Gravidez na adolescência: uso de métodos anticonceptivos e suas descontinuidades / Pregnancy in adolescence: use of contraceptive methods and their discontinuations / Embarazo en la adolescencia: uso de métodos anticonceptivos y sus discontinuidades

INTRODUÇÃO: o início da atividade sexual no período da adolescência pode expor essa população a alguns riscos como a ocorrência de gravidez não planejada. Estudos mostram que, apesar do aumento do uso de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC), a gravidez continua alta entre os adolescentes. OBJETIVO: analisar o uso de MAC por adolescentes que engravidaram nesse período da vida. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo do tipo caso-controle, realizado com 86 gestantes adolescentes (casos) e 86 jovens sem histórico de gravidez na adolescência (controles) em unidades de Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município de Cuiabá-MT, no período de agosto a novembro de 2016. RESULTADO: os dados revelaram que as adolescentes fizeram uso de MAC na primeira relação sexual (67,4%), porém se verificou considerável diminuição na utilização ao investigar especificadamente o uso no mês em que engravidaram (37,2%). Destacou-se que a utilização de MAC é menor entre as adolescentes comparado às jovens sem histórico de gravidez na adolescência. Verificaram-se, ainda, descontinuidades contraceptivas entre as participantes do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: os achados revelaram que as adolescentes utilizam menos métodos anticonceptivos, comparado às jovens, desde o início da vida sexual. Além disso, o uso é permeado por descontinuidades, com destaque para as falhas no uso do MAC. Esse fato indica a necessidade de aumentar os cuidados e opções contraceptivas para essa população.(AU)

Introduction: the beginning of sexual activity during adolescence may expose this population to some risks such as the occurrence of unplanned pregnancy. Several studies show that, despite the increased use of contraceptive methods (CMs), pregnancy remains high among adolescents. Objective: to analyze the use of CMs by adolescents who became pregnant during this period of life. Method: This is a case-control study conducted with 86 pregnant adolescents (cases) and 86 young women without a history of pregnancy in adolescence (controls) in Family Health Strategy (Estratégia Saúde da Familia) units in Cuiabá-MT, from August to November 2016. Results: the data revealed that the adolescents used CMs on their first sexual intercourse (67.4%), but there was a considerable decrease in use when specifically investigating their use in the month they became pregnancy (37.2%). It was noted that the use of CMs is lower among the adolescents compared to the young women without a history of pregnancy in adolescence. Contraceptive discontinuations were also verified among the study participants. Conclusion: the findings revealed that the adolescents use fewer contraceptive methods compared to young women since the beginning of their sexual life. In addition, the use is permeated by discontinuations, highlighting the failures in the use of CMs. This fact indicates the need to increase care and contraceptive options for this population.(AU)

Introducción: el inicio de la actividad sexual durante la adolescencia puede exponer a esta población a algunos riesgos, como el embarazo no planificado. Los estudios muestran que, a pesar del aumento en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC), el embarazo sigue siendo alto entre las adolescentes. Objetivo: analizar el uso de MAC en adolescentes que quedaron embarazadas durante este período de la vida. Método: estudio de caso- control, realizado con 86 adolescentes embarazadas (casos) y 86 mujeres jóvenes sin antecedentes de embarazo en la adolescencia (controles) en las unidades de Estrategia de Salud Familiar de la ciudad de Cuiabá-MT, de agosto a noviembre de 2016. Resultado: los datos revelaron que las adolescentes usaron MAC en la primera relación sexual (67,4%); sin embargo, al investigar específicamente el uso en el mes en que quedaron embarazadas, se constató que habian disminuido considerablemente dicho uso (37, 2%). Se observó que el uso de MAC es menor entre las adolescentes en comparación con las mujeres jóvenes sin antecedentes de embarazo en la adolescencia. También se observó discontinuidad en el uso de anticonceptivos entre las participantes del estudio. Conclusión: los hallazgos revelaron que las adolescentes emplean menos métodos anticonceptivos en comparación con las jóvenes, desde el inicio de su vida sexual. Además, hay mucha dicontinuidad en el uso de MAC, lo cual pone en evidencia sus fallas. Este hecho indica la necesidad de aumentar la atención y las opciones anticonceptivas para esta población.(AU)

