from sales in auctions. While purchasing, buyers consider individual traits (e.g., muscularity, frame, racial composition, and weight) as predictors of quality, and adjust their bids according to their preferences. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of phenotypic and racial characteristics in determining the final sale price of calves of beef cattle in official auctions at the western border of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Five-hundred and seven lots of calves sold in calf auctions from five cities on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul were evaluated. The assignment of visual scores was based on their genetic group, frame, muscularity, and coat. Analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% significance level were performed for comparing the final average prices. Variables with the greatest impact on price were the genetic group and the size of the animals. Animals of synthetic breeds obtained higher value in the three years studied and animals without racial definition showed considerable devaluation and a decrease in supply. Larger animals had less value.

RESUMO: A busca por animais com características específicas é evidenciada na comercialização em leilões, em que, ao analisar os animais, compradores consideram as características individuais (musculosidade, frame, composição racial, peso) como preditor de qualidade e ajustam seus lances conforme suas preferências. Dessa forma, o presente estudo buscou avaliar o impacto de características fenotípicas e de padrão racial na composição do preço final de venda de bezerros comercializados em feiras oficiais na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram avaliados 507 lotes de bezerros comercializados nas feiras de terneiros de cinco municípios da região da Fronteira Oeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para a atribuição de escores visuais, considerou-se grupo genético, frame, musculosidade e pelagem dos animais. Foi realizada a análise de variância e a comparação dos preços finais médios pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. As variáveis de maior impacto no preço foram grupo genético e tamanho dos animais. Animais de raças sintéticas obtiveram valorização superior nos três anos Estudados, considerável desvalorização e queda na oferta de animais sem definição racial. Os menores valores foram atribuídos a animais de tamanho grande.

Panorama sobre a constitucionalização do direito ao esporte no Brasil / Panorama of the right to constitutionalisation sport in Brazil / Panorama sobre la constitucionalización del derecho al deporte en el Brasil

Este artigo corresponde a estudo introdutório - de caráter mais geral - sobre o conjunto das leis que normatizam o esporte brasileiro. A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o conteúdo da legislação esportiva produzida em âmbito federal, identificando os avanços e recuos referentes à consolidação do direito ao esporte desde sua constitucionalização no Brasil até 2014. O estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa social qualitativa, tendo como suporte metodológico algumas etapas do procedimento de análise de conteúdo. A análise dos instrumentos infraconstitucionais reforçou a hipótese inicial de pesquisa, em que apontávamos para um provável predomínio dos interesses liberalizantes, sobretudo aqueles relacionados ao processo de mercantilização esportiva. Ao mesmo tempo, localizamos outras características não previstas nos pressupostos originais, a saber: i) a influência do futebol ­ detentor de grande capital simbólico e econômico - no interior das leis esportivas; e ii) a presença do direito ao esporte em normas não consideradas como esportivas.

This article corresponds to introductory study - more general - on the set of laws that regulate the Brazilian sport. The research aimed to analyze the contents of the sports legislation enacted at the federal level, identifying the advances and setbacks related to the consolidation of the right to sport since its constitutionalization in Brazil until 2014. The study is characterized as a qualitative social research, supported some methodological steps of the contente analysis procedure. The analysis of infra instruments reinforced the initial research hypothesis, in which we pointed to a likely dominance of liberalizing interests, especially those related to the sports commercialization process. At the same time, we located other unforeseen features the original assumptions, namely: i) the influence of football - holder of great symbolic and economic capital - within the sports laws; and ii) the presence of the right to sport rules not considered sporting.

Este artículo corresponde al estudio introductorio ­ de carácter más general ­ sobre el conjunto de leyes que norman al deporte brasileño. La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el contenido de la legislación deportiva producida en el ámbito federal, identificando los avances y retrocesos referentes a la consolidación del derecho al deporte desde su incorporación constitucional en el Brasil hasta 2014. El estudio se caracteriza como una investigación social cualitativa, teniendo como soporte metodológico algunas etapas del procedimiento de análisis de contenido. El análisis de los instrumentos infraconstitucionales reforzó la hipótesis inicial de la investigación, en la cual apuntábamos sobre un probable predominio de intereses hacia la liberalización, sobre todo aquellos relacionados a los procesos de mercantilización deportiva. A el mismo tiempo localizamos otras características no previstas en los presupuestos originales a saber: i) la influencia del fútbol ­poseedor de gran capital simbólico y económico ­ en el interior de las leyes deportivas; y ii) la presencia del derecho al deporte en normas no consideradas como deportivas.

