ABSTRACT
Background: The aim of this study is to make a detailed cytological study of effusion fluids and compare with cell block study of the representative cases and IHC studies were done.Methods: Prospective study of 216 cases effusion fluids from in and around hospitals, Mangalore. This study conducted over a period of 18 months from October-2014 to April-2016. This study scrutinized and approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. The samples were processed by conventional cytology using Papanicolaou-stain and Cell Block (CB) method using 10% Alcohol-formalin fixative and stained with H and E. The cellularity, architectural patterns, morphological details were studied both smears. Ancillary immunohistochemical staining with calretinin and EMA are done.Results: A total of 216 cases of effusion fluids with cell block study were included, age range of 13 years to 93 years. Pleural fluid comprised of 55.09%, peritoneal fluid of 43.51% and pericardial fluid of 1.38%. 71% were clinically diagnosed as non-neoplastic and 29% were neoplastic condition. In CS study, 84.5% cases were benign/reactive effusion and 8.5% were positive for malignancy. In CB study, 84.5% were benign/reactive effusion and 10.2% were positive for malignancy. In comparison authors found an increase in diagnostic efficacy by 18%. IHC EMA for adenocarcinoma cells has sensitivity of 100% and calretinin for reactive mesothelial cells has specificity of 100%.Conclusions: Authors concluded that cell block technique when used as an adjuvant to routine smear examination in effusion fluids has increased the diagnostic yield and better preservation of architectural pattern. IHC is helpful in differentiating between reactive mesothelial and adenocarcinoma cells.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the differences in social psychological characteristics of patients with different subtypes of functional dyspepsia (FD).Methods From August 2011 to July 2015,210 FD patients met Rome Ⅲ criteria were enrolled and divided into pure postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)group (69 cases),pure epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) group (74 cases) and PDS overlap EPS (PDS+ EPS) group (67 cases).Hamilton depression scale (HAMD),Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA),life event scale (LES) and Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPQ) were used for evaluation.Chi-square test and least-significant difference were performed for statistical analysis.Results Incidence rates of depression and anxiety of PDS+EPS group were both 100.0％ (67/67),which were higher than those of pure PDS group (84.1％,58/69 and 91.3％,63/69),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =11.62 and 16.34,both P＜0.01);which were also higher than those of pure EPS group (78.4％,58/74 and 90.5％,67/74),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =6.10 and 6.67,both P＜0.05).Somatic anxiety score and mental anxiety score of PDS+ EPS group were 16.34±3.70 and 14.18±2.99,respectively;which were higher than those of pure PDS group (11.26±3.42 and 10.70±2.94) and pure EPS group (12.30 ± 4.29 and 10.36 ± 2.63),and the differences were statistically significant (t=8.33,5.97,6.85 and 8.06;all P＜0.01).The top two life events in three groups were sleeping habits alteration (67.6％,142/210) and severe disease or trauma (26.7％,56/210).The incidence rate of sleeping habits alteration in pure PDS group was 53.6 ％ (37/69),which was lower than that in pure EPSgroup (77.0％,57/74) and PDS+EPS group (71.6％,48/67),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =8.68 and 4.71,both P＜0.05).Most of P scale scores of pure PDS group,pure EPS group and PDS+EPS group were normal,most of E and L scale scores were low;most of N scale scores of pure PDS group were low,and these of pure EPS group and PDS+EPS group were normal.Conclusions The incidence of depression and anxiety of PDS+EPS group is the highest.Somatic anxiety is more obvious than mental anxiety in PDS+EPS group and pure EPS group,most with sleep events.Slow emotional response is common in pure PDS group.
