Ergonomics Study Of Stretcher For Rescuer To Lift Drown Body

@#Drowning is one of 10 leading causes of death in every region of the world especially in the picnic and recreation. Statistics from Fire and Rescue Department showed an average of 700 people drown each year in this country. There were also cases where casualty to rescuers during the Save and Rescue Operation (SAR). As the incidents increased, the task of rescuers and equipment used should be reviewed. Issue How to ease rescuer task and safely lift underwater drown body. Problem Statement Difficulties arise during lifting drown body from underwater to the surface due to certain circumstances. This involved safety to rescuers, process of rescuing and time consuming of the operation. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the efficient ways of lifting drown body based on rescuers preferences. From the results, new stretcher design parameters will be established. Method Thirty rescuers from two Water Rescue Teams namely PPDA Putrajaya and PPDA Shah Alam Branches participated in this study. They are 24 male and 6 female aged between 23 to 51 years with mean of age at 29.5 year and experienced in SAR. Instrument Questionnaires were used to identify factors contributed to success or failure of any SAR operation. Likert scale questions were used to measure their preferences. Data then processed using statistical software (SPSS). Results Findings shows that all respondents agreed that lifting method is the most significant factor affecting their task performance, safety and time consumes. Meanwhile 83.3% of them strongly agreed and 16.7% agreed the usage of proposed floatable stretcher to lift drown body in their future SAR Operations.

Estudio de utilización de antibióticos y adherencia a las guías en el servicio de consulta externa de una IPS indígena de Valledupar (Colombia) / Study of use of antibiotics and adherence to guides in the external consultation service of an indigenous IPS of Valledupar (Colombia)

Introduction: The deficiency in the adherence to medical guidelines is a factor that has been observed since their appearance, which has generated an inappropriate use of medications, the creation of resistance and the ineffectiveness of treatments. Objective: The present study sought to determine compliance with the management guidelines for the main infectious pathologies and the consumption of antibiotics in the outpatient service at the Institution of Health Provider. Methodology: To determine compliance with the Management Guidelines, medical records of antibiotics provided by the pharmacy for pathologies were reviewed, made up of 740 data from patients who attended for the 6 main infectious pathologies that also had medical management guidelines in an outpatient clinic of a Clinic of III level of complexity of La Guajira. Results: The main diseases that were identified were urinary tract infections (IVU) with 40%, followed by vaginitis (27%), vaginosis (17%), acute pharynx-tonsillitis (FAA) with 9%, acute respiratory infection (pneumonia and bronchopneumonia and bronchitis) with 5% acute otitis media with 3%. The antibiotics most used for the various pathologies were nitroimidazoles (28.42%), beta-lactams (19.20%), cephalosporins (14.06%), among others. Conclusions: The above, could generate ineffectiveness and resistance in treatments, which is reflected in the increased morbidity and mortality of patients treated with infectious diseases, in addition, the medical management guidelines must be updated with the criteria recommended by the Ministry of Social protection

Introducción: La deficiencia en la adherencia a las guías médicas es un factor que se viene observando desde la aparición de las mismas, lo que ha generado un uso inadecuado de medicamentos, la creación de resistencias y la inefectividad de tratamientos. Objetivo: El presente estudio buscó determinar el cumplimiento de las guías de manejo de las principales patologías infecciosas y el consumo de antibióticos en el servicio de consulta externa en la Institución Prestadora de Salud. Metodología: Para determinar el cumplimiento a las Guías de Manejo, se revisaron historias clínicas de antibióticos proporcionados por farmacia para patologías, conformado por 740 datos de pacientes que asistieron por las 6 principales patologías infecciosas que además tuvieran guía de manejo médico en consulta externa de una Clínica de III nivel de complejidad de la Guajira. Resultados: Las principales enfermedades que se identificaron fueron las infecciones de vías urinarias (IVU) con 40%, seguida por la vaginitis (27%), vaginosis (17%), faringo-amigdalitis aguda (FAA) con 9%, infección respiratoria aguda (neumonía y bronconeumonía y bronquitis) con 5% la otitis media aguda con 3%. Los antibióticos más utilizados para las diversas patologías fueron los nitroimidazoles (28,42%), betalactamicos (19,20%), cefalosporinas (14,06%), entre otros. Conclusiones: Lo anterior, podría generar una inefectividad y resistencias en tratamientos, lo cual se ve reflejado en el aumento de la morbimortalidad de pacientes tratados con patologías infecciosas, además, las guías de manejo médico deben ser actualizadas con los criterios recomendados por el Ministerio de Protección Social.

Effects of Alcohol on the Developing Brain: The Adolescent at Risk

Adolescence is a phase of great physical, emotional and social transformations that put individuals in vulnerability and with risks of aggravations that can be definitive. Among the various characteristics of the adolescent, the experimentation of new sensations and challenges is one of the most outstanding, being responsible for several common problems in this phase of life. Among the several factors that can adversely affect adolescents, alcohol is one of themost prevalent, offering serious immediate and late risks. This article presents some characteristics of alcohol consumption among adolescents and the effects on the development of the central nervous system, highlighting the main damages that can be caused in the brain in formation (reduced white matter volume and cortices, neuronal apoptosis, demyelination). In view of the relevance of the effects of alcohol on the developing brain all efforts should be directed towards avoiding or minimizing the risks to which adolescents are subject. It also presents some measures that can be with the aim of preventing the consumption of alcohol among adolescents.