Avaliação higienicossanitária de açougues de rede atacadista do município de Guarulhos / Hygienic sanitary evaluation of butcher in the city of Guarulhos

O modelo atual de sociedade com sua dinâmica e características, impacta diretamente a vida das pessoas e, consequentemente, nos seus hábitos alimentares; esse contexto tem favorecido o consumo de produtos industrializados ou preparados fora do lar. As carnes comercializadas nos açougues dos hipermercados e atacadistas devem apresentar condições adequadas para a comercialização e consumo, já que representam o principal veículo de patógenos na alimentação humana. O consumo de carne bovina é influenciado principalmente pela renda per capita da população, pelos preços do produto e das demais carnes substitutas. Nos abatedouros e frigoríficos, o uso de Boas Práticas de Manufatura (BPM) e o uso de sistemas de gestão da qualidade, são fatores importantes para obter a confiança do consumidor. Desta maneira, este trabalho objetivou avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de açougues de rede atacadista do município de Guarulhos. Foram inspecionados 05 (cinco) açougues localizados em uma rede atacadista, onde foram avaliadas as condições higienicossanitárias, por meio de um Roteiro de Inspeção ­ Açougues e Peixaria estabelecido na Portaria nº 2619/11. Neste estudo, os estabelecimentos foram classificados em: insatisfatórios, quando apresentaram um total de pontos abaixo de 50%; e satisfatório quando igual ou acima de 76% de pontos. Todos os 05 (cinco) açougues estudados foram classificados como satisfatórios, apresentando um total de pontos acima de 65 (A1 = 75; A2 = 76; A3 = 76; A4 = 80 e A5 = 87). Foram avaliadas as etapas do processo que envolve o alimento (carne bovina) desde o recebimento até a distribuição relatando questões sobre edificações e instalações, manipuladores, equipamentos e utensílios, entre outras, revelando os seguintes dados: foi verificado não conformidade no recebimento em 03 açougues; foi verificado não conformidade no armazenamento em 02; em 03, péssimas condições de conservação; em 03, os manipuladores não atendiam às recomendações legais; em 03, verificaram-se vestígios da presença de pragas e vetores; em 04, os manipuladores não tinham o hábito de lavar as mãos quando trocava de função; em todos, as instalações de pessoal mostrou precariedade. Os resultados revelam a necessidade de adequação à legislação pertinente, além da importância da adoção das boas práticas de fabricação nos açougues da rede atacadista estudada.

Cumplimiento de normas microbiológicas en productos alimenticios comercializados en la red de mercados de alimentos del estado Nueva Esparta, Venezuela (período 2006-2014) / Compliance of microbiological norms in food products commercialized in the markets of Nueva Esparta state, Venezuela during the years 2006 to 2014

El suministro de suficientes alimentos es prioritario para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de una población. También es importante corroborar que sean de calidad e inocuos, para que no causen daño al consumirlos cuando se preparen de acuerdo al uso previsto. Esta investigación verifica si 101 lotes (370 unidades de muestra) de alimentos envasados (harina de maíz, leche en polvo, pasta alimenticia, mortadela, salchicha cocida, carne congelada, pollo congelado, leche UHT, atún enlatado y carne de almuerzo) comercializados en el Estado Nueva Esparta durante los años 2006 a 2014, cumplían requisitos microbiológicos indicados por normas venezolanas. Las muestras fueron captadas por Inspectores de Salud Pública (MPPS). Para los análisis se aplicaron procedimientos de normas COVENIN y FONDONORMA. Cumplieron los requisitos considerados todas las muestras de pasta alimenticia, mortadela, pollo congelado, atún en conserva y carne de almuerzo. Sin embargo, dos lotes de leche UHT y otros dos de carne congelada presentaron recuentos de aerobios mesófilos superiores a las estipulaciones en alguna de las unidades analizadas. Por otra parte, tres de los nueve lotes de salchichas cocidas incumplieron alguno de los requisitos con carácter de recomendación, igualmente 5 de los 16 lotes de harina de maíz (recuentos de mohos) y 10 de los 17 de leche en polvo (recuentos de esporas termófilas). Se concluye que estos incumplimientos pudieran estar ocasionados por fallas de control durante la cadena de producción, re-envasado, almacenamiento o comercialización bien sea de materias primas o de productos terminados.