ABSTRACT
Through the comparison of the long-term care insurance financing mode,financing channels,responsibility sharing and financing level of Germany,Japan and Korea,it is found that the three countries' financing policies fit the national conditions and institutional traditions and realize multi-channel independent financing.The responsibility to raise funds to the parties to a reasonable share,cash is now pay financing model is also difficult to cope with the challenges of the aging population.In recent years,China has carried out long-term care insurance practice,from the financing mode,financing channels,responsibility sharing and financing level to share the four dimensions of China's 13 areas of long-term care insurance financing comparative analysis and found that for China's long-term care insurance financing there are many Controversy.The future of China's long-term care insurance financing also need to be improved from many aspects.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the differences in social psychological characteristics of patients with different subtypes of functional dyspepsia (FD).Methods From August 2011 to July 2015,210 FD patients met Rome Ⅲ criteria were enrolled and divided into pure postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)group (69 cases),pure epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) group (74 cases) and PDS overlap EPS (PDS+ EPS) group (67 cases).Hamilton depression scale (HAMD),Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA),life event scale (LES) and Eysenck's personality questionnaire (EPQ) were used for evaluation.Chi-square test and least-significant difference were performed for statistical analysis.Results Incidence rates of depression and anxiety of PDS+EPS group were both 100.0％ (67/67),which were higher than those of pure PDS group (84.1％,58/69 and 91.3％,63/69),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =11.62 and 16.34,both P＜0.01);which were also higher than those of pure EPS group (78.4％,58/74 and 90.5％,67/74),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =6.10 and 6.67,both P＜0.05).Somatic anxiety score and mental anxiety score of PDS+ EPS group were 16.34±3.70 and 14.18±2.99,respectively;which were higher than those of pure PDS group (11.26±3.42 and 10.70±2.94) and pure EPS group (12.30 ± 4.29 and 10.36 ± 2.63),and the differences were statistically significant (t=8.33,5.97,6.85 and 8.06;all P＜0.01).The top two life events in three groups were sleeping habits alteration (67.6％,142/210) and severe disease or trauma (26.7％,56/210).The incidence rate of sleeping habits alteration in pure PDS group was 53.6 ％ (37/69),which was lower than that in pure EPSgroup (77.0％,57/74) and PDS+EPS group (71.6％,48/67),and the differences were statistically significant (x2 =8.68 and 4.71,both P＜0.05).Most of P scale scores of pure PDS group,pure EPS group and PDS+EPS group were normal,most of E and L scale scores were low;most of N scale scores of pure PDS group were low,and these of pure EPS group and PDS+EPS group were normal.Conclusions The incidence of depression and anxiety of PDS+EPS group is the highest.Somatic anxiety is more obvious than mental anxiety in PDS+EPS group and pure EPS group,most with sleep events.Slow emotional response is common in pure PDS group.
ABSTRACT
Through the comparison of the long-term care insurance financing mode,financing channels,responsibility sharing and financing level of Germany,Japan and Korea,it is found that the three countries' financing policies fit the national conditions and institutional traditions and realize multi-channel independent financing.The responsibility to raise funds to the parties to a reasonable share,cash is now pay financing model is also difficult to cope with the challenges of the aging population.In recent years,China has carried out long-term care insurance practice,from the financing mode,financing channels,responsibility sharing and financing level to share the four dimensions of China's 13 areas of long-term care insurance financing comparative analysis and found that for China's long-term care insurance financing there are many Controversy.The future of China's long-term care insurance financing also need to be improved from many aspects.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the predictive values of different systems for clinical staging of esophageal carcinoma in one group of patients and improve the criteria for T staging,and to provide a basis for accurate clinical staging. Methods A retrospective study was performed in 701 patients with esophageal carcinoma who received radical radiotherapy in our hospital. The prognosis was performed according to American Joint Committee on Cancer ( AJCC) tumor-node-metastasis staging system,Chinese 2004 staging system,the draft of Chinese 2009 staging system,and gross tumor volume of the primary tumor (GTV-T). Results In terms of T stage,patients evaluated according to the AJCC staging system were in relatively early stages;23. 