Effects of repeated sprint training on isocapnic buffering phase in volleyball players / Efeitos de treinos de sprint repetidos na faİxa de tamponamento İsocápnİco em jogadores de voleibol / Efectos del entrenamiento de sprint repetido en la fase de tamponamiento isocápnico en jugadores de voleibol

ABSTRACT Introduction: The region between the ventilatory threshold (VT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) is defined as the isocapnic buffering (ICB) phase and represents a phase of compensation for exercise-induced metabolic acidosis. There is sparse literature examining the effects of physical training on ICB phase in athletes. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a repeated sprint training program on the ICB phase of college volleyball players. Methods: Eighteen male volleyball players were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=9) or a control group (n=9) and followed a traditional volleyball training program three times per week for six weeks. The experimental group additionally performed a repeated sprint training protocol immediately before each volleyball training session. Before and after the 6-week training period, all participants performed an incremental treadmill test to determine VT, RCP, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The ICB phases were calculated as VO2 (ml/kg/min) and sprint speed (km/h). Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in ICB phase, RCP, VO2max and maximal sprint speed after training (p<0.01). There were no significant changes in VT after training in the experimental group (p>0.05). None of these variables changed significantly in the control group (p>0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that repeated sprint training can enhance the ICB phase of volleyball players, which may be attributable to an improvement in buffering capacity leading to a shift in RCP towards higher intensities without any change in VT. The increase in the ICB phase may an important factor in terms of improvement in the high-intensity exercise tolerance of athletes. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic studies - Investigating the results of treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: a região entre o limiar ventilatório (VT) e o ponto de compensação respiratório (RCP) é definido como faixa de temporamento isocápnico (ICB) e representa a fase de compensação para a acidose metabólica induzida por exercício. Há escassa literatura examinando os efeitos do treinamento físico na fase ICB em atletas. Objetivos: o objetivo desse estudo foi examinar os efeitos do programa de treinamento de Srint repetido na fase ICB em jogadores universitários de voleibol. Métodos: dezoito jogadores homens de voleibol foram aleatoriamente designados para um grupo experimental (n=9) ou um grupo controle (n=9) e completaram um programa tradicional de treinamento de voleibol três vezes por semana, durante seis semanas. O grupo experimental, adicionalmente, realizou um protocolo de treinamento de sprint repetido imediatamente antes de cada sessão de treinamento de voleibol. Antes e após o período de treinamento de 6 semanas, todos os participantes realizaram um teste de esteira experimental para determinar VT, RCP e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max). As fases ICB foram calculadas como VO2 (ml/kg/min) e velocidade de corrida (km/h). Resultados: o grupo experimental mostrou melhorias significativas na fase ICB, RCP, VO2max e velocidade de corrida máxima depois do treino (p < 0.01). Não houve mudanças significativas no VT após o treino no grupo experimental (p > 0.05). Nenhuma das variáveis mudou significativamente no grupo controle (p > 0.05). Conclusões: a partir desses resultados, concluímos que o treinamento de Sprint repetido pode realçar a fase ICB em jogadores de voleibol, que podem ser atribuídos à melhora do efeito tampão, levando ao deslocamento da RCP para intensidades mais altas, sem nenhuma mudança no VT. O aumento na fase ICB pode ser um fator importante em relação à melhora na tolerância ao exercício de alta intensidade em atletas. Nível de evidência II, Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: la región comprendida entre el umbral de ventilación (UV) y el punto de compensación respiratoria (PCR) se define como la fase de amortiguación isocapnica (ICB) y representa una fase de compensación de la acidosis metabólica inducida por el ejercicio. Hay poca literatura que examine los efectos del entrenamiento físico en la fase ICB de los atletas. Objetivos: El propósito de este estudio fue examinar los efectos del programa de entrenamiento de sprints repetidos en la fase ICB de los jugadores de voleibol de la universidad. Métodos: Dieciocho jugadores de voleibol masculino fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo experimental (n=9) o un grupo de control (n=9) y completaron un programa tradicional de entrenamiento de voleibol, tres veces por semana durante 6 semanas. El grupo experimental también realizó un protocolo de entrenamiento de sprint repetido inmediatamente antes de cada sesión de entrenamiento de voleibol. Antes y después del período de entrenamiento de 6 semanas, todos los participantes realizaron una prueba incremental en cinta rodante para determinar UV, RCP y consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max). Las fases ICB se calcularon como VO2 (ml/kg/min) y velocidad (km/h). Resultados: El grupo experimental mostró mejoras significativas en la fase ICB, RCP, VO2max y velocidad de carrera máxima post entrenamiento (p < 0.01). No hubo cambios significativos en UV después del entrenamiento en el grupo experimental (p > 0.05). Ninguna de estas variables cambió significativamente en el grupo control (p > 0.05). Conclusiones: A partir de estos resultados, concluimos que el entrenamiento de sprints repetidos puede mejorar la fase ICB de los jugadores de voleibol, lo que puede atribuirse a la mejora de la capacidad de amortiguación que lleva al cambio de RCP a intensidades más altas sin ningún cambio en el UV. El aumento en la fase ICB puede ser un factor importante en relación con la mejora en la tolerancia al ejercicio de alta intensidad en atletas. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigando resultados del tratamiento.