Iniciação sexual e práticas contraceptivas de adolescentes na tríplice fronteira entre Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai / Sexual initiation and contraceptive practices among adolescents in the tri-border area between Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay / Iniciación sexual y prácticas anticonceptivas de adolescentes en la triple frontera entre Brasil, Argentina y Paraguay

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de iniciados sexualmente e as práticas contraceptivas de adolescentes na região de tríplice fronteira entre Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), Ciudad del Este (Paraguai) e Puerto Iguazú (Argentina). Método Estudo transversal do qual participaram 2 788 adolescentes de escolas públicas com idade entre 12 e 18 anos. As informações foram obtidas através de questionários aplicados nas escolas no período de 2012 a 2013. Foram analisadas a prevalência de iniciação sexual, práticas contraceptivas e variáveis sociodemográficas dos indivíduos dos três municípios. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis, utilizou-se o qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados A prevalência geral de iniciação sexual dos adolescentes foi de 34,6% (Puerto Iguazú: 45,3%; Foz do Iguaçu: 35,2%; Ciudad del Este: 23,3%), sendo maior no sexo masculino e na faixa etária de 15 a 16 anos. Quanto a já ter tido iniciação sexual, esse fator associou-se a sexo, idade, escolaridade e turno de aula dos participantes. O recebimento de informações sobre contraceptivos foi associado a sexo, idade, escolaridade e uso de contraceptivo nos três municípios/países. Observou-se que os adolescentes de ambos os sexos haviam recebido informação sobre contraceptivos, principalmente da família e da escola. Conclusões Sugere-se que os municípios busquem a estruturação de política de fronteira trinacional com programas e projetos intersetoriais no intuito de promover práticas educativas voltadas à orientação da saúde sexual e reprodutiva de adolescentes.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of sexual initiation and the contraceptive practices of adolescents in the tri-border area between the cities of Foz do Iguaçu (Brazil), Ciudad del Este (Paraguay), and Puerto Iguazú (Argentina). Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with 2 788 adolescents from public schools (age 12 to 18 years). Information was obtained through questionnaires administered in the schools between 2012 and 2013. The prevalence of sexual initiation, contraceptive practices, and sociodemographic variables was analyzed. To verify the association between the studied variables, the chi-square test was used with a significance level of 5%. Results The overall prevalence of sexual initiation among adolescents was 34.6% (Puerto Iguazú: 45.3%; Foz do Iguaçu: 35.2%; Ciudad del Este: 23.3%). The prevalence of sexual initiation was higher in males and in the 15-16 year age range. Sexual initiation was associated with sex, age, schooling, and school shift (morning, afternoon, or evening). Having received information on contraceptives was associated with sex, age, schooling, and contraceptive use in all three cities/countries. Adolescents of both sexes had received information about contraceptives, especially from the family and the school. Conclusions It is suggested that municipalities/countries seek to structure a tri-national border policy with intersectoral programs and projects in order to promote educational practices regarding sexual and reproductive health for adolescents.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de adolescentes iniciados sexualmente y sus prácticas anticonceptivas en la región de la triple frontera entre Foz do Iguaçu (Brasil), Ciudad del Este (Paraguay) y Puerto Iguazú (Argentina). Método Estudio transversal en el cual participaron 2 788 adolescentes de escuelas públicas, con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 18 años. La información fue obtenida a través de cuestionarios aplicados en las escuelas durante el período de 2012-2013. Se analizaron la prevalencia de iniciación sexual, prácticas anticonceptivas y variables sociodemográficas de individuos de los tres municipios. Para verificar la asociación entre las variables, se utilizó el chi-cuadrado con un nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados La prevalencia general de iniciación sexual de los adolescentes fue del 34,6% (Puerto Iguazú: 45,3%, Foz do Iguaçu: 35,2%, Ciudad del Este: 23,3%), siendo mayor en el sexo masculino y en la franja etaria de 15 a 16 años. En cuanto a ya haber tenido iniciación sexual, ese factor se asoció al sexo, la edad, la escolaridad y el turno de clase de los participantes. La recepción de información sobre anticonceptivos se asoció con el sexo, la edad, la escolaridad y el uso de anticonceptivos en los tres municipios/países. Se observó que los adolescentes de ambos sexos habían recibido información sobre anticonceptivos, principalmente a partir de la familia y de la escuela. Conclusiones Se sugiere que los municipios busquen la estructuración de una política de frontera trinacional con programas y proyectos intersectoriales con el fin de promover prácticas educativas dirigidas a la orientación de la salud sexual y reproductiva de los adolescentes.