1% of them were in stage T1,and the survival curves of T3 and T4 patients were close to each other;the survival curves plotted according to the Chinese 2004 staging system were well separated, but relatively few patients were in stages T1 and T4 , yielding an uneven distribution;according to the draft of Chinese 2009 staging system, the survival curve of T3 patients intersected that of T4 patients, and up to 43. 2% of patients were in stage T4.The new T staging was performed based on GTV and the extent of tumor invasion into the adjacent tissue and organ, and the results showed that there was no intersection between survival curves and a relatively balanced T stage distribution. In terms of N staging,patients were divided into stages N0 ,N1 ,and N2 . The TNM staging was performed by a combination of N staging and new T staging, resulting in significant separation between survival curves ( P=0. 000) . Conclusions The combination of T staging,which is based on GTV and the extent of tumor invasion,and N staging,which is based on metastasis of lymph nodes, can accurately predict the survival of non-surgically treated patients with esophageal carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the results of dual-phase enhanced CT scan and pathological diagnosis of ovarian corpus luteum cyst rupture.Methods: Thirty four cases of ovarian corpus luteum cyst rupture were treated in our hospital from April 2012 to April 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.Results: Among the 34 cases of patients, 28 cases before surgery CT accurate diagnosis of ovarian corpus luteum cyst, 6 cases before surgery CT did not accurately diagnose ectopic pregnancy bleeding was first diagnosed. In terms of the lesion, 22 cases of the right ovary and 12 cases were left ovary. Ruptured corpus luteum cyst diameter in 4.3-7.3cm, averaging (5.1±1.4)cm, the lack of complete cyst wall, visible break, there exists in the blood clot and the surrounding cyst; 20 cases with contrast extravasation, sheet or strip was present in high density around the cyst was the main clinical manifestations; a lot of low density liquid accumulated in the abdominal cavity; 28 cases with cystic density increased, the presence of a blood clot within the cyst was the main clinical manifestations. Surgical results were consistent with observed preoperative CT diagnosis. All patients were pathologically confirmed corpus luteum cyst rupture.Conclusion: Dual-phase enhanced CT scann has higher value in the diagnosis of ovarian corpus luteum cyst rupture bleeding, so is worthy of promotion.
ABSTRACT
Background: In 2011 the American Life Expectancy Project created growth charts specifically designed for use in children with cerebral palsy (Brooks et al., 2011). The charts differ from the standard Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) growth charts as they are based upon the measured growth of children with cerebral palsy and are divided by gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). This research aims to determine the differences in plotted growth between the cerebral palsy growth chart and the standard RCPCH growth charts for children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Children with a primary diagnosis of cerebral palsy attending special schools in Islington were identified by their electronic patient records. Ethical approval was not needed as research was limited to secondary use of anonymous information. The children were stratified based on GMFCS and given a score from 1-5, with 5 being divided between tube fed and non tube fed (Day et al., 2007). Growth was then retrospectively plotted on both a RCPCH standard growth chart and a cerebral palsy growth chart. One weight was plotted for every six months of the data collected. Excel was used to convert the data to centiles and calculate how many centiles each plotted growth was away from the 50th, with the 50th being classified as 0. Mean centiles for each age group were calculated for both the cerebral palsy and RCPCH growth charts and variations between the two charts were determined. Results: In total 36 children were identified ranging in age from two to 18 years, with the mean age 11.6 years + 4.2. Stastical analysis was only done on children with GMFCS score of 4 or 5 as sample sizes for GMFCS 1-3 were too small. Plotted data on the cerebral palsy growth charts showed that on average children were 1 centile + 0.96 above the 50th centile whilst RCPCH growth chart shows that they were 3 centiles + 1.00 below the 50th centile. Discussion: The results show a clear difference between growth centiles for weight of children with cerebral palsy when plotted on the two different charts. These outcomes mirror those discovered by Day et al. (2007) however, the results from this research show that there is more variation between centiles as age increases which was not found by Day et al. [2]. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a difference in plotted growth between the cerebral palsy growth chart and the standard RCPCH growth charts however further research is needed to determine whether this difference is significant.