Enough food supply is a priority to guarantee the food security of a country´s residents. It is also important to supervise that they are harmless for human consumption. This study verifies if 370 packed foods (corn flour, powdered milk, spaghetti, bologna, frozen meat and chicken, pork sausage, UHT milk, canned tuna and luncheon meat), that belonged to 101 production lots commercialized during the years 2006 to 2014 in Nueva Esparta state (Venezuela), fulfill microbiological specifications indicated by Venezuelan norms. Samples were picked up by public health inspectors. For analysis the COVENIN and FONDONORMA procedures were used. All the spaghetti, bologna, frozen chicken, canned tuna and luncheon meat samples complied with the norms. Nevertheless, two UHT milk´s production lots and other two of frozen meat showed total aerobic plate counts higher than the recommended limits. By the other hand, 9 pork sausage´s production lots failed to fulfill a few norms, just as 5 of 16 corn flour lots (molds counts), and 10 of 17 powdered milk production lots (thermophiles spore counts). In conclusion, the nonfulfillment of norms detected, particularly in corn flour and powdered milk samples, are caused by not performing proper controls during the production chain and commercialization of raw materials or finished products.

Infância e sofrimento psíquico: medicalização, mercantilização e judicialização / Childhood and psychological suffering: medicalization, commercialization, and legalization / Infancia y sufrimiento psicológico: la medicalización, mercantilización y judicialización

Quais discursos vêm sendo produzidos sobre a(as) infância(as) na contemporaneidade? Realizar esse questionamento, à luz da psicanálise, é o objetivo principal deste artigo que também incita reflexões a respeito dos processos de judicialização, medicalização e mercantilização dos primeiros estágios da vida. Compreende-se que os momentos iniciais do desenvolvimento repercutem no modo de funcionamento do sujeito. De modo que as maneiras com as quais os grupos sociais lidam com suas diferentes crianças exercerão influências no projeto de futuro de cada sociedade. Assim, confirma-se a relevância de pensar sobre o tema "sofrimento psíquico na infância e seus desdobramentos".

Speeches on childhood are being produced in contemporary society? To perform this questioning, in the light of psychoanalysis, it is the main objective of this article, that also encourages the reflection on legalization, medicalization, and commercialization processes of the first stages of life. It is understood that the initial times of development reverberate in the working mode of the subject. So that the ways in which social groups deal with different children influence the future design of each society. This confirms the relevance of thinking on the topic "psychological suffering in childhood and its consequences".

 Cuáles discursos han sido producidos acerca de la infancia en la contemporaneidad? Este cuestionamiento a la luz del psicoanálisis es el objetivo principal de este artículo que también estimula reflexiones con respeto a los procesos de judicialización, medicalización y mercantilización de las primeras fases de la vida. Se entiende que los momentos iniciales del desarrollo resuenan en el modo de operación del sujeto, de hecho que las maneras con las cuales los grupos sociales proceden con sus diferentes niños influenciarán en el futuro proyecto de cada sociedad. Así, se confirma la relevancia de pensar sobre el tema del sufrimiento psíquico en la infancia y sus despliegues.

Condições de comercialização de produtos de origem animal em feiras livres de municípios da região oeste do Paraná

O objetivo deste trabalho foi constatar a situação higienicossanitária de barracas de feiras livres localizadas em cinco municípios da região oeste do Paraná e a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química dos produtos nelas comercializados. Entre fevereiro e maio de 2013, foram realizadas avaliações, por meio do uso de checklist em 52 barracas onde foram adquiridas 71 amostras sendo estas submetidas à análise microbiológica e/ou físico-química. Foi constatado que em 47,9% das barracas o armazenamento dos alimentos era realizado de forma inadequada, que 86% dos produtos de origem animal estavam acondicionados em embalagens impróprias e que em 65% das mesmas, a condição higiênica dos manipuladores foi classificada como "Regular". Foram encontradas não conformidades em 36,6% das amostras submetidas às análises microbiológicas e/ou físico-químicas, sendo detectada a presença de Salmonella sp. em uma amostra de linguiça colonial. Sendo assim, é necessário que haja um controle sanitário na produção e comércio dos produtos nestas feiras por parte dos órgãos públicos responsáveis, garantindo assim, a segurança alimentar do consumidor.