Substrates and irrigation levels for growing desert rose in pots / Substratos e níveis de irrigação no crescimento em vaso de rosa do deserto

ABSTRACT In the past decades, desert rose has become a very popular ornamental plant, especially among collectors, due to its exotic and sculptural forms. However, it has been grown on a commercial scale only recently, and little is known about how to best manage it as a container-grown plant, or even which potting medium (substrate) to recommend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between potting media and irrigation levels for growing desert rose as a potted ornamental plant. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement with six replications, six potting media and two irrigation levels. The mixes were characterized by measuring their physical properties, specifically the density and water retention capacity (WRC), as well as chemical properties, such as the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). After 210 days, plant growth and plant water consumption were evaluated and measured. A lower dry density for the vermiculite mixes was observed in comparison to that for the sand mixes. However, WRC ranged from 428 to 528 mL L-1 among the mixes, values considered close to ideal. In general, plant growth exhibited higher increases in mixes consisting of coconut fiber + sand or vermiculite, regardless of the irrigation level. Mixes of vermiculite + coconut fiber and sand + coconut fiber can be used to grow desert rose in pots, as long as irrigation is used to maintain the moisture content of the potting medium (mix) between 60-70% and 80-90% of the WRC.

RESUMO Na última década a rosa do deserto ganhou destaque no mercado de flores, principalmente entre colecionadores, devido às suas formas exóticas e esculturais; porém, o cultivo da espécie em escala comercial é bastante recente e pouco se sabe acerca do manejo da cultura, inclusive no que diz respeito à recomendação de substratos. Assim, objetiva-se nesse trabalho estudar a interação entre substratos e níveis de irrigação no desenvolvimento de rosa do deserto em vaso. Conduziu-se o experimento em casa de vegetação em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com seis repetições, adotando-se seis substratos e dois níveis de irrigação. As misturas foram caracterizadas mensurando-se suas propriedades físicas (densidade e capacidade de retenção de água - CRA) e químicas (pH e condutividade elétrica - CE). Aos 210 dias de cultivo avaliou-se o crescimento das plantas; além do consumo de água pela cultura. Para as misturas compostas por vermiculita verificou-se menor densidade seca em relação às compostas por areia; no entanto, a CRA variou de 428 a 528 mL L-1 entre as misturas, valores próximos aos considerados ideais. De modo geral, o crescimento das plantas teve maiores incrementos nas misturas compostas por fibra de coco mais areia ou vermiculita, independente do nível de irrigação. As misturas vermiculita + fibra de coco e areia + fibra de coco podem ser empregadas para o cultivo em vaso de rosa do deserto, quando se mantiver os níveis de irrigação entre 60-70% e 80-90% da CRA das misturas.

Uso de Facebook, estrés percibido y consumo de alcohol en jóvenes universitarios / Use of Facebook, perceived stress and alcohol consumption among university students

Resumen Analizar el efecto entre el uso de Facebook, el estrés percibido y el consumo de alcohol en jóvenes. Fue realizado un estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal. La muestra fue de 110 jóvenes universitarios jóvenes universitarios de Nuevo León, México. Muestreo probabilístico. Se utilizó una Cedula de Datos Personales y Prevalencias del Consumo de Alcohol, Cuestionario de Identificación de Trastornos por Uso del Alcohol (AUDIT), Cuestionario de Uso de Facebook y la Escala de Estrés Percibido. Se contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética en Investigación. Se encontró que el 6,4% de los jóvenes mencionaron que el uso de Facebook ha afectado su consumo de alcohol. El visualizar anuncios con contenido de alcohol en Facebook se relacionó con el consumo de alcohol (rs = 0,204, p < 0,05). Las horas que se utiliza Facebook se relacionó con el estrés percibido (rs = 0,189, p < 0,05). Finalmente se observó que existe un efecto significativo entre las horas y días de uso de Facebook, el estrés percibido por los jóvenes, la edad y el sexo sobre el consumo de alcohol perjudicial en los jóvenes universitarios (R2= 30,9%, p = 0,003). Por lo tanto es importante y necesario el considerar las redes sociales como una variable importante para ser incluida en futuras intervenciones en salud mental.

Abstract Analysis of the effect between the use of Facebook, perceived stress and alcohol consumption among young people. A descriptive, correlative and cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample of 1110 young university students from Nuevo León, Mexico, was selected by probability sample. Personal Data and Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption Inventory, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Facebook Use Identification Test, Perceived Stress Scale were used. The Research Ethics Committee approved it. We observed 6.4% of young people have mentioned that the use of Facebook affected the alcohol consumption. Seeing adds with alcohol on Facebook was related to alcohol consumption (rs = 0,204, p < 0,05). At the time Facebook was used, it was related to the perceived stress (rs = 0,189, p < 0,05). Finally, it was observed that there is a significant impact between the hours and days of use of Facebook, the stress perceived by young people, the age and gender regarding the harmful alcohol consumption among university students (R2 = 30,9%, p = 0,003). Therefore, it is crucial and necessary to consider social networks an important variable to be included in future interventions regarding mental health.