Structural Equation Modeling on Contraception Behavior of Unmarried Men and Women in Korea: Gender Difference

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test and validate a model to predict contraception behavior in unmarried men and women. METHODS: Data were collected from a questionnaire survey of 180 unmarried men and 186 unmarried women 20 years of age or over who had sexual relationships in the past 6 months. Participants were from Seoul, Kyunggi, Daegu, and Busan and data collection was done from February 19 to April 16, 2013. RESULTS: Model fit indices for the hypotheoretical model fitted to the recommended levels. Out of 15 paths, 11 were statistically significant in both. Predictors of contraception behavior in unmarried men and women were intention to use contraception and self-efficacy for contraception. Exposure to sexual content was directly significant to the intention in men only. Self-efficacy for contraception was affected by perceived threat of pregnancy and gender role attitude. In women, the two predictors were also significant except for the effect of exposure to sexual contents. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that an intervention program which increases self-efficacy in unmarried men and women contributes to effective contraception behavior. In addition, proper sexual education programs using positive aspect of mass media can help develop active participation for contraception behavior.

Rol del varón en la anticoncepción, como usuario y como pareja / Role of men in contraception, as users and partners

Los programas de salud reproductiva han centrado su atención en las mujeres y, por lo general, trabajan poco con los varones. El género no es solo un determinante de inequidad sino que también proporciona explicaciones de los factores que influyen en la salud, en la enfermedad y en la muerte de las mujeres y de los hombres. El presente artículo revisa los factores que se anteponen a la información y a las decisiones sobre el ejercicio de la sexualidad y cómo regular la reproducción. En cuanto al inicio de la vida sexual, los hombres son más precoces pues, en promedio, inician su vida sexual a los 16,8 años. Actualmente el uso de un método anticonceptivo por parte de los varones es de 54,2%; el 39,5% opta por los métodos modernos, mientras que el 14,5% por los métodos tradicionales. En el Perú están disponibles los métodos de barrera (entre ellos el más usado es el condón); los métodos químicos o espermicidas y los métodos quirúrgicos (la vasectomía). Entre los métodos tradicionales tenemos el del “ritmo”, basado en abstenerse durante la fase fértil del ciclo menstrual , y el coito interrumpido. La función paterna es una función de poder. Las relaciones de género son relaciones de poder y la paternidad conforma estas relaciones. El padre es, ante todo, el garante de la filiación. Es evidente la marginación de los hombres en el proceso reproductivo, siendo subóptimo el acompañamiento que le dan a su pareja en el embarazo, en el parto, o para evitar una muerte materna.