ABSTRACT
Target identification of bioactive compounds is one of the key issues in chemical biology and drug discovery. With the development of science technology, a variety of methods and technologies for target identification have been reported. They can be fundamentally categorized into two approaches: the direct method based on affinity chromatography which is mainly to detect the combination of drug and targets, and the indirect one which is mainly to predict the drug target and action mechanism by physiological reaction and biochemical marker. This review aims to describe the two approaches for target identification.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To get a general estimation of the pneumatic system in ventilators and supply technical assistance for screening and removing the faults of pneumatic component. Methods: Pneumatic system of three kinds of ventilators, Sevro-i/s, Rapheal XTC and PB840 were analyzed and the differences of the three pneumatic systems were compared. Results:Known the construct and differences of pneumatic system. Conclusion: Pneumatic system is the major component of ventilator, and the analysis of the pneumatic component is benefited for the common troubleshooting of ventilators.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To modify two empirical models of snowpack and snowmelt, and compare eight such models. Study Design: Test and modify the models by using five years of snow measurements from Harp Lake. Place and Duration of Study: Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of Environment, and Department of Geography, Nipissing University, between January 2009 and August 2012. Methodology: The old daily-run WINTER model was the first model. It was modified to create a second model. The enhanced-temperature-index (ETI) model was slightly modified to be the third model. Modified WINTER and ETI were combined into the fourth model. Hydrology model BROOK90 and SWAT were used as the fifth and sixth model, also daily-run. Operating the WINTER and ETI in hourly steps created the seventh and eighth model. The calculated snow water equivalent (SWE) by each model was evaluated against the observed data to give a coefficient of efficiency (CE). Accuracy and performance of the models were compared based on CE values. Results: Modified WINTER model improved original WINTER by 20.7% (CE increased 20.7%). The performance of ETI model was 27.6% higher than the original WINTER. The new combination model produced additional improvement by 40.7 % over the original WINTER, or by 16.5% over the modified WINTER or 10.3% over the ETI. Running the model with hourly time steps rather than daily steps increased model’s accuracy: hourly WINTER raised CE by 15.4% and hourly ETI raised CE by 7.9%. Two watershed hydrology models BROOK90 and SWAT performed even better than the above six simpler snow models. Conclusion: It is suggested that the daily combination model be considered if only daily data is available, or hourly WINTER and ETI models be used if hourly runs are desired while new calibration are required when applying them to any new locations. If data requirements by BROOK90 or SWAT are met, these hydrology models would be tried.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo assess the current practice of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) in mainland China and to evaluate the improvement in the past six years.MethodsA questionnaire on the indications and techniques for PMRT for breast cancer was delivered to all radiotherapy centers of mainland China in 2010 survey,and the results were analyzed and compared with those in 2004 survey.The Fisher's exact test was used.ResultsCompared to 29.4％ (210/275) in 2004,396 of the 952 (41.6％) surveyed centers had performed PMRT.The median interval between surgery and PMRT was increased from 6 weeks to 12 weeks during the past 6 years.Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by PMRT was the most common combination in 73.5％ of the responding centers in 2010 other than Sandwich (71.7％) sequence of chemotherapy and PMRT in 2004.PMRT was only performed for T3 or Stage Ⅲ tumors and/or ≥ 4 positive lymph nodes (LN + ) in 7.1％ centers in 2004 and in 29.5％ centers in 2010 surveys,respectively.The use of PMRT for T1-2 N0 breast cancer,T1-2 N0 with tumors located in the center or inner quadrant,and stage T1-T2 and one to three LN + was decreased from 11.9％,63.8％,and 87.6％ in 2004 to 1.5％,19.7％,and 62.1％ in 2010,respectively (all P =0.000).The chest wall and the supraclavicular region were the most common radiation targets,which were used in 97.0％ and 97.0％ in 2010,similar to 97.1％and 96.2％ in 2004.Irradiation to the inner mammary area and axillary fossa decreased from 85.2％ and 74.8％ in 2004 to 39.1％ and 50.5％ in 2010.The boost to the chest wall was more based on the scar,increasingfrom9.0％ in004to75.0％ in 2010.Conclusions There are a high level of compliance of the practices with current guideline and continuing improvement of PMRT for breast cancer in mainland China.But it needs further improvement.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to compare the clinical results and radiologic changes of closing-wedge high tibial osteotomy (CW HTO) and opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OW HTO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy five knees were treated with a CW HTO and 41 with an OW HTO. For each patient the hip-knee-ankle (H-K-A) axis was evaluated and the degree of the medial compartmental arthrosis was measured by Ahlback-type radiological classification. The function of the knee was evaluated by the Tegner activity score, the Lysholm knee scoring scale and the Western Ontario and McMaster University index. Lateral radiographs were taken to assess the patellar height and the posterior tibial inclination. RESULTS: In both groups significant improvement of the visual analogue scale and range of motion was achieved. The frontal plane H-K-A axis was corrected significantly from varus to the range of physiological valgus and the arthrosis of the medial compartment of the knee progressed gradually. The body mass index was significantly influential to the progression of arthrosis. The functions of the knee were improved significantly in all cases. In the closing-wedge group, the patella height was increased at the postoperative period, while it was decreased in the opening-wedge group. There was a tendency of a decrease of the tibial inclination in the CW HTO group and a statistically significant increase of the tibial inclination in the OW HTO group. Recurrence of varus occurred in sixteen cases. CONCLUSION: In both groups, improvement of the function of the knee was achieved, but there was no statistical difference. However, the opposite result was found in the patella height and the tibial inclination.