Costo social del free-ride en cartagena - colombia: un análisis para el subsector de los establecimientos de lavado de vehículos

Los establecimientos de lavado de vehículos representan un problema ambiental, debido al uso intensivo del agua, en su funcionamiento. Además, los lavaderos, de la ciudad de Cartagena, tienden a actuar como free-riders, es decir, que en las 15 Unidades Comuneras de Gobierno Urbano, se encuentran lavaderos que evaden parte del pago por el uso de agua, lo que genera un costo, asumido por la sociedad y por las generaciones futuras. El presente artículo, se centra en determinar el costo social producido por el fenómeno del free-ride en los lavaderos de autos en Cartagena, para el periodo 2018, 2028 y 2038. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el costo social proyectado, para estos lapsos, será de $1.351, $6.051 y $12.694 millones a precios corrientes, respectivamente.

The vehicle washing facilities represent an environmental problem, due to the intensive use of water as a productive input in their daily operations. Also, the car washes of the city of Cartagena tend to act as free riders, in others words, they evade the full payment for the used water, which generates a cost that is borne by society and future generations. This article focuses primarily on determining the social cost caused by the Free-Ride phenomenon on the car washes from Cartagena for 2018, 2028 and 2038. The results show that the social cost forecasted for those years will be $1.351, $6.051 and $12.694 million in current prices respectively.

Huella de carbono en Santa Marta, Colombia: Análisis desde el enfoque de los determinantes sociales de la salud - 2014 / Carbon footprint in Santa Marta, Colombia: An Analysis from social determinants of health approach - 2014

Objetivo. Se estableció como objetivo estimar la huella de carbono para la ciudad de Santa Marta a partir de las prácticas de consumo de alimentos, medios de transporte, servicios públicos y compra de bienes y servicios per cápita y, relacionar dicha huella con aspectos determinantes de la salud como el nivel socio-económico y socio-demográfico de la población. Método. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal de encuesta en Santa Marta-Colombia para 2014, con una muestra de 811 personas seleccionadas aleatoriamente. Los datos se analizaron en EpiInfo 7 a través de análisis bivariado con ANOVA y Ji2 para identificar dependencias y multivariado por OR para identificar asociaciones. Resultados. Se encontró que la huella de carbono estimada promedio fue de 29,95 tCO2e por prácticas de consumo. Se estableció que tener 35 años o menos, niveles educativo profesional universitario o superior, estrato socioeconómico medio alto y alto, e ingresos altos son aspectos que aumentan la probabilidad de tener una huella de carbono mayor o igual a 39,3tCO2e. Conclusión. El tamaño de la huella de carbono se relaciona inversamente con la edad, y directamente con los ingresos económicos, estrato y nivel educativo.

Objective: The goal was to estimate the carbon footprint for Santa Marta by consumption per capita of food, transportation, goods and services, and housing, and to relate carbon footprint with the health determinants such as socio-economic status and socio-demographic characteristics of the population. Materials and Method: A crosssectional study with survey design was conducted in Santa Marta-Colombia for 2014, with a sample of 811 randomly selected people. Data were analyzed in software EpiInfo 7. For bivariate analysis we used ANOVA and Chi 2 to identify dependencies, and for multivariate analysis OR was used to identify associations. Result: The carbon footprint average by consumption patterns was 29.95 tCO2e. We found that people 35 years old or younger, professional or higher educational level, with medium-high and high socioeconomic status, and higher incomes have more probability to produce bigger carbon footprint (39.4 tCO2e or more). Conclusion: The size of the carbon footprint is inversely related to age but directly related with incomes, level of education and socioeconomic status.

Perfil do consumidor de carne bovina na cidade de Sobral ­ CE / Consumer profile of beef in the city of Sobral - CE

A composição química da carne apresenta grande quantidade de água e nutrientes, o que a caracteriza como um meio propício para a proliferação de micro-organismos patogênicos, além de ser um potencial veículo na transmissão de zoonoses. O Brasil é um grande produtor e exportador de carne e, para assegurar que sua produção seja realizada de acordo com as exigências de consumo nacional e internacional, é preciso que sua cadeia produtiva seja inspecionada, garantindo um alimento seguro, livre de agentes patogênicos causadores de doenças. Diante da importância do consumo de alimentos seguros, por meio da aplicação de 300 questionários, avaliou-se o perfil dos consumidores de carne na cidade de Sobral - CE quanto aos seus hábitos de compra e consumo. O aumento do nível de escolaridade e da renda familiar afetam positivamente o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre a carne inspecionada. Fazem-se necessários programas que difundam informações sobre o consumo da carne bovina na cidade de Sobral no Ceará.