Reproductive health programs have focused their attention on women; in general, they have not worked much with men. Gender is not only a determinant of inequality, but it also provides explanations for the different factors that have an impact on men and women’s health, their disease and their death. This article addresses the factors that are prioritized over the information and decisions concerning the exercise of sexuality and how to regulate reproduction. With regards to the beginning of sexual life, men seem to start earlier, in average, they have their first sexual relation at 16.8 years old. As to the use of contraceptive methods, currently 54.2% of men declare to use them. Out of these, 39.5% choose modern methods whereas 14.5% prefer traditional ones. In Peru, among the modern methods available are the barrier methods (the condom being the most used), the chemical methods or spermicides, and the surgical methods (vasectomy). Among the traditional ones are the “rhythm”, based on abstinence during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, and the coitus interruptus. The father’s role is one of power. Gender relations are relations of power, and parenthood is part of these relations. The father is, above all, the provider of filiation. Marginalization of men in the reproductive process is evident. Their support to their partner is suboptimal, whether it is during pregnancy, during delivery or to prevent the death of the mother.

Reprodução na juventude: perfis sociodemográficos, comportamentais e reprodutivos na PNDS 2006 / Youth and reproduction: demograhic, behavioral and reproductive profiles in the PNDS-2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar características sociodemográficas e do comportamento sexual e reprodutivo de mulheres jovens. MÉTODOS: Estudo populacional transversal com representatividade nacional sobre o comportamento sexual, contraceptivo e reprodutivo de 2.991 mulheres de 15 a 20 anos na Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher 2006. As jovens foram classificadas em três grupos: iniciaram a vida sexual e engravidaram antes dos 20 anos (grupo A); iniciaram a vida sexual e não engravidaram antes dos 20 (grupo B) e não iniciaram a vida sexual (grupo C). Mulheres de até 25 anos foram consideradas para o estudo das razões da gravidez e de suas implicações na vida. As análises estatísticas consideraram os pesos e o planejamento amostral complexo. A associação entre duas variáveis categóricas foi avaliada pelo teste tipo qui-quadrado. Quanto às comportamentais, utilizou-se modelo linear global. RESULTADOS: Mulheres do grupo A eram principalmente negras, mais pobres e com menor escolaridade. Tiveram a primeira relação sexual mais precocemente, comportamento contraceptivo mais desprotegido e menor conhecimento da fisiologia da reprodução em relação ao grupo B; as jovens do grupo C caracterizaram-se por maior frequência à escola e a preservação da virgindade para o casamento foi alegada por um 1/3 desse grupo. Para as mulheres com até 25 anos, a gravidez antes dos 20 foi percebida como tendo implicações mais positivas que negativas na vida amorosa, conjugal, social e autoestima. CONCLUSÕES: Há associação significativa entre gravidez antes dos 20 anos com maior pobreza e menor escolaridade. Na ausência de melhores condições de vida e de oportunidades, a gravidez, embora não prevista, configura-se como "projeto de vida" e não sua mera ausência.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the sociodemographic characteristics and the sexual and reproductive behavior of young women. METHODS: A cross-sectional nationally representative study was performed about sexual, contraceptive and reproductive behavior with 2,991 women age 15 to 20 years in the National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children, 2006. The women were classified into three groups: sexual initiation and pregnancy before the age of 20 (group A); sexual initiation but no pregnancy before the age of 20 (group B) and no sexual initiation (group C). Women until age 25 years were included in the study about reasons for becoming pregnant and the implications for their lives. Statistical analysis considered survey weights and the complex sample design. The association between two categorical variables was assessed by chi-square test. The behavior variables were assessed using a global linear model. RESULTS: Women in group A were mainly black, poorer and with lower education level. These women had an early sexual initiation, less safe contraceptive behavior and less knowledge of reproduction physiology in comparison with group B; young women in group C were characterized by greater attendance at school and 1/3 of this group claimed to maintain their virginity until marriage. For women up to the age of 25, pregnancy before 20 years was perceived as having more positive than negative impacts upon their love life, spousal relationships, social lives and self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between pregnancy before the age of 20 and higher poverty and lower educational level. In the absence of better living conditions and opportunities, pregnancy, although unplanned, becomes "a plan for life", and is not seen as a lack of life planning.