The objective of this study was to determine the hygiene conditions of street market stands that sell products of animal origin in five cities in western Parana, Brazil, as well as the microbiological and physical-chemical quality of the products that are sold there. Between February and May, 2013, a total of 52 street market stands were analyzed based on a checklist. 71 samples were collected in these stands and submitted to microbiological and/or physical-chemical analyses. It was observed that in 47.9% of the stands, food products were inadequately stored; 86% of the products of animal origin were kept in improper containers; and in 65% of the stands, handler hygiene was classified as regular. 36.6% samples did not comply with microbiological and/or physical-chemical standards, with one sample of colonial sausage showing the presence of Salmonella sp. Therefore, public organisms control of hygiene in the production and commercialization of products in street markets is highly necessary to ensure food safety.

Política de educação mercantilizada: quais os seus rumos? / Commodified education: what are the directions?

O presente artigo propõe a apresentação de algumas reflexões acerca do processo de mercantilização do ensino superior, o qual deve ser compreendido e analisado em um contexto histórico e econômico que se refere ao desmonte de políticas sociais sob a perspectiva do ideário neoliberal. É reconhecida a Educação como direito social, e, nesse sentido, é identifica como privilegiada estratégia no processo de rompimento e superação do neoliberalismo.

This article aims to present some reflections about the process of commercialisation of higher education, which should be understood and analyzed in a historical and economic context, that refers to dismantle social policies from the perspective of neo-liberal ideology. Recognizes Education as a social right, and, in this sense, identifies as privileged strategy in the process of breaking and overcoming of neoliberalism.

Produção e comercialização do guaco (Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker) na região Sul do Estado do Paraná / Production and commercialization of guaco (Mikania laevigata Schultz Bip. ex Baker) in the south of Paraná State

Resumo O Estado do Paraná destaca-se pela tradição no cultivo de plantas medicinais. O aumento em sua demanda através da busca de culturas alternativas e rentáveis e o estímulo a uma agricultura ecologicamente sustentável fomentou os agricultores a diversificarem a produção. A pesquisa de campo nos diferentes elos da cadeia produtiva do guaco permitiu construir seu fluxograma, caracterizar o sistema e fluxo de produção, os seus custos e receitas para analisar as Margens e Markups de comercialização. Os sistemas de coleta com enriquecimento e de cultivo apresentaram resultados diferenciados em relação ao seu custo de produção, onde o produtor/coletor alcança uma rentabilidade de 48,9 %, menor margem de comercialização entre todos os elos da cadeia, enquanto o produtor que cultiva o guaco como exploração obtém uma margem de comercialização de 346,4 %. As maiores margens de comercialização (1.733,3 %) estão nos elos fora da porteira das propriedades, percentual entre diferença de preço pago pelo consumidor e o preço recebido pelo produtor/coletor. Os produtores/coletores podem agregar mais renda em vários elos da cadeia produtiva através da organização dos produtores e a melhoria no processo produtivo, possibilitando a melhoria econômica e social nas propriedades familiares, reduzindo o impacto ambiental e garantindo a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de produção.

Abstract The State of Parana stands out for its tradition in the medicinal plants cultivation. The increase of the demand due to the search of alternative and profitable crops and the impulse to an environmentally sustainable agriculture encouraged farmers to diversify production. The field research about the different links of the guaco supply chain allowed the construction of its flowchart, the characterization of the production system and flow, as well as the knowledge of its costs and revenues in order to analyze the commercialization margins and markups. The collection systems with enrichment and the cultivation ones presented different results in relation to its production cost, with the producer/collector reaching a yield of 48.9%, the lowest commercialization margin among all links of the chain, while the farmer who cultivates guaco gets a commercialization margin of 346.4%. The largest commercialization margins (1,733.3%) are in the links outside the properties" gates, as the percentage difference between the price paid by the consumer and the one received by the producer/collector. Producers/collectors can add more income in several links of the supply chain through the producers" organization and by improvements in the production process, enabling the economic and social enhancement at the family farms, thus reducing the environmental impact and ensuring the sustainability of production systems.