Proyecto: Creación de una Unidad de Desintoxicación / Project: Creation of a Detoxification Unit

Las adicciones constituyen un problema de salud en el mundo actual. El aumento del consumo de alcohol y el abuso de drogas registrados en los últimos años, incrementaron las consultas en los Servicios de Emergencias de los Hospitales Públicos, tanto por cuadros agudos, intoxicación o abstinencia, como por efectos secundarios de las sustancias. Confluyen en su génesis factores psicológicos, culturales y sanitarios. La situación constituye un problema sanitario de alto costo personal, social y económico. La complejidad del problema, su desconocimiento, las valoraciones peyorativas, los prejuicios y las estigmatizaciones de los aspectos relacionados con el consumo exigen una mirada multidisciplinaria e intersectorial que permita comprender la difícil realidad y proponer el adecuado manejo de técnicas y metodologías, elementos esenciales para lograr intervenciones superadoras de la cuestión

Addictions are a problem in the actual world. The rise in drugs and alcohol abuse in later years have increased consultations in emergency services for intoxications or abstinence as well as for secondary effects to substances abuse. In their genesis coincide psichological, sanitary and cultural factors. This situation constitutes a sanitary problem of high personal social and echonomic level. The complexity of the problem, its lack of knowledge, prjeudices and stigmatizations of many aspects relationed to drug consume demand a multidisciplinary look that allows to undertsand the difficult reality and to propose adequate handling of techniques and methodology which are essential to achieve adequate interventions

As adicções são um problema de saúde no mundo de hoje. O aumento do consumo de álcool e o abuso de drogas registrados nos últimos anos, acrescentaram as consultas nos Serviços de Pronto Socorro dos Hospitais Públicos, tanto por casos agudos, intoxicação ou abstinência, quanto por efeitos colaterais das substâncias. Convergem para gerá-los fatores psicológicos, culturais e de saúde. A situação constitui um problema de saúde pública de grande custo pessoal, social e econômico. A complexidade, o desconhecimento, as qualificações pejorativas, os preconceitos e as estigmatizações dos aspectos relacionados com o consumo exigem um olhar multidisciplinar e intersectorial para a compreensão da difícil realidade e para propor técnicas e metodologias adequadas, que são essenciais para alcançar intervenções superadoras da questão

La percepción de los adolescentes sobre el consumo de alcohol y su relación con la exposición a la oportunidad y la tentación al consumo de alcohol / Perception of adolescents about alcohol consumption and its relation to the exposure to opportunity and temptation for alcohol consumption

Introduction Alcohol is an endemic problem in our country. It affects mainly adolescents, and is associated with the availability and individual characteristics and context that favor the likelihood of experiencing, continue to use and move toward the problematic use and dependence. Substance use is also associated with being exposed to them and making decisions about their conduct towards the opportunity, so prevention may be more effective when you understand the mechanisms between the availability and behavior and exposure to opportunity and the temptation to consume. This work addresses these constructs in a group of adolescents using a qualitative approach and explores the perception of the constructs, their association with the use and the strategies used by adolescents to avoid consumption. Methodology The sample was composed by 60 adolescents, 30 experimentalists and 30 alcohol abusers, divided into six groups. Results The results show a clear identification and definition of constructs exposed to the opportunity and temptation to consume. Family parties and invitations are considered situations associated with exposure to the opportunity, and temptation consumption is associated with unpleasant emotions. In the coping strategies to avoid drinking, experimenters think about the consequences of consumption, in saying no, and in respecting the rules and decisions, while the abusers think of the fun and never refuse an invitation from a friend. Discussion Results are proposed for inclusion in models of prevention and care for specific populations.

El consumo de alcohol es un problema endémico en nuestro país. Afecta principalmente a los adolescentes y se asocia con la disponibilidad y con características individuales y del contexto que favorecen la probabilidad de experimentar, continuar usando y avanzar hacia el consumo problemático y la dependencia. El uso de sustancias también se relaciona con estar expuesto a ellas y tomar decisiones sobre su conducta frente a la oportunidad. Así, la prevención puede ser más efectiva cuando se comprenden los mecanismos intermedios entre la disponibilidad y la conducta como la exposición a la oportunidad y la tentación al consumo. Este trabajo aborda estos constructos en un grupo de adolescentes mediante una aproximación cualitativa y explora la percepción de los constructos, su asociación con el consumo y las estrategias que utilizan los adolescentes para evitar el consumo. Método La muestra se integró con 60 adolescentes, 30 experimentadores y 30 abusadores de alcohol, divididos en seis grupos. Los resultados muestran una clara identificación y definición de los constructos exposición a la oportunidad y tentación al consumo. Fiestas familiares e invitaciones son consideradas situaciones asociadas con la exposición a la oportunidad; y la tentación al consumo se asocia con emociones desagradables. En las estrategias de enfrentamiento para evitar el consumo, los experimentadores piensan en las consecuencias del consumo, en decir no y en respetar las reglas y decisiones; en tanto que los abusadores piensan en la diversión y nunca rechazarían la invitación de un amigo. Discusión A partir de los resultados se hacen propuestas para su incorporación en modelos de prevención y atención para poblaciones específicas.