Avaliação de conhecimento contraceptivo entre adolescentes grávidas em uma unidade básica de saúde do Distrito Federal / Evaluation of contraceptive knowledge among pregnant adolescents in a basic health unit of the Distrito Federal

Objetivo - Avaliar o conhecimento de adolescentes grávidas sobre métodos contraceptivos em relação às ações dos mesmos, bem como a importância referente a seu uso. Métodos - O método empregado foi quantitativo, de caráter descritivo. A amostra correspondeu a 50 adolescentes grávidas, com idade entre 11 a 19, que responderam a um questionário contendo perguntas sobre o tema. A seguir, foram calculadas as frequências da distribuição dos dados. Resultados - A análise dos dados mostrou que a média de idade encontrada foi de 16 anos; os métodos mais conhecidos por elas são os preservativos masculino (94%) e feminino (68%), o anticoncepcional oral (70%), injetável (70%)e de emergência (64%). Das gestantes, 54% relataram que não utilizaram nenhum método na primeira relação sexual, justificando o "esquecimento"ou a "abstração" durante a relação; todavia 40% já fazia uso frequente de algum método anticoncepcional antes de engravidar, sendo o anticoncepcional oral o mais usado por elas. Conclusão - As adolescentes demonstraram conhecimento inadequado com relação a alguns métodos anticoncepcionais e baixa frequência de uso desses métodos.

Objective - To evaluate the knowledge of pregnant adolescents on contraception in relation to the action of the same, and the importance on to use. Methods - The method that has been used was descriptive, qualitative and quantitative. The samples corresponded to 50 pregnant adolescents whose ages varies from 11 and 19 years old that have been answered a questionnaire about the proposed topic. Following it were calculated the frequency distribution of the dates. Results - The adolescents had an average age of 16, contraceptives are most notorious for male condoms (94%) and females (68%), the oral contraceptive (70%), injection (70%) and emergency (64% ), and 54% of them did not use any method at first intercourse, the main reason the fact was their "failure" of that time and 40% had frequent use of any contraceptive method before pregnancy, oral contraception being the most used by them. Conclusion - The adolescents showed inadequate knowledge about certain contraceptive methods and low frequency of using these methods.

Initiation of effective postpartum contraceptive use in public hospitals in Guatemala / Inicio de un método anticonceptivo eficaz durante el puerperio en hospitales públicos de Guatemala

OBJECTIVE: Low frequency of effective contraceptive use remains a challenging problem. This article examines the frequency of effective postpartum contraception and the methods used before discharge in public hospitals in Guatemala. It also discusses the need to implement best practices in providing family-planning and contraceptive services. METHODS: In March 2006, a surveillance system was implemented to collect data on the initiation of effective contraceptive methods. Postpartum women were monitored in 34 public hospitals. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed, and a chi-square test for linear trends was used to compare female surgical sterilization rates after vaginal delivery and cesarean section. RESULTS: Between 1 March 2006 and 31 December 2008, of the 218 656 women who had a postpartum event, 31 percent received an effective contraceptive method before hospital discharge. The frequency of initiation of effective postpartum methods varied across hospitals. Hospital results were consistent with national data on women of reproductive age. Among women who underwent surgical sterilization, differences between those who had delivered vaginally and those who had a cesarean section were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The overall frequency of initiation of effective postpartum contraceptive use is low in public hospitals in Guatemala. It is higher, however, in hospitals at lower health care levels with strong community ties. Routine data collection revealed specific areas for improvement, particularly the need to enhance health providers' knowledge of medical eligibility criteria for effective contraceptive use postpartum. The priority is to promote the provision of highquality family-planning and contraceptive services in Guatemala's public health system.