Subject(s)
Humans , Axis, Cervical Vertebra , Body Mass Index , Knee , Ontario , Osteotomy , Patella , Postoperative Period , Range of Motion, Articular , RecurrenceABSTRACT
The present article introduced the current medical education of the Feinberg School of Medicine in Northwestern University.Thmugh the comparisons on edueation system and carriculums design between United States of America and China,advices were made to the medical education in China.The article shed light on the current reform of medical education in China.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the damage of rat articular cartilage induced by different doses of T-2 toxin, and to explore the relationship between mini-dose T-2 toxin and articular cartilage damage. Methods A total of 120 Wistar rats, weighing 50 - 70 g, were randomly divided into four groups according to their body weights: T-2 toxin group 0(control), 100, 200, 300 μg/kg, 30 rats in each group. Animals in the control group were fed standard rat chow, and animals in the three T-2 toxin groups were fed T-2-toxin-contaminated chow (the dose was 100, 200, 300 μg/kg, respectively). After 6 months, rats were euthanized by ether asphyxiation. The bilateral knee joints were collected and section prepared. The articular cartilage was examined by light and electronic microscope. Results Light microscope showed, the rat articular chondrocytes were clear and arranged orderliness in the control group. The rat articular chondrocytes were disarranged in 100 μg/kg T-2 toxin group.Degeneration and necrosis were found in 200 μg/kg group. Chondrocytes were shrunken with hypereosinophilia cytoplasm and fragmented pyknotic nuclei, extensive areas of chondrocyte loss and chondrocyte clones were visible in 300 μg/kg group. Scanning electronic micrograph(SEM) showed, the rat articular chondrocytes were clear, well formed and arranged tidy in the control group. The surface of articular cartilage was rough in 100 μg/kg group.Collagen fasciculi ruptured and stacked up in 200 μg/kg group. Presented a typical articular dryness phenomenon,the cartilage surface collapsed and many pits appeared in 300 μg/kg group. Transmission electronic microscope (TEM) showed that chondrocytes were abundant with cytoplasm, well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the control group; agglomerate chromatin scattered along the karyotheca, nuclear membrane was thickening, with vacuolar degeneration of the endoplasmic reticulum in the 100 μg/kg group; endoplasmic reticulum expended, with protein retention and organelles breaks in the 200 μg/kg group. A large number of chondrocytes lost organdles, the membrane structures disrupted and the cartilage matrix stromatolyzed in the 300 μg/kg group. Conclusions Within the range of 100 - 300 μg/kg, T-2 toxin induces dose-related articular cartilage injury, the greater the dose, the more serious damage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study comparatively the clinical efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFMlE)and surgical therapy in women with moderate stress urinary incontinence(SUI),in order to provide theoretical reference for finding an appropriate SUI treatment method. Methods 114 cases of women with moderate SUI were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group. The control group Wag given surgical thempy. while the treatment group was given the PFME treatment. After 12 weeks the clinical efficacy and quality of life of the two groups were evaluated, the cost-benefit was analyzed. Results The total effective rate of treatment group was 86.2%.higher than 83.9% of the control group. Compared with before treatment, the I-QOL scores of the two groups increased significantly, the ICIQ scores of the two groups decreased significantly, and the treatment group was significantly different compared with the control group. The cost-benefit analysis showed that the total medical cost and the spending cost of the total clinical effective rate increased l percent and the I-QOL increased 1 score were significantly lower than that of the control group. Conclusions The PFME therapy of women with moderate SUI is the preferred treatment and it is worthy of promotion and application.