Uso, consumo y costo de medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados en dos servicios del hospital universitario "General Calixto García" / Use, consume and cost of controlled antimicrobials in two services at"Calixto Garcia" University Hospital

Introducción: el uso irracional de antimicrobianos es un problema de salud a nivel mundial, tanto por las implicaciones médicas para los pacientes como por los elevados costos asistenciales. Un número elevado de pacientes recibe terapia antimicrobiana, siendo necesaria la prescripción atinada del fármaco, teniendo en cuenta la dinámica de la ecología bacteriana, la individualidad de cada enfermo y la significación de los costos a nivel institucional y del país. Objetivo: determinar la utilización, el consumo y el costo de los medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados en dos servicios hospitalarios. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio exploratorio, observacional, transversal, sobre el uso de los medicamentos antimicrobianos y su costo. El universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes que consumieron medicamentos antimicrobianos controlados y autorizados por la Comisión de Antibióticos acreditada para tales efectos, en las salas de Medicina Interna y Terapia Intensiva del Hospital Calixto García, en el período comprendido de junio a noviembre de 2010. Resultados: los medicamentos antimicrobianos más utilizados fueron las cefalosporinas, principalmente la cefuroxima con 4 514 bulbos en las salas de Medicina Interna y la ceftriaxona con 5 982 bulbos en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva. El gasto general por concepto de antimicrobianos consumidos fue elevado (432 914,00 MN), siendo el servicio de Terapia Intensiva el responsable del mayor gasto (312 528,80 MN). Conclusiones: las cefalosporinas constituyeron el grupo farmacológico más empleado en ambos servicios, además de que hubo un mayor consumo de aminoglucósidos y vancomicina en el Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, donde los gastos fueron mayores.

Introduction: the irrational use of antimicrobials is a common health problem world around, having impact on both medical applications and high costs. A large number of patients receive antimicrobial therapy, for which is convenient the correct drug prescription, taking into account dynamics of the bacterial ecology, the peculiarities of each patient and the local and national costs of the medications. Objective: to characterize controlled antimicrobials according to consumeand costs at the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit of theCalixto Garcia Hospital. Material and Methods: the present paper shows a descriptive, observational and retrospective study of Drug Use based on the analysis of consume and costs. The studied considered all patients that consumed controlled antimicrobials at the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care services of the Calixto Garcia Hospital during June to November of 2010 and whose use was authorized by the Antibiotic Commission accredited or such ends. Results: the most used antimicrobials were the cefalosporins amily with 4514 bulbs, mainly Cefuroxima, at the Internal Medicine service, while and Ceftriaxona with 5982 bulbs was the most used in the Intensive care service. The overall cost caused by consumption of antimicrobials was high (432914.00 pesos), mostly at the Intensive Care service (312528.80 pesos). This was related to the high consume of ciprofloxacine (39387.70 and 70656.30 pesos) in the Internal Medicine and Intensive Care Unit. Conclusions: the cephalosporins was the pharmacology group most used in both services, the consume of aminoglycoside and vancomycin was quarter in intensive care Unit, where the costs were higher.

Situación del cáncer en Chile 2000 – 2010 / Cancer status in Chile 2000 – 2010

La situación epidemiológica de mortalidad en Chile en el año 2010, muestra que el cáncer ocupa el segundo lugar dentro de las causas de muerte. La prevalencia nacional para cáncer es un 24,6 por ciento y se observa una prevalencia mayor en las regiones de Antofagasta (29,0 por ciento), Coquimbo (26,2 por ciento), Valparaíso (25,5 por ciento) y Región Metropolitana (25,1 por ciento). Además, en las Regiones de Arica y Parinacota y Antofagasta, el cáncer es la primera causa de muerte, con un 22,4 por ciento y un 29,0 por ciento, respectivamente. El análisis de las tasas de seis de los cánceres más prevalentes en nuestro país: estómago, mama, próstata, pulmón, vesícula y colon por región de norte a sur, muestra que la región de Valparaíso y desde Maule hasta Magallanes, tienen tasas de cáncer de estómago superiores a la media nacional. Se aprecia además quela tasa de cáncer de próstata es mayor a la media nacional en las regiones de Valparaíso y desde Maule a Los Ríos. Con respecto a cáncer a pulmón, las regiones de Arica y Parinacota, Antofagasta, Atacama, Valparaíso, Metropolitana de Santiago y Aisén presentan tasas mayores al promedio del país. En general, los datos muestran que la región de Valparaíso presenta tasas de cáncer superiores al promedio del país en 13 de los 16 cánceres analizados en este documento, le sigue la región de Los Ríos con 12 y finalmente Aisén con 9. De acuerdo al perfil epidemiológico y las relaciones de causalidad descritas para el cáncer en Chile, podemos sugerir que las recomendaciones de salud pública para la prevención de este mal en Chile deberían considerar, además de la limitación del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y la restricción del hábito tabáquico, una serie de factores que abordan la problemática general con recomendaciones simples pero efectivas, tales como las sugeridas por la OMS. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, es importante realizar estudios epidemiológicos y clínicos que incorporen...