Phenotypic factors and genetic group on the selling price formation of beef calves sold in auctions at the Northern region of Paraná State, Brazil / Fatores fenotípicos e grupo genético na formação do preço final de bezerros de corte comercializados em leilões na região norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of phenotypic traits on the final price of calves sold at auctions in the region of northern Paraná. Data were collected between April 2011 and April 2012 at 12 auctions, in which 197 lots were offered, totaling 4,289 animals. In this study, only the final prices charged when the deals were closed have been considered. Calves belonging to the British genetic group reached higher marketing value than zebu calves; the largest animals presented higher liquidity; buyers preferred more uniform lots, regardless of the sex of the animals.

Objetivou-se estimar os efeitos das características fenotípicas de bezerros, que podem influenciar no preço final, comercializados em leilões na região Norte do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados entre abril de 2011 e abril de 2012, em 12 leilões, em que foram ofertados 197 lotes, totalizando 4.289 animais, sendo os preços finais considerados somente nos casos de efetiva comercialização. Foi observado que os bezerros do grupo genético britânicos obtiveram valor de comercialização superior aos zebuínos; os animais de maior porte obtiveram maior liquidez; e, independente do gênero, os lotes com maior uniformidade tiveram preferência do consumidor.

Logística de la producción y comercialización de radiofármacos / Logistics of the production and commercialization of radiopharmaceuticals

En el trabajo se caracterizan los distintos aspectos que comprenden la gestión logística de los procesos productivos y de servicios del Centro de Isótopos, organizados como parte del Sistema de Calidad de la institución. Se examinan las distintas facetas de esta actividad, relacionadas con los aseguramientos para la operación de las instalaciones, la realización de la producción y su comercialización. Se da una visión de cómo se integra a la actividad del Centro, dado su carácter generador de beneficios y la importancia de continuar su desarrollo. Se señalan algunas de las dificultades que afronta en la etapa actual.

In the paper, the different aspects of the logistical management of the productive processes and services at the Isotope Centre are characterized as part of the quality system of the institution. Different sides of this activity are also considered, especially those aspects aimed at ensuring the operation of facilities and developing the production and its commercialization. An overview is given about how the logistic is integrated to the activity of the Isotope Centre, generating benefits, as well as the importance of continuing its development. Some of the difficulties faced at the present stage are also pointed out.

White Ginseng Commercialization and Sales Expansion Activities of Gaesung Merchants in the 1910s and 1920s / 의사학

Ginseng has always been the typical export item in Korean history. Until the 18th century, exporting ginseng was wild ginseng from the mountains. Since the 19th century, exporting ginseng became red ginseng, which was red due to steaming and drying process. Red ginseng was produced by Gaesung merchants, so that these merchants were able to gain the control of the output. Gaesung merchants of the 19th century exported red ginseng to China and made huge economic success. However, when the Korean Empire and Japanese colonical government established red ginseng monopoly, it essentially blocked Gaesung traders from manufacturing and exporting any further of its prized commodity. Then, the traders turned to sun-dried white ginseng as a substitute to red ginseng. As a result, white ginseng production dramatically increased after 1914, which in turn made Gaesung merchants newly aware of the commercial value of white ginseng, which was previously ignored. The traders made good use of the traditional medicine herb market, which opened annually, to promote the expansion of white ginseng sales. Moreover, the merchants also adopted modern marketing techniques, as they founded companies to handle solely white ginseng sales, refreshed packaging to raise commodity values, and made an effort in advertising and mail order sales. Due to such endeavors, demand for white ginseng grew exponentially both in domestic and foreign markets, which generated steady growth of white ginseng prices despite the rapid increase of its supply. This phenomenon naturally brought about the rich economic accomplishments of Gaesung merchants. Through the white ginseng sales activities of Gaesung merchants in post-1910s era, two facts can be newly uncovered. First, the mass consumption of white ginseng today in Korean society took a full-scale step after the 1910s. Second, it was a widely-held view that during the Japanese rule, majority of Korean traditional merchants were economically ruined, while a small minority collaborated with the colonical government to obtain economic success. However, Gaesung merchants in 1910s successfully commercialized white ginseng not with the aid of the Japanese but with their own efforts alone. Such fact reveals that there were other types of traditional merchants during the Japanese colonial period who cannot be explained with the common theory.