OBJETIVO: La baja frecuencia del uso de métodos anticonceptivos eficaces sigue siendo un arduo problema. En este artículo se analiza la frecuencia con que se adopta un método de anticoncepción eficaz durante el puerperio y los diferentes métodos anticonceptivos empleados antes del egreso de los hospitales públicos de Guatemala. También se analiza la necesidad de mejorar las prácticas de los servicios de planificación familiar y anticoncepción. MÉTODOS: En marzo del 2006, se implantó un sistema de vigilancia para recopilar datos sobre el inicio de métodos anticonceptivos eficaces. Se hizo un seguimiento de mujeres durante el puerperio en 34 hospitales públicos. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de una sola variable y de dos variables, y se utilizó la prueba de la chi al cuadrado de las tendencias lineales con objeto de comparar las tasas de esterilización quirúrgica femenina después del parto vaginal y la cesárea. RESULTADOS: Entre el 1 de marzo del 2006 y el 31 de diciembre del 2008, de las 218 656 mujeres a las que se les hizo un seguimiento durante el puerperio, en 31 por ciento se inició un método anticonceptivo eficaz antes del alta hospitalaria. La frecuencia de inicio de un método anticonceptivo eficaz en el puerperio varió entre los diferentes hospitales. Los resultados hospitalarios concordaron con los datos nacionales sobre las mujeres en edad fecunda. En las mujeres que se sometieron a esterilización quirúrgica, las diferencias entre las que habían dado a luz por vía vaginal y las sometidas a una cesárea fueron estadísticamente significativas. CONCLUSIONES: En general, existe una baja frecuencia de inicio de un método anticonceptivo eficaz durante el puerperio en los hospitales públicos de Guatemala. Sin embargo, es mayor en los hospitales de inferior nivel de atención de salud cuyos vínculos con la comunidad son intensos. La recopilación sistemática de datos reveló que determinadas áreas debían ser objeto de mejora, en particular era necesario mejorar el conocimiento de los proveedores de servicios de salud en materia de criterios médicos sobre la indicación del uso de un método anticonceptivo eficaz durante el puerperio. La promoción de la provisión de servicios de planificación familiar y anticoncepción de alta calidad en el sistema de salud pública de Guatemala constituye una prioridad.

Contraception Behavior and Related Factors in Unmarried Female and Male / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify differences in contraception behavior and related factors between unmarried female and male. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design with a convenient sampling was used. From Seoul, 107 women and 96 men were recruited. A structured questionnaire was self-administered from July 14, 2008 to September 2, 2008. RESULTS: The average ages of women and men were 26.9 and 27.8 years old, respectively. Fifty-six percent of women and 85.4% of men have experienced sexual intercourse. There were no differences between female and male in attitude toward contraception, subjective norm, and contraception behavior, while female had higher score of self-efficacy for contraception (p=.02) and intention of contraception (p=.02). There was positive correlation with subjective norm (r=.22, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=.53, p<.01) in male and attitude (r=.32, p<.05), self-efficacy (r=49, p<.01) in female. According to the result of multiple regression, the significant factor of contraception behavior was self-efficacy for both female (beta=.49, p=.00) and male (beta=.53, p=.00). CONCLUSION: To improve contraception behavior for unmarried female and male, it is necessary to develop proper sex education program to enhance self-efficacy for contraception. Adjusted education program by this result will contribute to increase sexual health for female and male.

Adding the Standard Days Method® to the contraceptive method mix in a high-prevalence setting in Peru / Adición del Método de Días Fijos® a la combinación de métodos anticonceptivos en un entorno de alta prevalencia de anticoncepción en el Perú

OBJECTIVE: To determine what contribution the Standard Days Method® (SDM) makes to the contraceptive mix offered by regular health services in areas of Peru where contraceptive prevalence rates (CPR) are already high. METHODS: SDM was added to the family planning methods offered by the Ministry of Health in two provinces in Peru in September 2002. Retrospective interviews were conducted in March-June 2004 with 1 200 women who had chosen SDM as their contraceptive method and had used it for 2-20 months. Data were also obtained from the databases of the participating health services. The evaluation covered SDM demand, whether or not clients were switching to SDM from other modern methods, and SDM continuation and effectiveness. RESULTS: Demand for SDM stabilized at 6 percent of all new family planning users. Most users had not been using any reliable contraception at the time they started using SDM. About 89 percent of those who began using SDM at least 6 months before the interview were still using it at 6 months. The 12-month typical use pregnancy rate was estimated to be around 10.0 per 100 women years. CONCLUSIONS: Adding SDM to a program's existing contraceptive method mix can increase coverage even in an already high-CPR setting. Most women who choose SDM do not switch from any other modern family planning method. Continuation compares well with other modern user-directed methods. SDM effectiveness, when offered in regular service delivery circumstances, compares well to efficacy trial findings.