The epidemiological situation of the mortality in Chile in the year 2010 shows that cancer ranks second among death causes. Cancer rates in Antofagasta (29.0 percent), Coquimbo (26.2 percent), Valparaiso (25.5 percent) and Metropolitan (25.1 percent) regions are higher than the country average (24.6 percent). In addition, in Arica and Parinacota, and Antofagasta, cancer is the first cause of death, with 22.4 percent and 29.0 percent, respectively. Data of six more prevalent cancers (2008 to 2010): Stomach, Breast, Prostate, Lung, Bladder and Colon along the country. In Valparaiso and from Maule to Magallanes there are rates of Stomach cancer higher than the national average. The rate of Prostate cancer is higher than the national average in Valparaiso and from Maule to Los Ríos. In relation to Lung cancer the regions of Arica and Parinacota, Antofagasta, Atacama, Valparaiso, Metropolitan of Santiago and Aisén present rates higher than the national rate. In summary, the Valparaiso region presents rates of cancer higher than the average of the country in 13 of 16 cancers analyzed in this document, following by Los Ríos with 12 and finally Aisén with 9. According to the epidemiological profile and causality relationships for cancer in Chile, we suggest that public health recommendations for cancer prevention should consider, besides limitation of alcohol/drinking and restriction of the smoking habit, additional simple but effective recommendations to address general problematic, as for example those suggested by the WHO. Furthermore, it is important to do epidemiological and clinical studies that incorporate environmental and dietary factors of our country and genetics in the specific regions where some cancers have major prevalence.

Evaluación antropométrica y educación nutricional a los conductores de autobús con sobrepeso y obesidad / Anthropometric assessment and nutrition education bus drivers overweight and obesity

Objetivo: Promover hábitos alimentarios saludables en los conductores de autobús con sobrepeso y obesidad para mejorar su calidad de vida. Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo, elaborado en tres etapas: selección de la población, elaboración y validación del instrumento, participación de tres sesiones educativas. Al inicio y final del estudio, se aplica una encuesta, evaluación antropométrica y frecuencia de consumo. Se inicia con 119 participantes pero sólo con 95 de ellos, se realizan las sesiones educativas. Los participantes laboran para una empresa de transporte público en Guadalupe. Resultado: La edad con mayor prevalencia es 41 y 50 años. La mayoría tienen un grado académico de primaria completa y secundaria incompleta. La hipertensión arterial y la gastritis son los principales padecimientos de los conductores. Además, consumen con mayor frecuencia son alimentos fritos que alimentos cocidos al vapor. Se encuentra que ingieren tres vasos de agua diarios o menos. Después de las sesiones educativas, aumenta la ingesta de leche descremada, el yogurt descremado, el pescado y el consumo de las frutas y vegetales, siendo el banano, el tomate, el pepino y la zanahoria, los de mayor consumo. Se disminuye el consumo pollo con piel, los embutidos, manteca, crema de café, churros, empanadas, mayonesa, refrescos de cajita y gaseosas. Discusión: la conducción de autobús es una actividad laboral muy sedentaria, los horarios irregulares, así como los constantes cambios de rutas, limitan al conductor a tener horarios de comidas regulares, a comer fuera de casa y a la poca o nula realización de actividad física diaria.

Objective: To promote healthy eating habits in the bus drivers’ population with overweight and obesity in order to enhance their lifestyle. Methodology: This is a descriptive research divided into three stages: population selection, procedure and instrument validation, and participation in three educational sessions. At the beginning and at the end of the research a survey was applied, as well as an anthropometric and consumption frequency assessment. The study started with 119 participants but only 95 took part in the educative sessions. Participants work for the Guadalupe public transportation company. Results: The majority of the population was between 41 and 50 years of age. Most of them have completed elementary school but not high school. Hypertension and gastritis are the main medical conditions. Besides, they frequently consume fried instead of steamed food. They used to drink three glasses of water or less a day. After the educational sessions, they started consuming skim milk and yogurt, fish, fruits and vegetables. The most likely foods to be eaten were: banana, tomato, carrot, and cucumber. They consumed less chicken with skin, sausages, coffee cream, mayonnaise, pie, butter, artificial drinks and sodas. Discussion: Driving a bus is sedentary work. The schedules and roads are irregular. Therefore, the eating schedules may vary and usually the drivers consume fast food. Also, the physical activities are few or null.

Consumo e violência: respostas à inexistência do outro na modernidade líquida / Consume and violence: answers to other’s inexistence in liquid modernity

O momento histórico contemporâneo, chamado por Bauman de modernidade líquida, tem como algumas de suas características principais o enfraquecimento de tradições e a liquefação de crenças, valores e lugares pré-fixados, pondo em primeiro plano a volatilidade e a incerteza em oposição à segurança arduamente buscada em períodos anteriores. Tomando esse cenário como pano de fundo para a exaltação de ambições e interesses particulares a que se assiste atualmente, o consumo incessante de objetos produzidos pela associação entre mercado e ciência ganha cada vez mais força, buscando responder às satisfações momentâneas e cambiantes, sem dimensão de futuro e desligadas de qualquer ideal. Como consequência, a existência desatrela-se da ação política, esvaziando-se de significado e tornando-se pura exibição. Transforma-se também a forma da violência, que, no tempo presente, apresenta-se sem valor simbólico, calcada especialmente na eliminação pura e simples do outro, visto como inimigo.