ABSTRACT
Objective Effect of different lying style on the prevention of pressure ulcer was compared in this study. Methods Braden scale was used to assess the risk factors of pressure ulcer in patients with consciousness and motor function handicap. 203 patients with marks under 12 was randomized into the observation group (102 cases) and the control group (101 cases). Patients in the observation group lied on their backs or with alternation of lateral recumbent position of 20～30°. The control group adopted lateral recumbent position of 90° with alternation of lying on their backs. The effect of different lying style on the prevention of pressure ulcer was compared. Results 97 patients in the observation group received apparent effect in the prevention of pressure ulcer (95.09%). While only 86 patients in the control group got significant effect (85.15%), which was statistically different from that of the observation group (P<0.05). Conclusion The style of lying on their backs or with alternation of lateralrecumbent position of 20～30° was more effective than that of lateral recumbent position of 90° with alternation of lying on their backs in the prevention of pressure ulcer.
ABSTRACT
The current article is intended to demonstrate the advantages of prioritizing an analysis of court caseload processing for a given type of crime and proceeding to a comparison of the results obtained from empirical studies in different countries. The article draws on a study I performed on rape cases tried by the court system in Campinas, São Paulo State, and the study by Gary LaFree on rape cases in the United States, based on data in Indianapolis, Indiana. The comparative analysis of determinants of victims' and law enforcement agencies' decisions concerning the pursuit of legal action proved to be productive, even when comparing two different systems of justice. This allowed greater knowledge of how the Brazilian criminal justice system operates, both in its capacity to identify, try, and punish sex offenders, and in terms of the importance it ascribes to formal legal rules in trying rape cases, in comparison to the American criminal justice system.
Dans cet article, on cherche à montrer les avantages d'utiliser l'analyse de la marche de la production décisionnelle lorsqu'il s'agit de l'étude d'un crime donné ainsi que de comparer les résultats obtenus dans les recherches empiriques menées dans divers pays. On part donc ici de l'étude effectué sur la marche de la Justice Pénale concernant le crime de viol à Campinas (Brésil) ainsi que de l'étude de Gary LaFree sur la façon dont la Justice Pénale nord-américaine considère le viol, d'après des données obtenues à Indianopolis (USA). La comparaison entre les facteurs déterminant les décisions des victimes et les facteurs les opérant dans la poursuite de l'action judiciaire a fourni de bons résultats, malgré les différences entre ces deux systèmes. Elle a permis de mieux connaître le fonctionnement de la Justice Pénale brésilienne autant en ce qui concerne ses possibilités d'identifier, d´étudier et de punir les agressions sexuelles, que dans l'importance qu'elle attribue aux règles légales établies dans les procés de viol, par rapport à la Justice Pénale nord-américaine.
ABSTRACT
Approaching an advantage in TCM and Chinese herbs, comparing the difference between them in many ways. TCM has macroscopic advantage and microcosmic disadvantage. Point out that only the theory of TCM be respected, the advantages of TCM can be kept.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to establish the criteria to discriminate whether the difference of the optic disc parameters compared actually reflects the progress of the disease or it is merely caused by the intraexaminer or interexaminer error. Using the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TopSS), one eye of each of 20 healthy adults were exmained by the same examiner and one eye of each of 10 adults were examined by different examiners for two consecutive days. The results out of these repeated examinations were analysed to obtain 95%confidence intervals by analysis of the change of the 12 optic disc parameters, and to determine whether the results have been influenced by the disc size or the disc tilt. The criteria to differentiate actual progression of disease from potential errors of the test were obtained. In addition, it was confirmed that changes in the parameters were not influenced by the disc size or the contour tilt. In conclusion,the outcomes of this study can be utilized as a guiding criteria when judging the relevance of the parameter changes to the progress of the disease.