OBJETIVO: Definir la contribución del Método de Días Fijos® (MDF) a la combinación de métodos anticonceptivos que ofrecen los servicios de salud en dos provincias del Perú, donde las tasas de prevalencia de anticoncepción ya son altas. MÉTODOS: El MDF se agregó a los métodos de planificación familiar ofrecidos por el Ministerio de Salud en dos provincias en el Perú en septiembre del 2002. Entre marzo y junio del 2004, se llevaron a cabo entrevistas retrospectivas a 1 200 mujeres que habían escogido este método anticonceptivo y lo habían usado durante un período de 2 a 20 meses. Se obtuvo también información a partir de las bases de datos de los servicios de salud que participaron en el estudio. Se recogieron datos para determinar la demanda del MDF, si las usuarias hicieron la transición del MDF a otros métodos modernos por el de los días fijos y con la continuidad del uso del método y su eficacia. RESULTADOS: La demanda del MDF se estabilizó en 6 por ciento de todas las nuevas usuarias de planificación familiar. La mayoría de ellas no estaba utilizando otro método de anticoncepción en el momento de comenzar a usar este método. Cerca de 89 por ciento de las mujeres que habían empezado a usar el MDF al menos 6 meses antes de la entrevista, todavía lo estaban usando 6 meses después. Se calculó que la tasa de embarazo con un uso típico del método durante 12 meses fue alrededor de 10,0 por 100 años-mujer. CONCLUSIONES: La adición del MDF a las opciones de métodos anticonceptivos propuestos por un programa puede aumentar la cobertura, incluso en entornos que ya cuentan con una alta tasa de prevalencia de anticoncepción. La mayoría de las mujeres que eligieron el MDF no había usado antes otro método moderno de planificación familiar. La continuación de su uso es comparable con la continuación de otros métodos modernos que dependen del usuario. La eficacia del MDF, cuando se ofrece en un contexto de prestación de servicios regulares es comparable con los resultados que se obtuvieron en el estudio de eficacia.

Uso de preservativos, risco e ocorrência de gravidez não planejada e conhecimento e acesso à contracepção de emergência entre mulheres com HIV/aids / The use of preservatives, risk and occurrence of non-planned pregnancies, and awareness about and access to emergency contraception among HIV/aids-infected women

O artigo enfoca o risco e a ocorrência de gravidez não planejada, abortos, conhecimento, acesso e uso da contracepção de emergência entre mulheres com HIV/aids. Utilizou-se abordagem quantitativa observacional realizada através de inquérito domiciliar em Santo André (SP), na qual se constatou que, após a informação sobre a infecção, 62,8 por cento aderiram ao uso do preservativo masculino, 77,2 por cento utilizando-o exclusivamente, 13 por cento associando-o à pílula ou injeções hormonais e 9,8 por cento alternado seu uso com coito interrompido, tabelinha ou duchas vaginais. Falhas mecânicas no uso do preservativo ocorreram com 38 por cento e, somadas às falhas ligadas à alternância com métodos comportamentais, foram responsáveis por 40 por cento dos casos de gravidez não planejada, ocorridas com 24 por cento das entrevistadas, 22 por cento resultando em abortos provocados. A contracepção de emergência era conhecida por 51,4 por cento e apenas 2,7 por cento a utilizaram. Conclui-se que falhas mecânicas ou comportamentais associadas ao uso de preservativo por mulheres com HIV/aids aumentam sua exposição a gestações não planejadas e abortos. É necessário ampliar as opções e fornecimento de métodos anticoncepcionais, incluindo a contracepção de emergência, bem como reorientar constantemente o uso de preservativos entre este público.