The present historical moment, called liquid modernity by Bauman, features the weakening of traditions and liquefaction of beliefs, values and places pre-set, starring volatility and uncertainty, in opposition to the security sought in previous periods. In this scenario, with the exaltation of ambitions and personal interests, the consumption of objects produced by the association of marketing and science has increased, offering momentary gratification, without any ideal basis. As a result, political action loses its meaning. The type of violence also changes: at the present time, it has no symbolic value and is based especially on the elimination of others, seen as enemies.

Calidad nutricional de la cena consumida por adultos mayores hospedados en un hotel del municipio de balneário Camboriú, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Nutritional quality of the dinner consumed by elderly people staying in a hotel in Balneário Camboriú, Brazil

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad nutritional de la cena consumida por 105 turistas de la tercera edad hospedados en un hotel. Método: para la estandarización previa del peso medio de los alimentos consumidos fueron pesadas tres porciones de cada una de las opciones ofrecidas. El consumo alimentario fue verificado por la observación directa de las porciones servidas en el plato, convertidas posteriormente en gramos. En la evaluación de la composición nutritional de la comida, se consideraron los datos sobre valor energético, macronutrientes, grasa saturada, colesterol, sodio y fibra. Resultados: la mayoría de los turistas era de Argentina (88 por ciento), del sexo femenino (70 por ciento), con edades entre 60 y 84 años (85 por ciento). Se notó un alto consumo de energía (175 por ciento), grasas totales (235 por ciento), grasas saturadas (207 por ciento), colesterol (151 por ciento), proteína (170 por ciento) y sodio (133 por ciento). Se observó un consumo mayor de grasa saturada entre el sexo masculino. La ingestión fue adecuada para carbohidratos (102 por ciento) y fibras (98 por ciento).

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional quality of the meals consumed by 105 elderly tourists in a hotel. Method: To ensure the accuracy of the data, three portions of each option were collected and weighed. The three weights were then averaged to create a standard measure. The number of portions that each tourist took for their meal were recorded and later converted to grams using the standard measure. When evaluating the nutritional composition of the selected foods, calories, macronutrients, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium and fiber content were all taken into consideration. Results: Most of the tourists were females (70 percent) from Argentina (88 percent) between the ages of 60 and 85 (85 percent). It was noted that the males consumed foods with a higher caloric content (175 percent of recommended amounts), total fat (235 percent), and saturated fat, cholesterol (151 percent), proteins (170 percent) and sodium (133 percent). The quantities of carbohydrates (102 percent) and fiber (98 percent) were appropriate to meet dietary needs.

Consumo ético: construção de um novo fazer político? / Ethical consumption: the construction of a new political doing?

Objetiva-se compreender o movimento pelo consumo ético e refletir obre seu alcance na constituição de uma nova cultura de consumo e seu papel no "espaço público". Efetuou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, em interlocução com a abordagem sociológica sobre os processos de democratização, consolidada nos anos 90, que traz a perspectiva de uma dinâmica nova do "espaço público" a partir da emergência de novos atores políticos e, com isso, recupera a possibilidade de um diálogo entre teoria crítica e teoria democrática. Na ausência de uma produção acadêmica nacional, buscou-se, na literatura internacional, as principais interpretações sobre o tema: uma que assume a positividade do movimento, sua capacidade de resistência e seu poder de transformação social; e outra que aponta para a negatividade do movimento e sua total absorção pelo mercado. Como pano de fundo, tem-se a problemática da falsa autonomia do sujeito burguês e da (im)possibilidade da consciência crítica.

Our aim is to understand the movement for ethical consumption and reflect on its scope on the constitution of a new consumer culture, and its role in the "public space". We conducted a bibliographic review on the subject, which dialogues with a sociological approach on the democratization processes consolidated in the 1990´s, bringing the perspective of a new dynamic of the "public space" arising from the emergence of new political actors. The possibility of a dialogue between critical theory and democratic theory is hence recovered. In the absence of a national academic production, we searched in the international literature for the key interpretations on the subject: one that assumes the positivity of the movement, its capacity for resistance and its power of social transformation, and another which points to the negativity of the movement and its complete absorption by the market. At the backdrop is the issue of the false autonomy of the bourgeois subject and the (im)possibility of a critical conscience.

El objetivo es comprender el movimiento por el consumo ético y reflexionar sobre su alcance en la constitución de una nueva cultura de consumo y su papel en el "espacio público". Se efectuó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, en interlocución con el abordaje sociológico sobre los procesos de democratización, consolidada en los ´90, que trajo la perspectiva de una nueva dinámica del "espacio público" a partir de la emergencia de nuevos actores políticos y, con eso, recupera la posibilidad de un diálogo entre teoría crítica y teoría democrática. Con la ausencia de una producción académica nacional, se buscó, en la literatura internacional, las principales interpretaciones sobre el tema: una de ellas asume lo positivo del movimiento, su capacidad de resistencia y su poder de transformación social; y otra apunta a la negatividad del movimiento y su total absorción del mercado. Como plano de fondo, se tiene la problemática de la falsa autonomía del sujeto burgués y de la (im) posibilidad de conciencia crítica.