This paper focuses both the risk and the occurrence of non-planned pregnancy, abortions, as well as the awareness about and the use of emergency contraception among HIV/aids-infected women. A quantitative observational approach was used after a domiciliary survey in Santo Andre, São Paulo State, Brazil, where it was found that, after receiving the information about the infection, 62.8 percent adopted the use of male condom, 77.2 percent using it exclusively, 13 percent associated with hormone injections, and 9.8 percent alternated with either interrupted intercourse, fertility schedule or vaginal shower. Mechanical flaws by the use of the preservative occurred to 38 percent. Added to flaws associated to the alternation with behavioral methods, they caused together 40 percent of non-planned pregnancy, which occurred to 24 percent of the interviewed women, 22 percent resulting in self-provoked abortions. Emergency contraception was known by 51.4 percent, although only 2.7 percent had used it. The conclusion is that mechanical or behavioral flaws related to the use of preservative by HIV/aids-infected women increased their exposure to non-planned gestations and abortions. It is needed to amplify both the options and the supply of contraceptive methods, including emergency contraception, with constant re-orientation on the use of preservative among this public.

Práticas contraceptivas e iniciação sexual entre jovens de três capitais brasileiras / Contraceptive practices and sexual initiation among young people in three Brazilian State capitals

Este estudo investigou o uso de contraceptivos na primeira relação sexual de 2.790 homens e mulheres. Trata-se de inquérito domiciliar em três capitais brasileiras, com entrevistas de amostra probabilística (Pesquisa GRAVAD). Utilizou-se análise de regressão logística. As variáveis foram agrupadas em: determinantes macrossociais, socialização e entrada na sexualidade, contexto da iniciação sexual e características da/o jovem e da/o parceira/o. A prevalência de foi de 68,3 por cento e de 65,3 por cento na dos homens. Entre elas, a contracepção associou-se à: renda familiar per capita, cor/raça e revistas femininas como fontes de informação sobre gravidez e contracepção. Para ambos os sexos, o uso foi mais freqüente quando houve conversa prévia sobre o tema entre parceiros, a iniciação sexual foi mais tardia e em motel, e o/a parceiro/a paciente. O tempo entre o início do relacionamento e a iniciação sexual mostrou-se associado ao uso na iniciação sexual dos rapazes. Fatores macrossociais parecem determinar a contracepção mais freqüente na iniciação sexual das mulheres, enquanto para os homens o contexto relacional é mais importante.

This study investigated contraceptive use during first sexual intercourse among 2.790 young men and women. The GRAVAD household survey in three Brazilian capital cities involved interviews in a probabilistic sample. A hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used. Variables grouped as: macro-social, socialization and sexual initiation, context of sexual initiation, and characteristics of the interviewee and his or her partner. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 68.3 percent for women and 65.3 percent for men. Among women, contraception use was associated to: per capita monthly family income, color/race, and the use of women's magazines as a source of information on pregnancy and contraception. For both genders, use was more frequent when partners discussed pregnancy prevention before intercourse, when sexual initiation was delayed and in a motel, and when the partner was patient. The interval between the start of the relationship and sexual initiation appeared associated to use during sexual initiation for men. Results suggest that macro-social factors determine more frequent contraception use during sexual initiation for women, while for men the relational context is more important.

Personality-based Contraception Behavior of Female College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of female college students' personality-based contraception behavior. METHOD: A Q-methodology was used to identify factors in female college students' personality-based contraception behavior. The 32 selected Q-sample from each of 28 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULT: Three types of contraception behavior of female college students were identified. Type I is corporate responsibility, Type II is self-protection type, Type III is perceived risk of pregnancy. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that sexual health education for contraception behavior promotion should focus characteristics influencing on contraception attitudes. Also, efficient contraception should be educated by continuous qualitative research based on contraceptive experiences of college students.